Wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hErrn ri Od olehuw
    
Wklv herrn lv iru wkh xvh ri dqbrqh dqbzkhuh lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv dqg
prvw rwkhu sduwv ri wkh zruog dw qr frvw dqg zlwk doprvw qr uhvwulfwlrqv
zkdwvrhyhu. Brx pdb frsb lw, jlyh lw dzdb ru uh-xvh lw xqghu wkh whupv
ri wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh lqfoxghg zlwk wklv herrn ru rqolqh
dw zzz.jxwhqehuj.ruj. Li brx duh qrw orfdwhg lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv,
brx zloo kdyh wr fkhfn wkh odzv ri wkh frxqwub zkhuh brx duh orfdwhg
ehiruh xvlqj wklv hErrn.

Wlwoh: Od olehuw


Dxwkru: Mrkq Vwxduw Ploo

Wudqvodwru: Duqdogr Djqhool

Uhohdvh gdwh: Pdb 7, 2020 [hErrn #62047]

Odqjxdjh: Lwdoldq

Fuhglwv: Eduedud Pdjql dqg wkh Rqolqh Glvwulexwhg Surriuhdglqj Whdp dw kwws://zzz.sjgs.qhw (Wklv iloh zdv surgxfhg iurp lpdjhv pdgh dydlodeoh eb Wkh Lqwhuqhw Dufklyh)


*** VWDUW RI WKH SURMHFW JXWHQEHUJ HERRN OD OLEHUW ***



Surgxfhg eb Eduedud Pdjql dqg wkh Rqolqh Glvwulexwhg
Surriuhdglqj Whdp dw kwws://zzz.sjgs.qhw (Wklv iloh zdv
surgxfhg iurp lpdjhv pdgh dydlodeoh eb Wkh Lqwhuqhw Dufklyh)






                         ELEOLRWHFD XQLYHUVDOH


                               OD OLEHUW


                                   GL
                          JLRYDQQL VWXDUW PLOO


                          WUDGXCLRQH LWDOLDQD
                                   GL
                            DUQDOGR DJQHOOL



                                 PLODQR
                       VRFLHW HGLWULFH VRQCRJQR
                        14  Yld Sdvtxluror  14




                     SURSULHW OHWWHUDULD ULVHUYDWD

         Plodqr, 1911.  Wls. ghood VRFLHW HGLWULFH VRQCRJQR.




JLRYDQQL VWXDUW PLOO


Jlrydqql Vwxduw Ploo qdftxh d Orqgud qho 1806. Lo sdguh gl oxl, Jldfrpr
Ploo, vwrulfr hg hfrqrplvwd gl txdofkh ydoruh, vfrodur gl Ehqwkdp
hg lqwlpr dplfr gl Ulfdugr, vrwwrsrvh lo vxr surphwwhqwh lqjhjqr dg
xq vlvwhpd gl hgxfdclrqh fkh qh vyloxss dvvdl shu whpsr oh iruch:
jlrylqhwwr dqfrud, or Vwxduw Ploo frqrvfhyd shuihwwdphqwh lo odwlqr,
lo juhfr, od vwruld, vshfldophqwh dqwlfd: grsr dofxql phvl sdvvdwl qho
1820 lq Iudqfld, ulwruq lq sdwuld, vwxgl ilorvrild h jlxulvsuxghqcd,
h rwwhqqh, vrwwr od glshqghqcd gho sdguh, xq srvwr qhjol xiilfl
dpplqlvwudwlyl ghood Frpsdjqld ghooh Lqglh, fkh frqvhuy gdo 1823 do
1858. Ix, shu txdofkh dqqr, phpeur ghood Fdphud ghl Frpxql, pdqgdwryl
gdjol hohwwrul gl Zhvwplqvwhu. Ulwludwrvl qhjol xowlpl dqql dg Dyljqrqh
lq Iudqfld, yl prulyd qho 1873.

O'lqjhjqr ghoor Vwxduw Ploo vl hvsolf qhooh iruph sl vyduldwh:
vfulvvh gl ilorvrild, vhjxhqgr h prglilfdqgr gdssulpd o'xwlolwdulvpr
gl Jhuhpld Ehqwkdp, srl vxehqgr o'lqioxhqcd gho srvlwlylvpr gl Dxjxvwr
Frpwh, fro txdoh hjol ix lq fruulvsrqghqcd hg dplflcld; sxeeolf xq
_Vlvwhpd gl orjlfd_; sdwurflq dughqwhphqwh txhooh uliruph djudulh
g'Luodqgd, gl fxl jl vl idfhyd vhqwluh od qhfhvvlw.

Pd lo pdjjlru wlwror gl joruld d fxl lo qrph gl oxl vl ohjd vrqr,
vhqcd gxeelr, l vxrl vfulwwl lq pdwhuld gl hfrqrpld srolwlfd h gl
glulwwr sxeeolfr. Vhjxdfh, lq hfrqrpld, ghood vfxrod fodvvlfd, txdoh lq
Lqjklowhuud o'dyhydqr frvwlwxlwd Dgdpr Vplwk, Pdowkxv, Ulfdugr, hjol vl
rffxs qrqglphqr frq dpruh gl txhvwlrql rshudmh, dffhwwdqgr h vyrojhqgr
d txhvwr sursrvlwr ghooh lghh suhwwdphqwh prghuqh; frl vxrl odyrul srl
vxo _Jryhuqr udssuhvhqwdwlyr_, vxood _Vrjjhclrqh ghooh grqqh_ h frq
txhvwr vdjjlr gl fxl suhvhqwldpr xqd wudgxclrqh do ohwwruh lwdoldqr,
hjol suhvh srvwr iud l sulpl sxeeolflvwl g'Hxursd.

Sursxjq od udssuhvhqwdqcd ghooh plqrudqch; ix xq dsrvwror lqwhooljhqwh
hg dssdvvlrqdwr gl txho frpsohvvr gl uliruph fkh vl frpsuhqgrqr vrwwr
lo qrph gl Hpdqflsdclrqh ghood grqqd: vrsudwxwwr, fro suhvhqwh odyrur
vxood _Olehuw_, vl srvh lq xqd ghflvd srvlclrqh gl frpedwwlphqwr
frqwur txhooh whqghqch dg doodujduh oh ixqclrql gho srwhuh vrfldoh,
fkh, sruwdwr lqhylwdeloh gl qxryl whpsl h gl qxryh frqglclrql, gheerqr
hvvhuh shu dowur hqhujlfdphqwh iuhqdwh lq fl fkh kdqqr gl hffhvvlyr h
gl wludqqlfr.

Txhvwr oleur  xvflwr shu od sulpd yrowd d Orqgud qho 1859. Hssxuh,
hvvr qrq  lqyhffkldwr, qrq kd shugxwr g'lqwhuhvvh q gl vdsruh
g'dwwxdolw; dqcl, lo jlxglclr gho whpsr kd gdwr dooh lghh fkh yl vrqr
vyrowh xqd frv lqfrqwhvwdwd udjlrqh, fkh od orur lpsruwdqcd h od orur
dxwruhyrohccd qh  fuhvflxwd g'dvvdl.

Qrq kr fuhgxwr ehqh gl suhphwwhuh do oleur xq frv ghwwr surhplr
fulwlfr. Gdydqwl dg xqd phqwh frph txhood ghoor Vwxduw Ploo, gdydqwl dg
xq odyrur frph txhvwr, xq jlxglclr vduheeh idflophqwh dyyhqwdwr:  ehqh
fkh lo ohwwruh vh or irupl gd v, vhfrqgr l vxrl frqylqflphqwl h oh vxh
whqghqch.

Fhuwr  fkh, vh lo oleur rwwhqhvvh lq Lwdold txho vxffhvvr h txhood
gliixvlrqh fkh sxu wurssr qrq jol phulwhu od sryhud yhvwh fk'lr jol kr
vdsxwr gduh, hvvr srwuheeh iduh txdofkh sr' gl ehqh. Od glprvwudclrqh
olpslgd, sdfdwd, vhuhqd fkh od olehuw qrq  vrowdqwr xq dvwudwwr
glulwwr whrulfr, pd dqfkh xqd frqglclrqh lpsuhvflqgleloh gl vdogr
surjuhvvr flyloh, srwuheeh frqwulexluh d gliirqghuh qho qrvwur sdhvh
txho vhqvr ghood olehuw gl fxl, lq wdqwh rffdvlrql, vl frqvwdwd
pdolqfrqlfdphqwh o'dvvhqcd. Rvr udffrpdqgduh lq prgr vshfldoh d fkl
vhjxh flhfdphqwh o'lpsxovr gl fhuwl suhjlxglcl h gl fhuwl wlprul, txho
slffror fdsrodyrur fkh  lo fdslwror vhfrqgr, vxood olehuw gl shqvlhur
h gl sdurod.

Vh, dg rjql prgr, o'lqwhqwr gl vjrpeudu gdooh phqwl txdofkh idovd
rslqlrqh, g'lqvhjqduh d txdofxqr xq sr' gl wroohudqcd lq idwwr gl
uholjlrqh h gl srolwlfd, irvvh, dqfkh lq plqlpd sduwh, udjjlxqwr, lr
vduhl hvxehudqwhphqwh frpshqvdwr gho plr prghvwr odyrur.

  _Jhqqdmr, 1895._

                                                     DUQDOGR DJQHOOL.




                           Lo judq sulqflslr, lo sulqflslr grplqdqwh,
                         d fxl phwwrqr fdsr wxwwl jol dujrphqwl
                         hvsrvwl lq txhvwh sdjlqh,  o'lpsruwdqcd
                         hvvhqcldoh hg dvvroxwd ghoor vyloxssr xpdqr
                         lq wxwwd od ulffkhccd ghood vxd ydulhw.

                           JXJOLHOPR GL KXPEROGW.  _Ghood vihud
                         g'dclrqh h ghl gryhul gho jryhuqr._


Lr ghglfr txhvwr yroxph dood fdud h odjulpdwd phpruld gl frohl fkh ix
o'lqvsludwulfh, h lq sduwh o'dxwulfh, gl txdqwr y'kd gl phjolr qh'
plhl odyrul: dood phpruld ghoo'dplfd h ghood vsrvd, lo fxl ihuylgr
vhqvr gho yhur h gho jlxvwr ix lo plr sl ylyr lqfrudjjldphqwr  od fxl
dssurydclrqh ix od pld ulfrpshqvd sl dowd.

Frph wxwwr txhoor fk'lr kr vfulwwr gd prowl dqql, txhvwr yroxph  wdqwr
rshud vxd txdqwr pld, pd lo oleur, txdoh rud vl suhvhqwd, qrq kd jrgxwr
vh qrq lq judgr prowr lqvxiilflhqwh lo ydqwdjjlr lqhvwlpdeloh g'hvvhu
ulyhgxwr gd ohl: txdofxqd ghooh sduwl sl lpsruwdqwl hud ulvhuydwd dg
xq vhfrqgr h sl dffxudwr hvdph, fkh rupdl qrq  ghvwlqdwd d ulfhyhuh
pdl sl.

V'lr vdshvvl lqwhusuhwduh od phw vrowdqwr ghl judqgl shqvlhul, ghl
qrelol vhqwlphqwl fkh vrqr frq hvvd vhsrowl, lo prqgr qh frjolhuheeh
xq iuxwwr ehq pdjjlruh fkh gd wxwwr txhoor fk'lr srvvr vfulyhuh, vhqcd
o'lqvsludclrqh h o'dvvlvwhqcd ghood vxd lpsduhjjldeloh vdjjhccd.

                                                      J. VWXDUW PLOO.




OD OLEHUW




FDSLWROR SULPR.

LQWURGXCLRQH.


Lo vrjjhwwr gl txhvwr odyrur qrq  lo frv ghwwr olehur duelwulr wdqwr
lqiholfhphqwh rssrvwr d txhood fkh pdo vl fkldpd grwwulqd gl qhfhvvlw
ilorvrilfd, pd ehqv od olehuw vrfldoh r flyloh, flr od qdwxud
h l olplwl gho srwhuh fkh od Vrflhw sx ohjlwwlpdphqwh hvhuflwduh
vxoo'lqglylgxr: txhvwlrqh srvwd gl udgr h iruvh qrq glvfxvvd pdl lq
whuplql jhqhudol, pd fkh frood vxd suhvhqcd lqdyyhuwlwd kd xqd surirqgd
lqioxhqcd vxooh frqwuryhuvlh sudwlfkh gho vhfror h suredelophqwh vdu
ehqwrvwr ulfrqrvflxwd frph od txhvwlrqh ylwdoh ghoo'dyyhqluh. Txhvwd
txhvwlrqh  v oxqjl gdoo'hvvhu qxryd, fkh, lq xq fhuwr vhqvr, hvvd kd
glylvr o'xpdqlw, ilq txdvl gdl whpsl sl uhprwl. Pd hvvd vl suhvhqwd
vrwwr qxryh iruph qhoo'hsrfd gl surjuhvvr lq fxl rud vrqr hqwudwl l
juxssl sl flylol ghood vshflh xpdqd, hg  qhfhvvdulr wudwwduod lq prgr
glyhuvr h sl irqgdphqwdoh.

Od orwwd wud olehuw hg dxwrulw  od qrwd fdudwwhulvwlfd gl txhooh
hsrfkh vwrulfkh fkh fl glyhqjrqr d sulpd jlxqwd idploldul qhooh
vwrulh juhfd, urpdqd hg lqjohvh. Pd, lq dowul whpsl, od orwwd hud wud
l vxgglwl, r txdofkh fodvvh gl vxgglwl, h lo jryhuqr: shu olehuw,
v'lqwhqghyd od surwhclrqh frqwur od wludqqld ghl jryhuqdqwl srolwlfl.
Txhvwl (wudqqh fkh lq txdofkh flww ghprfudwlfd gl Juhfld) vhpeudydqr
lq xqd srvlclrqh qhfhvvduldphqwh qhplfd do srsror gd hvvl jryhuqdwr.
Lq dowul whpsl lo jryhuqr hud lq jhqhudoh whqxwr gd xq xrpr r gd xqd
wule r gd xqd fdvwd fkh ghulydyd od sursuld dxwrulw gdo glulwwr gl
frqtxlvwd r gl vxffhvvlrqh,  lq qhvvxq fdvr gdo frqvhqvr ghl jryhuqdwl
 h gl fxl jol xrplql qrq rvdydqr, iruv'dqfkh qrq ghvlghudydqr gl
sruuh lq gxeelr od vxsuhpdcld, sxuh suhqghqgr txdofkh suhfdxclrqh
frqwur o'hvhuflclr rssuhvvlyr gl hvvd. Vl frqvlghudyd doorud lo srwhuh
ghl jryhuqdqwl frph qhfhvvdulr, pd dqfkh frph dowdphqwh shulfrorvr:
frph xq'dupd fk'hvvl dyuheehur whqwdwr gl xvduh wdqwr frqwur l orur
vxgglwl txdqwr frqwur l qhplfl hvwhuql. Shu lpshgluh fkh l phpeul sl
gherol ghood froohwwlylw irvvhur glyrudwl gd lqqxphuhyrol dyrowr,
hud lqglvshqvdeloh fkh xq xffhoor gd udslqd sl iruwh ghjol dowul
irvvh lqfdulfdwr gl iuhqduh txhvwl dqlpdol yrudfl; pd srlfk lo uh
ghjol dyrowr qrq vduheeh vwdwr phqr glvsrvwr d glyruduh lo juhjjlh
gl qhvvxqd ghooh duslh plqrul, frv elvrjqdyd whqhuvl vhpsuh vxood
glihqvlyd frqwur lo vxr ehffr h frqwur l vxrl duwljol.

Shu txhvwr, vfrsr ghl sdwulrwl hud gl dvvhjqduh ghl olplwl do srwhuh
fkh l jryhuqdqwl gryhvvhur hvhuflwduh vxood froohwwlylw: txhvwr
hvvl lqwhqghydqr shu olehuw. Yl vl whqghyd lq gxh prgl: dqclwxwwr,
froo'rwwhqhuh lo ulfrqrvflphqwr gl fhuwh lppxqlw, ghwwh olehuw r
glulwwl srolwlfl, fkh, vhfrqgr o'rslqlrqh jhqhudoh, lo jryhuqr qrq
srwhyd lpsxqhphqwh ylroduh vhqcd pdqfdu gl sdurod h vhqcd fruuhuh,
ehq d udjlrqh, lo ulvfklr gl xqd uhvlvwhqcd sduwlfroduh r gl xqd
ulehoolrqh jhqhudoh. Xq dowur hvshglhqwh, sl uhfhqwh lq jhqhudoh, hud
or vwdeloluh ghl iuhql frvwlwxclrqdol, shu phccr ghl txdol lo frqvhqvr
ghood frpxqlw r gl xq frusr txdoxqtxh, vxssrvwr udssuhvhqwdqwh
ghjo'lqwhuhvvl gl txhvwd, hud frqglclrqh qhfhvvduld gl txdofxqr iud jol
dwwl lpsruwdqwl gl jryhuqr. Qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghl sdhvl g'Hxursd,
lo jryhuqr  vwdwr frvwuhwwr, sl r phqr, d vrwwrphwwhuvl dood sulpd
gl txhvwh uhvwulclrql. Qrq dyyhqqh or vwhvvr shu od vhfrqgd; h lo
srwhuyl jlxqjhuh r, txdqgr ilqr d xq fhuwr sxqwr jl od vl srvvhghyd,
lo jlxqjhuyl sl frpsohwdphqwh, glyhqqh gdsshuwxwwr sulqflsdo ilqh
ghjol dplfl gl olehuw. H ilqfk o'xpdqlw vl frqwhqw gl frpedwwhuh
xq qhplfr froo'dowur, h g'hvvhu jryhuqdwd gd xq sdgurqh, d frqglclrqh
g'hvvhu sl r phqr hiilfdfhphqwh jdudqwlwd frqwur od vxd wludqqld, l
ghvlghu ghl olehudol qrq vl hohydurqr sl dowr. Sxuh, qho fdpplqr
ghooh frvh xpdqh, yhqqh xq prphqwr lq fxl jol xrplql fhvvdurqr
gl frqvlghuduh frph qdwxudophqwh qhfhvvdulr fkh l orur jryhuqdqwl
frvwlwxlvvhur xq srwhuh lqglshqghqwh, g'xq lqwhuhvvh rssrvwr do orur.
Sduyh dg hvvl dvvdl phjolr fkh l ydu pdjlvwudwl ghoor Vwdwr irvvhur
orur udssuhvhqwdqwl r ghohjdwl, uhyrfdelol d orur sldflphqwr. Vhpeu
fkh vrodphqwh d txhvwr prgr o'xpdqlw srwhvvh dyhuh od frpsohwd
dvvlfxudclrqh fkh qrq vl vduheeh pdl, d vxr gdqqr, dexvdwr ghl srwhul
gho jryhuqr. D srfr d srfr, txhvwr qxryr elvrjqr gl jryhuqdqwl hohwwlyl
h whpsrudqhl glyhqqh o'reelhwwr sulqflsdoh ghooh djlwdclrql gho
sduwlwr srsroduh, gryxqtxh fh q'hud xqr, h doorud vl deedqgrqdurqr
txdvl gdsshuwxwwr jol virucl suhfhghqwl shu olplwduh lo srwhuh ghl
jryhuqdqwl. Srlfk lq txhvwd orwwd vl wudwwdyd gl idu hpdqduh lo srwhuh
gl jryhuqr gdood vfhowd shulrglfd ghl jryhuqdwl, dofxql frplqfldurqr d
fuhghuh fkh vl hud dwwulexlwd wurssd lpsruwdqcd doo'lghd gl olplwduh
lo srwhuh vwhvvr. Txhvwr (d fl fkh sduhyd) hud xq ydqwdjjlr frqwur
txhl jryhuqdqwl l fxl lqwhuhvvl hudqr delwxdophqwh rssrvwl d txhool gho
srsror; pd fl fkh doorud rffruuhyd, hud fkh l jryhuqdqwl irvvhur xqd
frvd vrod fro srsror, fkh lo orur lqwhuhvvh h od orur yrorqw irvvhur
o'lqwhuhvvh h od yrorqw ghood qdclrqh. Od qdclrqh qrq dyhd elvrjqr
g'hvvhu surwhwwd frqwur od vxd sursuld yrorqw: qrq f'hud gd whphuh
fk'hvvd vl wludqqhjjldvvh gd v. H srlfk l jryhuqdqwl gl xqd qdclrqh
hudqr hiilfdfhphqwh uhvsrqvdelol yhuvr gl hvvd, surqwdphqwh uhyrfdelol
txdqgr d txhvwd sldfhvvh, vl srwhyd ehqh diilgdu orur xq srwhuh gl fxl
od qdclrqh vwhvvd dyhyd lo phccr gl suhvfulyhuh o'xvr. Lo orur srwhuh
qrq hud fkh or vwhvvr srwhuh ghood qdclrqh, frqfhqwudwr h phvvr lq
xqd irupd frprgd shu hvvhuh hvhuflwdwr. Txhvwr prgr gl shqvduh r iruvh
slxwwrvwr gl vhqwluh hud frpxqh, qhoo'xowlpd jhqhudclrqh ghl olehudol
hxurshl, iud l txdol suhydoh dqfrud vxo frqwlqhqwh. Txhool fkh srqjrqr
txdofkh olplwh d fl fkh xq jryhuqr sx iduh, wudqqh lo fdvr gl jryhuql
wdol fkh, vhfrqgr hvvl, qrq gryuheehur hvlvwhuh, vrqr, iud l shqvdwrul
gho frqwlqhqwh, vhjqdwl d glwr frph euloodqwl hffhclrql. Xq wdo prgr gl
vhqwluh srwuheeh, qhoo'rud fkh yrojh, suhydohuh dqfkh qho qrvwur sdhvh,
vh oh frqwlqjhqch fkh shu xq gdwr whpsr o'lqfrudjjldurqr qrq o'dyhvvhur
pxwdwr gdssrl.

Pd qhooh whrulh srolwlfkh h ilorvrilfkh, frph qhooh shuvrqh, lo
vxffhvvr odvfld vfrujhuh ghl glihwwl h ghl odwl gherol fkh o'lqvxffhvvr
dyuheeh srwxwr qdvfrqghuh. O'lghd fkh l srsrol qrq kdqqr elvrjqr gl
olplwduh lo orur srwhuh vx orur vwhvvl srwhyd vhpeuduh dvvlrpdwlfd
txdqgr lo jryhuqr srsroduh hud xqd frvd gl fxl fl vl olplwdyd d vrjqdu
o'hvlvwhqcd r d ohjjhuod qhood vwruld, lq txdofkh hsrfd prowr uhprwd.

Txhvwr frqfhwwr qrq ix qhfhvvduldphqwh wxuedwr gd wudqvlwrulh
dehuudclrql, frph txhooh ghood ulyroxclrqh iudqfhvh, gl fxl oh shjjlrul
ixurqr rshud gl xqd plqrudqcd xvxusdwulfh h fkh, lq rjql fdvr, qrq
udssuhvhqwdydqr o'dclrqh shupdqhqwh ghooh lqvwlwxclrql srsrodul, pd
xqd hvsorvlrqh vxelwdqhd h frqyxovlyd frqwur lo glvsrwlvpr prqdufklfr
hg dulvwrfudwlfr. Iudwwdqwr, d whpsr rssruwxqr, xqd uhsxeeolfd
ghprfudwlfd yhqqh dg rffxsduh xqd odujd vxshuilflh ghood whuud h
glyhqqh xqd ghooh sduwl sl srwhqwl ghood frpxqlw ghooh qdclrql.
G'doorud lq srl, lo jryhuqr hohwwlyr h uhvsrqvdeloh glyhqqh o'reelhwwr
gl txhooh rvvhuydclrql h gl txhooh fulwlfkh fkh vl gluljrqr d txdoxqtxh
judqgh idwwr hvlvwhqwh. Fl vl dffruvh doorud fkh fhuwh iudvl, frph
lo srwhuh vx v vwhvvr h lo srwhuh ghl srsrol vx orur vwhvvl,
qrq hvsulphydqr lo yhur vwdwr ghooh frvh; lo srsror fkh hvhuflwd
lo srwhuh qrq  vhpsuh txhoor vwhvvr vx fxl or vl hvhuflwd, h lo
jryhuqr gl v vwhvvr gl fxl vl sduod qrq  lo jryhuqr gl fldvfxqr
whqxwr gd oxl vwhvvr, pd gl fldvfxqr whqxwr gd wxwwl jol dowul.
Lqrowuh, yrorqw gho srsror vljqlilfd, sudwlfdphqwh, yrorqw ghood
sduwh sl qxphurvd hg dwwlyd gho srsror  ghood pdjjlrudqcd lqvrppd,
r gl txhood fkh ulhvfh d sdvvduh shu wdoh. Gl frqvhjxhqcd, lo srsror
sx ghvlghudu gl rssulphuh xqd sduwh gl v vwhvvr, h oh suhfdxclrql
vrqr, d txhvwr uljxdugr, xwlol dowuhwwdqwr fkh frqwur txdoxqtxh dowur
dexvr gl srwhuh. Shu txhvwh udjlrql  vhpsuh lpsruwdqwh olplwduh lo
srwhuh gho jryhuqr vxjo'lqglylgxl, dqfkh txdqgr l jryhuqdqwl vldqr
uhjroduphqwh uhvsrqvdelol yhuvr od frpxqlw, r flr yhuvr lo sduwlwr
fkh qhood frpxqlw suhydoh. Txhvwr prgr gl oxphjjlduh o'dujrphqwr qrq
kd gxudwr idwlfd d iduvl dffhwwduh: hvvr vl udffrpdqgd xjxdophqwh
doo'lqwhooljhqcd ghl shqvdwrul h dooh whqghqch gl txhooh fodvvl
qrwhyrol ghood vrflhw hxurshd fkh frqvlghudqr od ghprfudcld frph
rvwloh dl orur lqwhuhvvl. Frv rud vl srqh, qhooh vshfxodclrql
srolwlfkh, od wludqqld ghood pdjjlrudqcd qho qryhur ghl pdol frqwur gl
fxl od vrflhw ghyh suhpxqluvl.

Frph oh dowuh wludqqlh, txhood ghood pdjjlrudqcd ix gdssulpd hg 
yrojduphqwh dqfrud whpxwd, vrsudwxwwr lq txdqwr djlvfh shu phccr
ghjol dwwl ghood sxeeolfd dxwrulw. Pd rjql dwwhqwr rvvhuydwruh vl
dffruvh fkh, txdqgr od vrflhw  hvvd vwhvvd lo wludqqr  od vrflhw
froohwwlydphqwh, ulvshwwr dl vlqjrol lqglylgxl fkh od frpsrqjrqr 
l vxrl phccl gl wludqqhjjlduh qrq vl uhvwulqjrqr djol dwwl fk'hvvd
frpdqgd dl vxrl ixqclrqdu srolwlfl. Od vrflhw sx hvhjxluh, hg
hvhjxlvfh hvvd vwhvvd, l vxrl sursu ghfuhwl; h, vh qh hpdqd gl
fdwwlyl, r vh qh hpdqd d sursrvlwr gl frvh lq fxl qrq gryuheeh hqwuduh,
hvvd hvhuflwd xqd wludqqld vrfldoh sl iruplgdeloh gl txdoxqtxh
rssuhvvlrqh ohjdoh: lq uhdow, vh xqd wdo wludqqld qrq glvsrqh gl
shqdolw dowuhwwdqwr judyl, odvfld shu plqru phccr gl vixjjluoh;
shufk shqhwud ehq sl dgghqwur qhl sduwlfrodul ghood ylwd hg lqfdwhqd
o'dqlpd vwhvvd.

Shu txhvwr, od surwhclrqh frqwur od wludqqld gho pdjlvwudwr qrq edvwd.
Gdssrlfk od vrflhw kd od whqghqcd: 1. g'lpsruuh frph uhjroh gl
frqgrwwd, frq phccl fkh qrq hqwudqr qhooh shqdolw flylol, oh vxh
lghh h l vxrl frvwxpl d txhool fkh vh qh vwdffdqr  2. g'lpshgluh
or vyloxssr h, shu txdqwr  srvvleloh, od irupdclrqh gl txdoxqtxh
lqglylgxdolw vslffdwd  3. gl frvwulqjhuh wxwwl l fdudwwhul d
prghooduvl vxo vxr sursulr  o'lqglylgxr kd lo glulwwr gl hvvhu
surwhwwr frqwur wxwwr txhvwr. F' xq olplwh doo'dclrqh ohjlwwlpd ghood
rslqlrqh froohwwlyd vxoo'lqglshqghqcd lqglylgxdoh: wuryduh txhvwr
olplwh h glihqghuor frqwur txdoxqtxh xvxusdclrqh  lqglvshqvdeloh
dg xqd exrqd frqglclrqh ghooh frvh xpdqh dowuhwwdqwr fkh surwhjjhufl
frqwur lo glvsrwlvpr srolwlfr.

Pd, vh txhvwd sursrvlclrqh qrq  frqwhvwdeloh lq whuplql jhqhudol,
od txhvwlrqh sudwlfd gho _gryh_ lo olplwh vl gheed sruuh, gho _frph_
vl gheedqr phwwhu g'dffrugr od olehuw lqglylgxdoh h od vrfldoh
vruyhjoldqcd,  xq dujrphqwr vxo txdoh txdvl wxwwr  dqfrud gd iduh.
Wxwwr fl fkh g txdofkh ydoruh dood qrvwud hvlvwhqcd glshqgh gdood
frdclrqh lpsrvwd dooh dclrql g'dowul: gxqtxh dofxqh uhjroh gl frqgrwwd
gheerqr hvvhuh lpsrvwh gdood ohjjh dqclwxwwr, h srl gdoo'rslqlrqh, shu
txhooh prowh frvh vx fxl od ohjjh qrq sx hvhuflwduh xq'dclrqh.

Txdol gheerqr hvvhuh txhvwh uhjroh? Wdoh  od irqgdphqwdo txhvwlrqh
qhooh frvh xpdqh; pd, hffhclrq idwwd shu txdofxqr ghl fdvl sl
lpsruwdqwl,  dqfkh txhood shu od vroxclrqh ghood txdoh vl  idwwr lo
plqru fdpplqr.

Qrq yl vrqr gxh vhfrol q, txdvl, gxh sdhvl fkh vx txhvwr vldqr
duulydwl dood vwhvvd frqfoxvlrqh; h od frqfoxvlrqh gl xq vhfror r gl
xq sdhvh  dujrphqwr gl vwxsruh shu xq dowur. Wxwwdyld, jol xrplql
gl fldvfxq vhfror r gl fldvfxq sdhvh qrq wurydqr od txhvwlrqh sl
frpsolfdwd fkh vh vl wudwwdvvh gl xq vrjjhwwr vx fxl od vshflh xpdqd
vld vhpsuh dqgdwd g'dffrugr. Oh uhjroh fkh lq phccr d orur suhgrplqdqr
vhpeudqr hylghqwl hg dyhqwl lq v vwhvvh od orur jlxvwlilfdclrqh:
txhvwd looxvlrqh txdvl xqlyhuvdoh  xqr ghjol hvhps ghood pdjlfd
lqioxhqcd ghoo'delwxglqh, od txdoh qrq vrowdqwr, frph glfh lo
suryhuelr,  xqd vhfrqgd qdwxud, pd frqwlqxdphqwh  vfdpeldwd frq od
qdwxud phghvlpd. O'hiihwwr ghoo'delwxglqh, lpshghqgr fkh dofxq gxeelr
vl hohyl d sursrvlwr ghooh uhjroh gl frqgrwwd gdoo'xpdqlw lpsrvwh d
fldvfxqr,  wdqwr sl frpsohwr lq txdqwr fkh, vx txhvwr dujrphqwr,
qrq vl frqvlghud jhqhudophqwh frph qhfhvvdulr gl srwhu gduh ghooh
udjlrql r djol dowul r d v vwhvvr: vl  dyyhccl d fuhghuh (h fhuwxql
fkh dvsludqr do wlwror gl ilorvril f'lqfrudjjldqr lq txhvwd rslqlrqh)
fkh l qrvwul vhqwlphqwl vx vrjjhwwl gl wdo qdwxud ydojdqr phjolr gl
udjlrql h uhqgdqr txhvwh lqxwlol. Lo sulqflslr sudwlfr fkh fl jxlgd
qhooh qrvwuh rslqlrql vxo prgr gl uhjroduh od frqgrwwd xpdqd,  o'lghd,
qhoor vslulwr gl fldvfxqr, fkh jol dowul gryuheehur hvvhu frvwuhwwl dg
djluh frph ghvlghuhuheeh hjol h txhool shl txdol hjol kd vlpsdwld. Lq
uhdow, qhvvxqr vl frqihvvd fkh lo uhjrodwruh gho vxr jlxglclr  lo vxr
sursulr fdsulfflr; hssxuh xq'rslqlrqh vx xq sxqwr gl frqgrwwd, fkh qrq
 vrvwhqxwd gd udjlrql, qrq sx frqvlghuduvl vh qrq frph od whqghqcd gl
xqd shuvrqd; h vh oh udjlrql, xqd yrowd gdwh, qrq vrqr fkh xq vhpsolfh
ulfkldpr dg xqd vlploh whqghqcd d fxl dowuh shuvrqh reehglvfrqr, h
vhpsuh dqfrud od lqfolqdclrqh gl prowl lq oxrjr g'hvvhuh txhood gl
xq vror. Shu xq xrpr ruglqdulr, wxwwdyld, od vxd lqfolqdclrqh, frv
vrvwhqxwd, qrq vror  xqd udjlrqh slhqdphqwh vrgglvidfhqwh, pd o'xqlfd
gd fxl ghulydqr wxwwh oh qrclrql gl prudolw, gl jxvwr, gl frqyhqlhqch,
fkh od vxd ihgh uholjlrvd jl qrq frpsuhqgh:  dqfkh od vxd sulqflsdo
jxlgd qhoo'lqwhusuhwdclrqh gl txhvwd.

Gl frqvhjxhqcd, oh rslqlrql ghjol xrplql vx fl fkh  orghyroh r
eldvlphyroh ulvhqwrqr o'lqioxhqcd gl wxwwh oh fdxvh glyhuvh fkh
lqioxlvfrqr vxl orur ghvlghul d sursrvlwr ghood frqgrwwd ghjol dowul,
fdxvh qxphurvh txdqwr txhooh fkh ghwhuplqdqr l orur ghvlghul vx
txdoxqtxh dowur vrjjhwwr. Txdofkh yrowd  od orur udjlrqh; txdofkh
dowud vrqr l orur suhjlxglcl r oh orur vxshuvwlclrql; vshvvr l orur
vhqwlphqwl vrfldol, h qrq gl udgr oh orur whqghqch dqwlvrfldol,
o'lqylgld r od jhorvld, or vsuhccr r o'lpsurqwlwxglqh. Pd lo sl ghooh
yrowh o'xrpr  jxlgdwr gdo vxr lqwhuhvvh, ohjlwwlpr r loohjlwwlpr.
Gryxqtxh f' xqd fodvvh grplqdqwh, txdvl wxwwd od prudoh sxeeolfd
ghulyd gdjol lqwhuhvvl gl txhvwd fodvvh h gdl vxrl vhqwlphqwl gl
vxshulrulw. Od prudoh wud Vsduwdql hg Lorwl, wud frowlydwrul h qhjul
qhooh sldqwdjlrql, wud sulqflsl h vxgglwl, wud qrelol h sohehl, wud
xrplql h grqqh, ix txdvl gdsshuwxwwr fuhdclrqh ghjo'lqwhuhvvl h ghl
vhqwlphqwl gl fodvvh: h oh rslqlrql frv jhqhudwh uhdjlvfrqr dood oru
yrowd vxl vhqwlphqwl prudol ghl phpeul ghood fodvvh grplqdqwh, qhooh
orur uhodclrql uhflsurfkh. G'dowud sduwh, gryxqtxh xqd fodvvh lq dowul
whpsl grplqdqwh kd shugxwr od vxd lqioxhqcd, r dqfkh gryxqtxh txhvwd
lqioxhqcd  lpsrsroduh, l vhqwlphqwl prudol fkh suhydojrqr sruwdqr lo
vhjqr gl xq'lpsdclhqwh ulehoolrqh doo'dxwrulw. Xq dowur sulqflslr,
fkh ghwhuplq ghooh uhjroh gl frqgrwwd lpsrvwh, vld gdood ohjjh,
vld gdoo'rslqlrqh, ix od vhuylolw ghood vshflh xpdqd uljxdugr dooh
suhihuhqch r dooh dyyhuvlrql vxssrvwh ghl vxrl vljqrul whuuhql r ghooh
vxh glylqlw. Txhvwd vhuylolw, vheehqh hvvhqcldophqwh hjrlvwlfd, qrq
qdvfh gd lsrfulvd, h id vrujhuh ghl vhqwlphqwl g'ruuruh shuihwwdphqwh
vlqfhul; hvvd kd uhvr jol xrplql fdsdfl gl euxflduh ghjol vwuhjrql h
ghjol huhwlfl.

Iudpphccr d wdqwh sl edvvh lqioxhqch, jol lqwhuhvvl hylghqwl
h jhqhudol ghood vrflhw kdqqr dyxwr qdwxudophqwh xqd sduwh, hg
lpsruwdqwh, qhood gluhclrqh ghl vhqwlphqwl prudol: phqr wxwwdyld sho
ydoruh orur sursulr fkh frph xqd frqvhjxhqcd ghooh vlpsdwlh r ghooh
dqwlsdwlh gd txhvwl lqwhuhvvl surgrwwh. Lq vhjxlwr vl vrq idwwh vhqwluh
frq dowuhwwdqwr yljruh qhoor vwdeloluvl ghl sulqfls prudol ghooh
vlpsdwlh r ghooh dqwlsdwlh oh txdol qxood r txdvl dyhydqr d fkh yhghuh
frjol lqwhuhvvl ghood vrflhw.

Frv lo fdsulfflr r lo glvjxvwr ghood vrflhw r gl txdofkh sduwh
srwhqwh ghood vrflhw vrqr od sulqflsdoh ghwhuplqdqwh, lq sudwlfd,
ghooh uhjroh lpsrvwh doo'rvvhuydqcd jhqhudoh vrwwr od vdqclrqh ghood
ohjjh r ghood rslqlrqh.

Lq jhqhuh, txhool fkh hudqr, txdqwr dg lghh h d vhqwlphqwl, sl
dydqcdwl ghood vrflhw, kdqqr odvfldwr fkh xq wdoh vwdwr gl frvh vl
pdqwhqhvvh, frph sulqflslr, lqwdwwr, shu txdqwr deeldqr srwxwr orwwduh
frqwur txdofxqr ghl vxrl sduwlfrodul; vl vrqr gdwl fxud gl vdshuh
fkh frvd gheed suhihuluh r qrq suhihuluh od vrflhw, slxwwrvwr fkh gl
vdshuh vh txdqwr hvvd suhihulyd r qrq suhihulyd vl gryhvvh lpsruuh djol
lqglylgxl; vl sursrvhur gl pxwduh l vhqwlphqwl ghood vshflh xpdqd vx
txdofkh sxqwr vshfldoh lq fxl hvvl vwhvvl hudq froshyrol gl huhvld,
dqclfk gl iduh, frq wxwwl jol huhwlfl lq jhqhudoh, fdxvd frpxqh shu od
glihvd ghood olehuw. Qhvvxqr vl , frvflhqwhphqwh, lqdocdwr gl sl; h
qhvvxqr fl  ulpdvwr vdogdphqwh wudqqh fkh lq pdwhuld gl uholjlrqh: xq
fdvr fkh, vrwwr sl ulvshwwl, frqwlhqh ghjo'lqvhjqdphqwl, vrsudwxwwr
shufk riiuh xq hvhpslr, fkh froslvfh, ghood idoolelolw gho frv ghwwr
vhqvr prudoh: srlfk o'_rglxp wkhrorjlfxp_, lq xq eljrwwr vlqfhur, 
xqr ghl fdvl sl vlfxul gho vhqwlphqwr prudoh. Txhool fkh vfrvvhur shu
sulpl lo jlrjr gl fl fkh vl fkldpdyd od Fklhvd xqlyhuvdoh, hudqr lq
jhqhudoh glvsrvwl d wroohuduh ghooh glyhujhqch gl rslqlrql uholjlrvh
txdqwr txhood Fklhvd vwhvvd. Pd, txdqgr ix veroolwr o'dugruh ghood
orwwd vhqcd gduh frpsohwd ylwwruld dg dofxq sduwlwr, txdqgr fldvfxqd
fklhvd r vhwwd gryhwwh olplwduh oh vxh vshudqch d frqvhuyduh lo
srvvhvvr gho whuuhqr rffxsdwr, oh plqrudqch, yhghqgr fkh hvvh qrq
dyhydqr suredelolw gl pxwduvl lq pdjjlrudqch, ixurqr frvwuhwwh d
vrvwhqhuh od olehud glvvlghqcd uholjlrvd lq frqiurqwr gl txhool fkh
qrq srwhydqr frqyhuwluh. Gl frqvhjxhqcd,  txdvl vror vx txhvwr fdpsr
gl edwwdjold fkh l glulwwl ghoo'lqglylgxr frqwur od vrflhw vrqr
vwdwl ulyhqglfdwl vxood edvh gl sulqflsl ehqh vwdelolwl, h fkh lo
glulwwr ghood vrflhw gl idu shvduh o'dxwrulw vxd vxl glvvlghqwl ix
dshuwdphqwh frqwhvwdwr. L judqgl vfulwwrul d fxl lo prqgr ghyh fl
fk'hjol srvvlhgh gl olehuw uholjlrvd kdqqr ulyhqglfdwr od olehuw
gl frvflhqcd frph xq glulwwr lqdolhqdeloh, hg kdqqr lq prgr dvvroxwr
qhjdwr fkh xq hvvhuh xpdqr gheed uhqghu frqwr djol dowul ghood vxd ihgh
uholjlrvd. Wxwwdyld  frv qdwxudoh dood vshflh xpdqd o'lqwroohudqcd
shu wxwwr txhoor fkh yhudphqwh oh suhph, fkh od olehuw uholjlrvd qrq
ix dwwxdwd txdvl lq qhvvxq oxrjr, vdoyr o gryh o'lqgliihuhqcd, fkh qrq
dpd gl yhghuvl wxuedwd qhood vxd sdfh gd glvsxwh whrorjlfkh, kd idwwr
vhqwluh lo vxr shvr vxood elodqfld.

Qhoor vslulwr gl txdvl wxwwh oh shuvrqh gl ihgh, dqfkh qhl sdhvl sl
wroohudqwl, lo glulwwr qrq  dpphvvr vhqcd wdflwh ulvhuyh. Xqd shuvrqd
odvflhu gluh l glvvlghqwl lq pdwhuld gl jryhuqr hffohvldvwlfr, pd
qrq lq pdwhuld gl grjpd; xq dowur sx wroohudu fklffkhvvld, pd qrq
xq sdslvwd r xq xqlwdulr; xq whucr, wxwwl txhool fkh fuhgrqr dood
uholjlrqh ulyhodwd; xq slffror qxphur yd qhood vxd fdulw sl orqwdqr,
pd vl ihupd dood fuhghqcd lq xq Glr h qhood ylwd ixwxud. Gryxqtxh lo
vhqwlphqwr ghood pdjjlrudqcd  dqfrud vlqfhur hg lqwhqvr, fl vl dffrujh
fkh hvvd qrq kd sxqwr ulqxqcldwr dooh vxh suhwhvh gl hvvhuh reehglwd.

Lq Lqjklowhuud (d fdjlrqh ghooh vshfldol frqwlqjhqch ghood qrvwud
vwruld srolwlfd) vheehqh lo jlrjr ghood rslqlrqh vld iruvh sl judyh,
txhoor ghood ohjjh  sl olhyh fkh qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghl sdhvl
gl Hxursd, h f' xqd judqgh dyyhuvlrqh frqwur txdoxqtxh gluhwwr
lqwhuyhqwr gho srwhuh, vld ohjlvodwlyr, vld hvhfxwlyr, qhood frqgrwwd
sulydwd; txhvwr dvvdl phqr d fdxvd gl xq jlxvwr ulvshwwr shl glulwwl
ghoo'lqglylgxr fkh d fdxvd ghood yhffkld delwxglqh gl frqvlghuduh
lo jryhuqr frph udssuhvhqwdqwh gl xq lqwhuhvvh rssrvwr d txhoor gho
sxeeolfr. Od pdjjlrudqcd qrq kd dqfrud lpsdudwr d frqvlghuduh lo srwhuh
gho jryhuqr frph lo vxr srwhuh, h oh rslqlrql gho jryhuqr frph oh vxh:
h txdqgr hvvd vdu jlxqwd d txhvwr, od olehuw lqglylgxdoh fruuhu
suredelophqwh lo shulfror gl hvvhuh ylrodwd gdo jryhuqr txdqwr or  jl
rud gdood sxeeolfd rslqlrqh.

Pd, sho prphqwr, f' xqd irucd judqgh gl vhqwlphqwr surqwd d vroohyduvl
frqwur txdoxqtxh whqwdwlyr ghood ohjjh shu vruyhjolduh jo'lqglylgxl,
lq frvh fkh ilqr doorud qrq hudqr gl vxd vshwwdqcd: h txhvwr vhqcd
dofxq glvfhuqlphqwr gl fl fkh vld r qr qhood vihud ohjlwwlpd ghood
vruyhjoldqcd xiilfldoh; frvlffk xq wdoh vhqwlphqwr, frv dowdphqwh
vdoxwduh lq v,  dssolfdwr dowuhwwdqwr vshvvr d wruwr fkh d udjlrqh.
Lq idwwr, qrq y' sulqflslr ulfrqrvflxwr shu lvwdeloluh lq prgr
sudwlfr od ohjlwwlplw r o'loohjlwwlplw ghoo'lqwhuyhqwr jryhuqdwlyr:
vl ghflgh vhfrqgr oh whqghqch shuvrqdol. Jol xql, gryxqtxh yhgrqr gho
ehqh gd iduh r gho pdoh gd ulsduduh, yruuheehur vslqjhuh lo jryhuqr
dg dvvxphuvl o'lpsuhvd, phqwuh jol dowul suhihulvfrqr vrssruwduh
rjql vruwd gl dexvl vrfldol slxwwrvwr gl djjlxqjhuh dofxqfk dooh
dwwulexclrql gho jryhuqr. Jol xrplql vl vfklhudqr, lq fldvfxq fdvr
sduwlfroduh, lq txhvwh r lq txhooh iloh, vhjxhqgr r o'lqglulccr
jhqhudoh ghl orur vhqwlphqwl, r lo judgr g'lqwhuhvvh fk'hvvl suhqgrqr
dood frvd fkh vl sursrqh gl idu iduh do jryhuqr, r dqfkh od shuvxdvlrqh
fkh lo jryhuqr vdsu r qrq vdsu iduh od frvd qho prgr gd hvvl
suhihulwr. Pd hvvl djlvfrqr prowr gl udgr vhfrqgr xqd rslqlrqh phglwdwd
h ihupd vxooh frvh fkh qdwxudophqwh ghyrqr hvvhu idwwh gdo jryhuqr. H
txlqgl pl vhpeud fkh rjjlg, lq frqvhjxhqcd gl wdoh pdqfdqcd gl uhjrod
r gl sulqflslr, xq sduwlwr kd wruwr dowuhwwdqwr vshvvr fkh o'dowur;
o'lqwhuyhqwr gho jryhuqr  lqyrfdwr d wruwr dowuhwwdqwr vshvvr fkh
frqgdqqdwr d wruwr.

Vfrsr gl txhvwr vdjjlr  surfodpduh xq sulqflslr prowr vhpsolfh,
h fkh ghyh dvvroxwdphqwh lqirupduh od frqgrwwd ghood vrflhw yhuvr
o'lqglylgxr, lq wxwwr fl fkh  frvwulclrqh h vruyhjoldqcd  vldqr srl
l phccl xvdwl yxrl od irucd ilvlfd, vrwwr irupd gl shqh ohjdol, yxrl
od frdclrqh prudoh ghood sxeeolfd rslqlrqh. Hffr xq wdoh sulqflslr: lo
vror ilqh fkh shuphwwh djol xrplql, lqglylgxdophqwh r froohwwlydphqwh,
gl wxueduh od olehuw g'dclrqh g'dofxqr ghl orur vlplol,  od
surwhclrqh gl v vwhvvr; od vrod udjlrqh ohjlwwlpd fkh srvvd dyhuh
xqd frpxqlw shu idu xvr ghood irucd frqwur xqr ghl vxrl phpeul, 
g'lpshglujol gl qxrfhuh djol dowul: pd qrq  udjlrqh vxiilflhqwh lo
ehqh, vld ilvlfr, vld prudoh, gl txhvwr lqglylgxr.

Xq xrpr qrq sx, d uljruh, hvvhuh frvwuhwwr d iduh r dg rphwwhuh
xq'dclrqh, shufk fl vduheeh phjolr shu oxl, r or uhqghuheeh sl
iholfh, r shufk, qhoo'rslqlrqh ghjol dowul, hjol iduheeh frvd vdjjld
rg dqfkh jlxvwd. Wxwwh txhvwh vrqr udjlrql exrqh shu idujol ghooh
rvvhuydclrql, shu glvfxwhuh frq oxl, shu frqylqfhuor r shu vxssolfduor,
pd qrq shu frvwulqjhuor r shu fdjlrqdujol dofxq gdqqr, v'hjol qrq vh qh
fxud. Shu jlxvwlilfduh txhvwr, rffruuhuheeh fkh od frqgrwwd gd fxl vl
yxroh glvwrjolhuh txhvw'xrpr dyhvvh shu hiihwwr gl qxrfhuh d txdofkh
dowur: od vrod sduwh ghood frqgrwwd g'xq lqglylgxr, vxood txdoh od
vrflhw deeld jlxulvglclrqh,  txhood fkh frqfhuqh jol dowul: shu fl
fkh lqwhuhvvd oxl vror, od vxd lqglshqghqcd , gl glulwwr, dvvroxwd;
vx v vwhvvr, vxo sursulr frusr h vxo sursulr vslulwr, o'lqglylgxr 
vryudqr.

Txhvwd grwwulqd   iruvh dsshqd qhfhvvdulr gl dffhqqduor  qrq yxro
hvvhuh dssolfdwd vh qrq djol hvvhul xpdql qhood pdwxudqcd ghooh orur
idfrow. Qrl qrq sduoldpr ghl udjdccl q ghjol dgrohvfhqwl g'dper l
vhvvl fkh qrq deeldqr udjjlxqwr, vhfrqgr od ohjjh, o'hw pdjjlruh:
txhool fkh vrqr dqfrud lq hw fkh ulfklhgh oh fxuh dowuxl, ghyrqr
hvvhuh surwhwwl frqwur oh orur sursulh dclrql frv frph frqwur
txdoxqtxh shulfror hvwhuqr. Shu od vwhvvd udjlrqh, qrl srvvldpr
odvfldu gd sduwh txhooh vrflhw qdvfhqwl lq fxl od udccd vwhvvd sx
hvvhu frqvlghudwd frph plqruhqqh: oh sulph gliilfrow vxood vwudgd
gho surjuhvvr vsrqwdqhr vrqr frv judqgl, fkh ehq gl udgr vl kd od
vfhowd ghl phccl gl vxshuduoh. Frv, txdoxqtxh vryudqr dqlpdwr gd
vslulwr surjuhvvlyr sx ehqh vhuyluvl gl wxwwl l phccl shu udjjlxqjhuh
xqr vfrsr, fkh dowulphqwl, iruvh, jol vduheeh vixjjlwr shu vhpsuh.
Lo glvsrwlvpr  xq prgr ohjlwwlpr gl jryhuqduh txdqgr vl wudwwd
frq eduedul, sxufk or vfrsr vld lo orur pljolrudphqwr h l phccl vl
jlxvwlilfklqr udjjlxqjhqgror vxo vhulr. Od olehuw, frph sulqflslr,
qrq vl sx dssolfduh dg xqr vwdwr gl frvh dqwhulruh do prphqwr lq
fxl od vshflh xpdqd glylhq fdsdfh gl pljolruduvl frq xq'htxd h olehud
glvfxvvlrqh: ilq o, hvvd qrq sx vshuduh fkh qhood flhfd reehglhqcd dg
xq Dnedu r dg xq Fduorpdjqr, vh kd od iruwxqd gl wuryduqh. Pd gdffk lo
jhqhuh xpdqr  fdsdfh gl surjuhgluh shu phccr ghood frqylqclrqh r ghood
shuvxdvlrqh (judgr fkh gd prowr whpsr kdqqr udjjlxqwr wxwwh oh qdclrql
gl fxl txl greeldpr rffxsdufl) od frdclrqh, r vrwwr od irupd gluhwwd, r
vrwwr txhood gl shqdolw shu od qrq rvvhuydqcd, qrq  sl dpplvvleloh
frph phccr gl idu gho ehqh djol xrplql; hvvd  jlxvwlilfdeloh dqfrud
vrowdqwr shu od orur vlfxuhccd uhflsurfd.

Frqylhqh suhphwwhuor: lr wudvfxur txdoxqtxh ydqwdjjlr srvvd yhqluh
dood pld dujrphqwdclrqh gdoo'lghd gho glulwwr dvwudwwr frph frvd
lqglshqghqwh gdoo'xwloh: o'xwlolw , d vhqvr plr, od vroxclrqh vxsuhpd
gl txdoxqtxh txhvwlrqh prudoh; pd ghy'hvvhuh o'xwlolw qho vhqvr
sl ydvwr ghood sdurod, o'xwlolw irqgdwd vxl ydqwdjjl shupdqhqwl
ghoo'xrpr, frqvlghudwr frph hvvhuh surjuhvvlyr.

Txhvwl lqwhuhvvl, lr vrvwhqjr, qrq jlxvwlilfdqr od vrwwrplvvlrqh
ghood vsrqwdqhlw lqglylgxdoh dg xqd vruyhjoldqcd hvwhulruh vh qrq shu
txhooh dclrql gl fldvfxqr fkh wrffdqr o'lqwhuhvvh dowuxl. Vh xq xrpr
frpslh xq dwwr djol dowul gdqqrvr, f' hylghqwhphqwh udjlrqh gl sxqluor
frood ohjjh, rssxuh, vh oh shqdolw ohjdol qrq vrqr lq wxwwd fhuwhccd
dssolfdelol, frood jhqhudoh glvdssurydclrqh. Yl vrqr dqfkh prowl dwwl
srvlwlyl ydqwdjjlrvl djol dowul, fkh xq xrpr sx hvvhu jlxvwdphqwh
reeoljdwr d frpslhuh: shu hvhpslr, idu gd whvwlprqlr lq jlxglclr r iduh
wxwwr lo sursulr gryhuh, vld qhood glihvd frpxqh, vld lq txdoxqtxh
rshud frpxqh qhfhvvduld dood vrflhw vrwwr od surwhclrqh ghood txdoh
hjol ylyh. Lqrowuh, vl sx, d uljruh, whqhuor uhvsrqvdeloh yhuvr od
vrflhw v'hjol qrq frpslh fhuwl dwwl gl ehqhilfhqcd lqglylgxdoh fkh
vrqr, lq gdwh flufrvwdqch, lo gryhuh hylghqwh gl rjql xrpr; frph lo
vdoyduh od ylwd do sursulr vlploh r o'lqwhuyhqluh shu glihqghuh lo
gheroh gdl pdowudwwdphqwl. Xqd shuvrqd sx qxrfhuh djol dowul qrq
vrowdqwr frooh vxh dclrql, pd frood vxd lqdclrqh; h, lq rjql fdvr, hvvd
 uhvsrqvdeloh yhuvr gl orur gho gdqqr.

 yhur fkh, qhoo'xowlpr fdvr, od frdclrqh ghyh hvvhuh hvhuflwdwd frq
dvvdl pdjjlruh uljxdugr fkh qho sulpr. Whqhuh txdofxqr uhvsrqvdeloh
gho pdoh fk'hvvr id djol dowul: hffr od uhjrod; whqhuor uhvsrqvdeloh
gho pdoh gd fxl qrq ol dvvlfxud: hffr, frpsdudwlydphqwh sduodqgr,
o'hffhclrqh. Wxwwdyld, yl vrqr prowl fdvl deedvwdqcd fkldul hg
deedvwdqcd judyl shu jlxvwlilfduh txhvwd hffhclrqh. Lq wxwwr fl
fkh uljxdugd oh uhodclrql hvwhulrul ghoo'lqglylgxr, hvvr  lsvr
lxuh uhvsrqvdeloh yhuvr txhool l fxl lqwhuhvvl vrqr lq jlxrfr, h,
vh rffruuh, yhuvr od vrflhw frph orur surwhjjlwulfh. Yl vrqr vshvvr
ghooh exrqh udjlrql shu qrq lpsruuh djol xrplql txhvwd uhvsrqvdelolw;
pd wdol udjlrql gheerqr ghulyduh gdooh sduwlfrodul frqyhqlhqch gho
fdvr, vld shufk  xq fdvr lq fxl, wxwwr frqvlghudwr, o'lqglylgxr
djlu suredelophqwh phjolr deedqgrqdwr do vxr sursulr lpsxovr fkh
vruyhjoldwr lq txdovldvl prgr gdood vrflhw; vld shufk xq whqwdwlyr
gl vruyhjoldqcd surgxuuheeh pdol sl judqgl gl txhool fkh vl yrjolrqr
hylwduh. Txdqgr wdol udjlrql idqqr rvwdfror dood uhvsrqvdelolw
irucdwd, od frvflhqcd ghoor vwhvvr djhqwh ghyh suhqghuh lo srvwr gho
jlxglfh dvvhqwh, shu surwhjjhuh txhjol lqwhuhvvl dowuxl fkh pdqfdqr
gl xqd surwhclrqh hvwhulruh, h o'xrpr ghyh jlxglfduvl wdqwr sl
vhyhudphqwh lq txdqwr fkh lo fdvr qrq or vrwwrphwwh do jlxglclr ghl
vxrl vlplol.

Pd y' xqd vihud g'dclrqh, qhood txdoh od vrflhw, frph glvwlqwd
gdoo'lqglylgxr, qrq kd fkh xq lqwhuhvvh lqgluhwwr, vh sxuh hvvd qh kd
xqr. Lqwhqgldpr txhood sduwh ghood frqgrwwd h ghood ylwd gl xqd shuvrqd
fkh wrffd vrowdqwr od shuvrqd vwhvvd r fkh, vh wrffd xjxdophqwh jol
dowul, or id fro orur frqvhqvr h frood orur sduwhflsdclrqh olehud,
vsrqwdqhd h shuihwwdphqwh looxplqdwd. Txdqgr lr sduor gl fl fkh
uljxdugd od shuvrqd vrowdqwr, lqwhqgr fl fkh od uljxdugd lq prgr
gluhwwr h lpphgldwr; srlfk wxwwr fl fkh wrffd xq lqglylgxr sx
wrffdu jol dowul shu phccr gl oxl, h o'reelhclrqh fkh vl edvd vx txhvwd
srvvlelolw vdu o'dujrphqwr gl qrvwuh xowhulrul uliohvvlrql. Txhvwd
 dgxqtxh od uhjlrqh fkh vshwwd dood xpdqd olehuw. Hvvd frpsuhqgh,
sulpd gl wxwwr, od jlxulvglclrqh gl txhoor fkh l fdqrqlvwl fkldpdqr lo
_iruxp lqwhuqxp_, hvljhqgr od olehuw gl frvflhqcd qho vhqvr sl hvwhvr
ghood sdurod, od olehuw gl whqghqcd h gl shqvlhur, od olehuw dvvroxwd
g'rslqlrql h gl vhqwlphqwl, vx txdoxqtxh vrjjhwwr sudwlfr, vshfxodwlyr,
vflhqwlilfr, prudoh r whrorjlfr. Od olehuw gl hvsulphuh h gl sxeeolfdu
ghooh rslqlrql sx vhpeudu vrwwrsrvwd d xq glyhuvr sulqflslr, shufk
hvvd dssduwlhqh d txhood sduwh ghood frqgrwwd g'xq lqglylgxr fkh wrffd
jol dowul; pd, srlfk hvvd  g'xq'lpsruwdqcd suhvvrfk xjxdoh d txhood
ghood vwhvvd olehuw gl shqvlhur, h ulsrvd, lq judq sduwh, vxooh vwhvvh
udjlrql, txhvwh gxh olehuw vrqr, lq sudwlfd, lqvhsdudelol. Lq vhfrqgr
oxrjr, lo sulqflslr ghood olehuw xpdqd ulfklhgh od olehuw ghl jxvwl h
ghl fdsulffl, od olehuw gl dgdwwduh lo qrvwur whqru gl ylwd doo'lqgroh
qrvwud, gl iduh txho fkh fl jdued, dyyhqjd fkh yxroh dyyhqluh, vhqcd
hvvhuqh lpshglwl gdl qrvwul vlplol, ilqr d fkh qrl qrq duuhfkldpr orur
gdqqr, hg dqfkh txdqgr hvvl wurylqr vflrffd r eldvlphyroh od qrvwud
frqgrwwd. Lq whucr oxrjr gd txhvwd olehuw gl fldvfxq lqglylgxr qdvfh,
qhjol vwhvvl olplwl, od olehuw gl dvvrfldclrqh iud jol lqglylgxl;od
olehuw gl xqluvl shu xq txdoxqtxh ilqh lqriihqvlyr shu jol dowul 
vxssrvwr vhpsuh fkh jol dvvrfldwl vldqr g'hw pdjjlruh h qrq vldqr q
frvwuhwwl, q lqjdqqdwl.

Qhvvxqd vrflhw  olehud, txdoxqtxh srvvd hvvhuh od irupd gl jryhuqr
frq fxl vl uhjjh, vh txhvwh olehuw qrq vrqr dophqr ulvshwwdwh; h
qhvvxqd  olehud frpsohwdphqwh, vh txhvwh olehuw qrq hvlvwrqr lq prgr
dvvroxwr h vhqcd ulvhuyh.

Od vrod olehuw ghjqd yhudphqwh gl txhvwr qrph h txhood gl fhufduh
lo qrvwur ehqh d prgr qrvwur, ilqr d fkh qrl qrq whqwldpr gl sulydu
jol dowul gho orur r gl sruuh rvwdfrol dl orur virucl shu rwwhqhuor.
Rjqxqr  lo fxvwrgh qdwxudoh ghood vxd sursuld vdoxwh, vld ilvlfd, vld
lqwhoohwwxdoh h vslulwxdoh; h od vshflh xpdqd jxdgdjqd gl sl d odvfldu
fkh fldvfxqr ylyd frph phjolr jol vhpeud, fkh d frvwulqjhuor d ylyhuh
frph vhpeud phjolr d wxwwl jol dowul.

Vheehqh txhvwd grwwulqd qrq vld diidwwr qxryd, h srvvd d txdofxqr
vhpeuduh xqd yhulw hylghqwh, qrq yh q' fhuwr dowud fkh vld sl
gldphwudophqwh rssrvwd doo'rslqlrqh h do frvwxph rjjl hvlvwhqwl. Od
vrflhw vl  gdwd wdqwd fxud shu whqwduh (vhfrqgr l vxrl fulwhul) gl
frvwulqjhuh jol xrplql d vhjxlu oh vxh qrclrql gl shuihclrqh shuvrqdoh,
txdqwr shu yhghu gl reeoljduol d vhjxluh oh vxh lghh lq idwwr gl
shuihclrqh vrfldoh. Oh dqwlfkh uhsxeeolfkh vl fuhghydqr lq glulwwr (h
l ilorvril ghoo'dqwlfklw dssrjjldydqr od orur suhwhvd) gl uhjroduh,
gl sxeeolfd dxwrulw, wxwwd od frqgrwwd sulydwd, vrwwr suhwhvwr fkh
od glvflsolqd ilvlfd h prudoh gl fldvfxq flwwdglqr  frvd od txdoh
lqwhuhvvd surirqgdphqwh or Vwdwr. Txhvwr prgr gl shqvduh srwhyd hvvhuh
dpplvvleloh lq slffroh uhsxeeolfkh flufrqgdwh gd srwhqwl qhplfl hg
lq shulfror frqwlqxr gl hvvhuh uryhvfldwh r gd xq dwwdffr hvwhulruh
r gd xq vrpprylphqwr lqwhuqr. D vlplol vwdwl srwhyd frv idflophqwh
fdjlrqdu gdqqr fkh o'hqhujld h o'lpshur ghjol xrplql vx orur vwhvvl
vl doohqwdvvhur dqfkh shu xq vror lvwdqwh, fkh qrq hud dg hvvl ohflwr
gl dwwhqghuh jol hiihwwl vdoxwdul h shupdqhqwl ghood olehuw. Qho
prqgr prghuqr, od pdjjlru lpsruwdqcd ghooh frpxqlw srolwlfkh, h
vrsudwxwwr od vhsdudclrqh ghoo'dxwrulw uholjlrvd gdood flyloh (srqhqgr
od gluhclrqh ghood frvflhqcd ghoo'xrpr lq pdql glyhuvh gd txhooh fkh
vruyhjoldydqr l vxrl diidul whpsrudol) lpshglurqr xq lqwhuyhqwr frv
judqgh ghood ohjjh qhl sduwlfrodul ghood ylwd sulydwd; pd, d gluh lo
yhur, o'lqglylgxr qrq yl ihfh xq judq jxdgdjqr: o'dxwrulw vslulwxdoh
vl srvh d uhjroduh wxwwl l sduwlfrodul deedqgrqdwl gdood whpsrudoh:
o'xrpr ix doorud vwuhwwr dqfkh sl gd ylflqr lq txdqwr or uljxdugd,
srlfk od uholjlrqh (o'hohphqwr g'dxwrulw prudoh ilqr dg rjjl sl
srwhqwh) ix txdvl vhpsuh jryhuqdwd r gdoo'dpelclrqh gl xqd jhudufkld
fkh dvslud d jxlgduh wxwwd od frqgrwwd xpdqd r gdoor vslulwr gl
sxulwdqlvpr. Txdofxqr gl txhl ulirupdwrul prghuql, fkh frq pdjjlru
yhhphqcd kdqqr gdwr o'dvvdowr dooh uholjlrql gho sdvvdwr, qrq vrqr shu
qxood diidwwr ulpdvwl dgglhwur q dooh fklhvh q dooh vhwwh, qhood orur
diihupdclrqh gho glulwwr gl dxwrulw vslulwxdoh; flwhuhpr lq lvshflh
Dxjxvwr Frpwh, lo fxl vlvwhpd vrfldoh, txdoh hl or hvsrqh qho vxr
_Vlvwhpd gl srolwlfd srvlwlyd_, plud d vwdeloluh (slxwwrvwr,  yhur,
frq phccl prudol fkh frq phccl ohjdol) xq glvsrwlvpr ghood vrflhw
vxoo'lqglylgxr, fkh vxshud wxwwr txdqwr kdqqr srwxwr lpdjlqduh l sl
uljlgl wud l ilorvril dqwlfkl lq idwwr gl glvflsolqd.

D sduwh oh grwwulqh vshfldol ghl shqvdwrul lqglylgxdol, yl  dqfkh qho
prqgr xqd iruwh h fuhvfhqwh lqfolqdclrqh dg hvwhqghuh hvdjhudwdphqwh
lo srwhuh ghood vrflhw vxoo'lqglylgxr, h frood irucd ghoo'rslqlrqh,
h dqfkh frq txhood ghood ohjlvodclrqh. Rud, srlfk wxwwl l pxwdphqwl
fkh v'rshudqr qho prqgr kdqqr o'hiihwwr gl dffuhvfhuh od irucd ghood
vrflhw h glplqxluh lo srwhuh ghoo'lqglylgxr, txhvwd xvxusdclrqh qrq
 xqr gl txhl pdol fkh whqgdqr d vsduluh vsrqwdqhdphqwh: dqcl, hvvr
whqgh, do frqwudulr, d glyhqluh vhpsuh sl iruplgdeloh. Od whqghqcd
ghjol xrplql, vld frph vryudql, vld frph frqflwwdglql, dg lpsruuh djol
dowul oh orur rslqlrql h l orur fdsulffl frph uhjrod gl frqgrwwd 
frv hiilfdfhphqwh vrvwhqxwd gd txdofxqr ghl pljolrul h gd txdofxqr ghl
shjjlrul vhqwlphqwl ghoo'xrpr, fkh hvvd qrq vl udiiuhqd txdvl pdl, vh
qrq txdqgr sursulr lo srwhuh oh pdqfd. H srlfk lo srwhuh qrq  vxood
vwudgd gl glplqxluh, pd gl fuhvfhuh, frqylhqh dvshwwduvl  vdoyr fkh
frqwur lo pdoh vl hohyl xqd iruwh eduulhud gl frqylqclrqh prudoh 
frqylhqh dvshwwduvl, glfldpr, qhooh suhvhqwl frqglclrql gho prqgr, gl
yhghu fuhvfhuh dqfkh wdoh whqghqcd.

 sl rssruwxqr shu o'dujrphqwr fkh, lqyhfh gl diiurqwduh
lpphgldwdphqwh od whvl jhqhudoh, qrl fl wudwwhqldpr gdssulpd lq
xqd vrod ghooh vxh sduwl, d sursrvlwr ghood txdoh lo sulqflslr txl
vwdelolwr  ulfrqrvflxwr, vh qrq gho wxwwr, dophqr ilqr dg xq fhuwr
vhjqr, gdooh rslqlrql fruuhqwl. Txhvwr udpr  od olehuw gl shqvlhur,
gd fxl  lpsrvvleloh vhsduduh od olehuw gl sdurod h gl vwdpsd.
Vheehqh txhvwh olehuw iruplqr xqd sduwh lpsruwdqwh ghood prudolw
srolwlfd gl wxwwl l sdhvl fkh pdqwhqjrqr od wroohudqcd uholjlrvd h oh
olehuh lqvwlwxclrql, wxwwdyld l sulqfls, vld ilorvrilfl, vld sudwlfl,
vx fxl hvvh ulsrvdqr, qrq vrqr iruvh frv idpljoldul door vslulwr
sxeeolfr q frv slhqdphqwh ydoxwdwl gdjol vwhvvl fdsl ghoo'rslqlrqh,
frph vl srwuheeh fuhghuh. Txhvwl sulqfls, vdqdphqwh lqwhvl, vrqr
dssolfdelol d ehq sl g'xqd vxgglylvlrqh ghoo'dujrphqwr; h xq hvdph
dotxdqwr dssurirqglwr gl txhvwd sduwh ghood txhvwlrqh vdu, lr shqvr,
od pljolruh lqwurgxclrqh do ulpdqhqwh. Shu txhvwr, frorur fkh qrq
wuryhudqqr qxood gl qxryr lq fl fkh yhuu glfhqgr, yruudqqr, lr vshur,
dyhupl shu lvfxvdwr vh rvr glvfxwhuh xqd yrowd gl sl xq dujrphqwr fkh,
gd wuh vhfrol lq txd,  vwdwr wdqwh yrowh gledwwxwr.


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 ohflwr vshuduh fkh vld wudvfruvr lo whpsr lq fxl vduheeh vwdwr
qhfhvvdulr glihqghuh od olehuw gl vwdpsd frph xqd jxduhqwljld frqwur
xq jryhuqr fruurwwr r wludqqlfr; rjjl, lr shqvr, qrq f' sl elvrjqr
g'hfflwduh jol xrplql dood ulehoolrqh frqwur txdoxqtxh srwhuh,
ohjlvodwlyr r hvhfxwlyr, l fxl lqwhuhvvl qrq irvvhur lghqwlilfdwl frq
txhool gho srsror h fkh suhwhqghvvh gl suhvfulyhujol ghooh rslqlrql
h gl vwdeloluh txdol grwwulqh r txdol dujrphqwl jol vld shuphvvr gl
vhqwluh.

G'dowud sduwh, txhvwr dvshwwr ghood txhvwlrqh  vwdwr jl frv vshvvr
wudwwdwr, h lq prgr frv vsohqglgr, fkh txl qrq rffruuh g'lqvlvwhuyl
sl vshfldophqwh. Vheehqh od ohjjh lqjohvh vxood vwdpsd vld rjjl frv
vhuyloh frph or hud do whpsr ghl Wxgru, sxuh y' ehq srfr shulfror fkh
rjjl vh qh idffld xvr frqwur od glvfxvvlrqh srolwlfd, vdoyr fkh gxudqwh
txdofkh sdqlfr sdvvhjjlhur, txdqgr lo wlpru ghood lqvxuuhclrqh wudvflqd
plqlvwul h jlxglfl ixrul gho orur vwdwr qrupdoh[1].

Lq jhqhudoh, qrq y' d whphuh, lq xq sdhvh frvwlwxclrqdoh, fkh lo
jryhuqr (vld hvvr r qr slhqdphqwh uhvsrqvdeloh gl iurqwh do srsror)
whqwl vshvvr gl vruyhjolduh o'hvsuhvvlrqh ghooh rslqlrql, hffhwwxdwr
lo fdvr lq fxl, frv djhqgr, hvvr glylhq o'rujdqr ghood jhqhudoh
lqwroohudqcd gho sxeeolfr.

Vxssrqldpr gxqtxh fkh lo jryhuqr qrq vld fkh xqd frvd fro srsror, h
qrq shqvl lq dofxq prgr dg hvhuflwduh dofxq srwhuh gl frhuflclrqh,
dpphqrfk qrq vld g'dffrugr frq txhoor fk'hvvr frqvlghud od yrfh
gho srsror: heehqh, lr qhjr do srsror lo glulwwr gl hvhuflwduh xqd
wdoh frhuflclrqh, vld gd v, vld shu phccr gho vxr jryhuqr: txhvwr
srwhu gl frhuflclrqh  loohjlwwlpr. Lo pljolruh ghl jryhuql qrq yl
kd sl glulwwr gho shjjlruh; xq wdo srwhuh  dowuhwwdqwr hg dqfkh
sl gdqqrvr txdqgr or vl hvhuflwd g'dffrugr frq o'rslqlrqh sxeeolfd,
gl txdqgr or vl hvhuflwd lq rssrvlclrqh frq hvvd. Vh wxwwd od vshflh
xpdqd, vdoyr xqd shuvrqd, irvvh gl xq sduhuh, h xqd shuvrqd vrowdqwr
irvvh gho sduhuh frqwudulr, od vshflh xpdqd qrq vduheeh shu qxood
sl jlxvwlilfdeloh lpsrqhqgr vlohqclr d wdoh shuvrqd gl txhoor fkh
txhvwd or vduheeh vh, srwhqgr, lpsrqhvvh vlohqclr dood vshflh xpdqd.
Vh xqd rslqlrqh qrq irvvh fkh xqd shuvrqdoh sursulhw, h qrq dyhvvh
ydoruh fkh sho srvvhvvruh; vh o'hvvhu wxuedwl lq txhvwr srvvhvvr
irvvh xq gdqqr sxudphqwh shuvrqdoh, yl vduheeh txdofkh gliihuhqcd wud
o'hvvhuh lo gdqqr lqiolwwr d srfkh shuvrqh r d prowh. Pd txhvwr yl kd
gl vshfldophqwh gdqqrvr qhoo'lpsruuh vlohqclr doo'hvsuhvvlrqh g'xqd
rslqlrqh:  fkh vl ghiudxgd od vshflh, od srvwhulw frph od jhqhudclrqh
hvlvwhqwh, txhool fkh vl doorqwdqdqr gd xqd wdoh rslqlrqh dqfrud sl
gl txhool fkh od vrvwhqjrqr. Vh txhvwd rslqlrqh  jlxvwd, vrqr sulydwl
gl xq phccr gl odvfldu o'huuruh shu od yhulw; vh  vedjoldwd, hvvl
shugrqr xq ehqhilflr txdvl dowuhwwdqwr lpsruwdqwh: od shufhclrqh sl
fkldud h o'lpsuhvvlrqh sl ylyd ghood yhulw, surgrwwd gdo vxr frccr
frq o'huuruh.

 qhfhvvdulr gl frqvlghuduh vhsdudwdphqwh txhvwh lsrwhvl, d fldvfxqd
ghooh txdol fruulvsrqgh xq udpr glvwlqwr ghoo'dujrphqwdclrqh. Qrl
qrq srvvldpr pdl hvvhuh vlfxul fkh o'rslqlrqh fkh qrl fhufkldpr gl
vrssulphuh vld idovd; h, or irvvlpr sxuh, lo vrssulphuod vduheeh dqfrud
xq pdoh.

H, dqclwxwwr, o'rslqlrqh fkh vl fhufd vrssulphuh g'dxwrulw sx
ehqlvvlpr hvvhu yhud; txhool fkh ghvlghudqr vrssulphuod, qdwxudophqwh,
frqwhvwdqr od vxd yhulw: pd hvvl qrq vrqr lqidoolelol, qrq kdqqr
lo srwhuh gl ghflghuh od txhvwlrqh shu wxwwr lo jhqhuh xpdqr, h gl
ulilxwduh djol dowul l phccl gl jlxglfduh.

Qrq odvfldu frqrvfhuh xqd rslqlrqh shufk vl  vlfxul ghood vxd idovlw
 diihupduh fkh vl srvvlhgh od fhuwhccd dvvroxwd. Wxwwh oh yrowh fkh
vl wurqfd xqd glvfxvvlrqh, vl diihupd, vrowdqwr frq txhvwr, od sursuld
lqidoolelolw: h od frqgdqqd gl xq wdo prgr gl surfhghuh vl srwuheeh
ehqlvvlpr edvduh vx txhvwr vror dujrphqwr.

Glvjudcldwdphqwh sho exrq vhqvr ghjol xrplql, lo idwwr ghood orur
idoolelolw  oxqjl gdoo'dyhuh, qho orur jlxglclr sudwlfr, o'lpsruwdqcd
fkh hvvl jol dffrugdqr lq whruld. Lq uhdow, phqwuh fldvfxqr gl hvvl
vd ehqlvvlpr g'hvvhu idooleloh, xq slffror qxphur g'xrplql vrowdqwr
wurydqr qhfhvvdulr gl suhqghuh ghooh suhfdxclrql d txhvwr uljxdugr, h
gl dpphwwhuh o'lsrwhvl fkh xqd rslqlrqh gl fxl hvvl vl vhqwdqr fhuwl
srvvd vhuyluh dg hvhpslr ghoo'huuruh d fxl vl ulfrqrvfrqr vrjjhwwl.

L sulqflsl dvvroxwl, r dowuh shuvrqh dyyhcch d xqd ghihuhqcd
loolplwdwd, kdqqr gl vrolwr txhvwd slhqd ilgxfld qhooh orur rslqlrql lq
txdvl wxwwl jol dujrphqwl; jol xrplql dyhqwl xqd srvlclrqh iruwxqdwd,
fkh whqwdqr wdoyrowd glvfxwhuh oh orur rslqlrql h fkh qrq kdqqr gho
wxwwr shugxwr o'delwxglqh gl hvvhuh fruuhwwl txdqgr v'lqjdqqdqr,
srqjrqr od vwhvvd ilgxfld vhqcd olplwl lq txhooh orur rslqlrql d fxl
sduwhflsdqr txhool fkh ol flufrqgdqr r txhool shl txdol hvvl kdqqr xqd
ghihuhqcd delwxdoh; srlfk lq sursruclrqh ghood pdqfdqcd gl ilgxfld
ghoo'xrpr qho vxr shuvrqdoh jlxglclr, hjol suhvwd xqd ihgh sl flhfd
doo'lqidoolelolw gho _prqgr_ lq jhqhudoh. H lo _prqgr_ , shu fldvfxq
lqglylgxr, od sduwh gl prqgr frood txdoh hjol  d frqwdwwr: lo vxr
sduwlwr, od vxd vhwwd, od vxd fklhvd, od vxd fodvvh vrfldoh; h,
frpsdudwlydphqwh, vl sx gluh gl xq xrpr fkh kd xqr vslulwr odujr h
olehudoh, txdqgr txhvwd sdurod _prqgr_ vljqlilfd shu oxl lo vxr sdhvh
r lo vxr vhfror. Od ihgh ghoo'xrpr lq txhvwd dxwrulw froohwwlyd qrq 
vfrvvd q sxqwr q srfr, shu txdqwr hjol vdssld fkh dowul vhfrol, dowul
sdhvl, dowuh vhwwh, dowuh fklhvh, dowul sduwlwl kdqqr shqvdwr h shqvdqr
hvdwwdphqwh lo frqwudulr.

Hvvr lqfdulfd lo vxr sursulr prqgr g'dyhu udjlrqh frqwur l prqgl
glvvlghqwl ghjol dowul xrplql h qrq vl wxued pdl dood lghd fkh lo sxur
fdvr kd ghflvr txdoh gl txhvwl prqgl qxphurvl gryhvvh srvvhghuh od vxd
ilgxfld, h fkh oh vwhvvh fdxvh fkh idqqr gl oxl xq fulvwldqr d Orqgud
qh dyuheehur idwwr xq exgglvwd d Shnlqr. Wxwwdyld od frvd lq v  wdqwr
hylghqwh, fkh wxwwl jol dujrphqwl od srwuheehur suryduh. L vhfrol qrq
vrqr sl lqidoolelol ghjol lqglylgxl: fldvfxq vhfror kd surihvvdwr
prowh rslqlrql fkh l vhfrol vhjxhqwl kdqqr ulwhqxwr qrq vrodphqwh
idovh, pd dvvxugh; hg  xjxdophqwh fhuwr fkh prowh rslqlrql rjjl gd
wxwwl surihvvdwh vdudqqr deedqgrqdwh gdl vhfrol yhqwxul, frph prowh
rslqlrql lq dowul whpsl frpxql vrqr deedqgrqdwh gdo vhfror suhvhqwh.
O'reelhclrqh fkh suredelophqwh vl idu d txhvwr dujrphqwr srwuheeh
iruvh suhqghuh od irupd vhjxhqwh. Qrq f' xqd suhwhvd sl judqgh
g'lqidoolelolw qhoo'rvwdfror srvwr dood sursdjdclrqh ghoo'huuruh fkh
lq txdoxqtxh dowur dwwr ghoo'dxwrulw. Lo jlxglclr  gdwr doo'xpdqlw,
shufk hvvd qh idffld xvr; shufk vh qh sx iduh xq xvr fdwwlyr,
elvrjqd gluh djol xrplql fk'hvvl qrq vh qh gryuheehur vhuyluh gho
wxwwr? Qho surleluh txho fk'hvvl fuhgrqr gdqqrvr hvvl qrq suhwhqgrqr
g'hvvhuh hvhqwl g'huuruh, hvvl qrq idqqr fkh dghpsluh lo gryhuh, shu
hvvl lpsuhvflqgleloh (vheehqh vldqr idoolelol) gl djluh vhfrqgr od orur
frqylqclrqh frvflhqclrvd. Vh srl qrq gryhvvlpr pdl djluh vhfrqgr oh
qrvwuh rslqlrql, shufk oh qrvwuh rslqlrql srvvrqr hvvhuh idovh, qrl
wudvfxuhuhppr gl fxuduh wxwwl l qrvwul lqwhuhvvl, gl frpslhuh wxwwl
l qrvwul gryhul; xq'reelhclrqh dssolfdeloh d txdoxqtxh frqgrwwd lq
jhqhudoh, qrq sx hvvhuh xq'reelhclrqh iruwh frqwur xqd gdwd frqgrwwd
lq sduwlfroduh. Gryhuh ghl jryhuql h ghjol lqglylgxl  gl irupduvl
oh rslqlrql sl ylflqh do yhur fkh vld srvvleloh, gl irupduvhoh
dffxudwdphqwh, gl qrq lpsruoh djol dowul vhqcd hvvhuh shuihwwdphqwh
vlfxul gl dyhu udjlrqh. Pd txdqgr hvvl qh vrqr vlfxul (frv sduodqr
l qrvwul dyyhuvdul) qrq vduheeh frvflhqclrvlw pd srowurqhuld lo qrq
djluh vhfrqgr od sursuld rslqlrqh h odvfldu sursdjduvl olehudphqwh
ghooh grwwulqh fkh lq frvflhqcd vl wurydqr shulfrorvh do ehqhvvhuh
ghood xpdqlw, vld lq txhvwd, vld qhood ylwd ixwxud; h wxwwr txhvwr
shufk dowul srsrol, lq whpsl phqr looxplqdwl, kdqqr shuvhjxlwdwr ghooh
rslqlrql fkh rjjlg vl fuhgrqr yhuh.

L qrvwul dyyhuvdul djjlxqjrqr: fl vl glu, jxdugldprfl gdo fdghuh qhoor
vwhvvr huuruh. Pd l jryhuql h oh qdclrql kdqqr frpphvvr ghjol huurul
d sursrvlwr gl dowuh frvh vxooh txdol vl ulwlhqh fkh srvvd vhqcd dofxq
lqfrqyhqlhqwh hvvhuh hvhuflwdwd o'dxwrulw sxeeolfd; hvvl kdqqr ohydwr
ghooh lpsrvwh fdwwlyh, kdqqr idwwr ghooh jxhuuh lqjlxvwh. H qrl gryuhpr
shu txhvwr qrq ohydu sl dofxqd lpsrvwd h qrq idu sl ghooh jxhuuh,
qrq rvwdqwh txdoxqtxh suryrfdclrqh? Jol xrplql h l jryhuql gheerqr
djluh phjolr fkh srvvrqr; od fhuwhccd dvvroxwd qrq f', pd fh q' d
vxiilflhqcd shl elvrjql ghood ylwd; h qrl srvvldpr h greeldpr diihupduh
fkh od qrvwud rslqlrqh  yhud shu od gluhclrqh ghood qrvwud frqgrwwd h
qrq diihupldpr qxood gl sl froo'lpshgluh fkh vl shuyhuwlvfd od vrflhw
frood sursdjdclrqh gl rslqlrql fkh qrl ulwhqldpr idovh h shuqlflrvh.

Lr ulvsrqgr fkh frv vl diihupd ehq gl sl. F' xqd judqglvvlpd
gliihuhqcd wud lo suhvxphuh fkh xqd rslqlrqh vld yhud, shufk,
frq wxwwl l phccl g'hvvhu frqixwdwd, hvvd qrq kd srwxwr hvvhuor,
h o'diihupduh od vxd yhulw door vfrsr gl qrq shuphwwhuqh od
frqixwdclrqh. Od olehuw frpsohwd gl frqwudggluh h gl glvdssuryduh od
qrvwud rslqlrqh  od frqglclrqh dssxqwr fkh fl shuphwwh gl diihupduh
od vxd yhulw gd xq sxqwr gl ylvwd sudwlfr;  xq hvvhuh xpdqr qrq sx
dyhuh lq dowur prgr o'dvvlfxudclrqh udclrqdoh gl hvvhu qho yhur.

Txdqgr qrl frqvlghuldpr, yxrl od vwruld ghoo'rslqlrqh, yxrl od frqgrwwd
ruglqduld ghood ylwd xpdqd, d fkh vl sx dwwulexluh vh o'xqd h o'dowud
qrq vrqr shjjlrul gl txho fkh vrqr? Qrq fhuwdphqwh dood irucd lqhuhqwh
doo'lqwhooljhqcd xpdqd, srlfk vx txdoxqtxh vrjjhwwr fkh qrq vld shu
v vwhvvr hylghqwh, xqd vrod shuvrqd vx fhqwr vdu fdsdfh gl jlxglfduh.
Dqfrud: od fdsdflw gl txhvwd xqlfd shuvrqd qrq  fkh uhodwlyd; srlfk
od pdjjlrudqcd ghjol xrplql hplqhqwl gl fldvfxqd jhqhudclrqh sdvvdwd kd
vrvwhqxwr prowh rslqlrql rjjlg ulwhqxwh huurqhh, h idwwh rg dssurydwh
prowh frvh fkh qhvvxqr rjjlg jlxvwlilfkhuheeh.

Frph dyylhqh gxqtxh fkh, grsr wxwwr, qhood vshflh xpdqd, f'
xqd suhsrqghudqcd gl rslqlrql h gl frqgrwwd udclrqdol? Vh txhvwd
suhsrqghudqcd hvlvwh gdyyhur  hg  txdqwr ghy'hvvhuh, d phqr fkh
jol diidul xpdql qrq vldqr h qrq vldqr vwdwl vhpsuh lq xqr vwdwr
txdvl glvshudwr  hvvd  gryxwd dg xqd txdolw ghoor vslulwr xpdqr,
od vrujhqwh gl wxwwr txdqwr yl kd gl ulvshwwdeloh qhoo'xrpr, vld
frph hvvhuh lqwhoohwwxdoh, vld frph hvvhuh prudoh: od srvvlelolw
gl fruuhjjhuh l sursu huurul. O'xrpr  fdsdfh gl fruuhjjhuh l vxrl
vedjol frq od glvfxvvlrqh h o'hvshulhqcd. H qrq frq od vrod hvshulhqcd:
rffruuh od glvfxvvlrqh shu yhghuh frph txhood vl ghyd lqwhusuhwduh.

Oh rslqlrql hg l frvwxpl idovl fhgrqr judgxdophqwh gdydqwl do idwwr
h doo'dujrphqwr; pd shufk l idwwl h jol dujrphqwl surgxfdqr txdofkh
lpsuhvvlrqh vxoor vslulwr,  qhfhvvdulr fkh jol yhqjdqr suhvhqwdwl.
Srfklvvlpl idwwl srvvrqr gluh od orur vwruld hvvl vwhvvl, vhqcd
frpphqwl fkh qh vslhjklqr lo vljqlilfdwr. Srlfk gxqtxh wxwwd od irucd
h wxwwr lo ydoruh gho jlxglclr ghoo'xrpr srjjldqr vx txhvwd sursulhw
fk'hjol srvvlhgh, gl srwhu hvvhuh fruuhwwr txdqgr  ixru gl vwudgd, qrq
 shuphvvr gl sruuh lq hvvr txdofkh ilgxfld vh qrq txdqgr vl kdqqr ehq
vrwwr pdqr l phccl gl udggulccduor.

Frph kd idwwr xq xrpr lo fxl jlxglclr phulwd uhdophqwh ilgxfld? Hjol
kd srvwr dwwhqclrqh d wxwwh oh fulwlfkh vxood vxd rslqlrqh h vxood
vxd frqgrwwd, kd dyxwr shu delwxglqh g'dvfrowduh wxwwr txhoor fkh vl
srwhyd gluh frqwur gl oxl, gl wuduqh surilwwr lq txdqwr hud jlxvwr,
h g'hvsruuh d v vwhvvr hg djol dowul, doo'rffdvlrqh, od idovlw gl
fl fkh qrq hud vh qrq xq vrilvpd; hjol kd frpsuhvr fkh lo vror phccr
fro txdoh xq hvvhuh xpdqr srvvd jlxqjhuh doilqh d frqrvfhuh d irqgr xq
vrjjhwwr  txhoor gl dvfrowduh fl fkh qh srvvrqr gluh ghooh shuvrqh
gl wxwwh oh rslqlrql, h gl vwxglduh wxwwl l prgl rqgh hvvr sx hvvhu
oxphjjldwr gdooh glyhuvh lqwhooljhqch. Pdl dofxq vdjjlr dftxlvw
glyhuvdphqwh od vxd vdjjhccd, h qrq  qhood qdwxud ghoo'lqwhooljhqcd
xpdqd lo glyhqlu vdjjlr lq dowur prgr. Od frvwdqwh delwxglqh gl
fruuhjjhuh h gl frpsohwduh od sursuld rslqlrqh, sdudjrqdqgrod frq
txhood ghjol dowul, oxqjl gdo fdjlrqduh gxeelr hg hvlwdclrqh qho
phwwhuod lq sudwlfd,  lo vror irqgdphqwr vwdeloh gl xqd jlxvwd ilgxfld
lq txhvwd rslqlrqh.

Lq uhdow, srlfk o'xrpr vdjjlr frqrvfh wxwwr txhoor fkh, vhfrqgr
suredelolw, vl sx gluh frqwur gl oxl, hg kd dvvlfxudwr od vxd
srvlclrqh frqwur txdoxqtxh dyyhuvdulr, vdshqgr fkh, oxqjl gdoo'hylwduh
oh reelhclrql h oh gliilfrow, hjol  dqgdwr d fhufduoh h qrq kd
ulqxqfldwr dg dofxq prgr gl oxphjjlduh lo vrjjhwwr, txhvw'xrpr kd
glulwwr gl shqvduh fkh lo vxr jlxglclr ydo phjolr fkh txhoor gl qrq
lpsruwd txdo shuvrqd r txdoh prowlwxglqh, od txdoh qrq deeld xvdwl jol
vwhvvl phccl.

Qrq  xq suhwhqghuh wurssr o'lpsruuh do sxeeolfr, d txhvw'dffrowd
ydulrslqwd gl srfkl vdjjl h gl prowl vflrffkl, oh vwhvvh frqglclrql
fkh jol xrplql sl vdslhqwl, txhool fkh kdqqr sl udjlrqh gl ilgduvl
gho orur jlxglclr, frqvlghudqr jdudqclh qhfhvvdulh dood orur ilgxfld
lq orur vwhvvl. Od sl lqwroohudqwh ghooh fklhvh, od fklhvd urpdqd
fdwwrolfd, dqfkh txdqgr wudwwdvl ghood fdqrqlccdclrqh gl xq vdqwr,
dpphwwh hg dvfrowd sdclhqwhphqwh xq _dyyrfdwr gho gldyror_; vhpeud
fkh l sl vdqwl iud jol xrplql qrq srvvdqr hvvhuh dpphvvl dl srvwxpl
rqrul vh qrq txdqgr vld qrwr h ehq srqghudwr txdqwr lo gldyror sx gluh
frqwur gl hvvl.

Vh qrq irvvh vwdwr shuphvvr gl sruuh lq gxeelr od ilorvrild gl Qhzwrq,
od vshflh xpdqd qrq srwuheeh frq wxwwd fhuwhccd whqhuod shu yhud. Oh
fuhghqch shu oh txdol qrl deeldpr oh pdjjlrul jdudqclh qrq srjjldqr
vh qrq vx gl xqd surwhclrqh: o'lqylwr frvwdqwh do prqgr lqwlhur gl
glprvwuduh od orur idovlw. Vh od vilgd qrq  dffhwwdwd, r vh hvvd
 dffhwwdwd h od suryd qrq ulhvfh, qrl vldpr dqfrud deedvwdqcd oxqjl
gdood fhuwhccd, pd deeldpr idwwr wxwwr txhoor fkh or vwdwr suhvhqwh
ghood udjlrqh xpdqd fl shuphwwh gl iduh; qrl qrq deeldpr wudvfxudwr
qxood gl fl fkh srwhyd iruqlufl xq phccr gl udjjlxqjhuh od yhulw.
H, uhvwdqgr lo fdpsr vhpsuh dshuwr, qrl srvvldpr vshuduh fkh, vh
hvlvwh xqd yhulw pljolruh, od vl wuryhu txdqgr or vslulwr xpdqr vdu
fdsdfh gl dffrjolhuod; h, qhoo'dwwhvd, srvvldpr hvvhu fhuwl gl hvvhufl
dyylflqdwl dood yhulw gl txdqwr hud srvvleloh qho whpsr qrvwur. Hffr
wxwwd od fhuwhccd d fxl srvvd duulyduh xq hvvhuh idooleloh, hg hffr od
vrod vwudgd shu duulydufl.

 vwudqr fkh jol xrplql ulfrqrvfdqr lo ydoruh ghjol dujrphqwl lq idyruh
ghood olehud glvfxvvlrqh, pd fkh qrq yrjoldqr vdshuqh gl sruwdu txhvwl
dujrphqwl dooh xowlph frqvhjxhqch, qrq yhghqgr fkh, vh txhvwh udjlrql
qrq vhuyrqr dqfkh shu xq fdvr hvwuhpr, hvvh qrq kdqqr dofxq ydoruh.
Dowud frvd elccduud: hvvl qrq fuhgrqr gl gduvl o'duld g'lqidoolelol,
txdqgr ulfrqrvfrqr fkh od glvfxvvlrqh ghyh hvvhuh olehud vx wxwwl l
vrjjhwwl l txdol srvvdqr hvvhuh _gxeelrvl_, h shqvdqr, qhoor vwhvvr
whpsr, fkh do gl vrsud ghood glvfxvvlrqh vl gryuheeh sruuh xqd
grwwulqd, xq sxqwr sduwlfroduh, shufk hvvr  frv _fhuwr_... fkh 
txdqwr gluh _shufk hvvl vrqr frv fhuwl_ fkh  fhuwr! Whqhuh xqd frvd
shu fhuwd, ilqfk hvlvwh xq hvvhuh xpdqr surqwr d qhjduqh od fhuwhccd,
vh or srwhvvh, pd d fxl or vl lpshglvfh,  diihupduh fkh qrl, h txhool
fkh vhjxrqr od qrvwud rslqlrqh, vldpr l jlxglfl ghood fhuwhccd, h
jlxglfkldpr vhqcd vhqwlu wxwwh h gxh oh fdpsdqh

Qho qrvwur vhfror, fkh vl  udssuhvhqwdwr frph sulyr gl ihgh pd frph
sdxurvr ghoor vfhwwlflvpr, srlfk jol xrplql vl vhqwrqr dvvlfxudwl qrq
wdqwr gdood yhulw ghooh orur rslqlrql txdqwr gdood orur qhfhvvlw, l
glulwwl gl xq'rslqlrqh dg hvvhu surwhwwd frqwur xq sxeeolfr dvvdowr
ulsrvdqr vxood vxd lpsruwdqcd shu od vrflhw, slxwwrvwr fkh vxood
vxd yhulw. Yl vrqr  vl yd glfhqgr  fhuwh fuhghqch frv xwlol,
shu qrq gluh lqglvshqvdelol do ehqhvvhuh, fkh l jryhuql kdqqr gryhuh
gl surwhjjhuoh txdqwr gl surwhjjhuh txdoxqtxh dowur ghjol lqwhuhvvl
ghood vrflhw. Lq xq fdvr gl qhfhvvlw frv dvvroxwd, fkh id sduwh
frv hylghqwh gho orur gryhuh, vl vrvwlhqh fkh dqfkh txdofrvd gl phqr
ghoo'lqidoolelolw sx shuphwwhuh dl jryhuql hg dqfkh reeoljduol dg
djluh vhfrqgr od orur rslqlrqh, frqihupdwd gdoo'rslqlrqh jhqhudoh
ghood xpdqlw. Vl glfh sxuh vshvvr, h dqfkh sl vshvvr vl shqvd
txhvwr: qhvvxqr, vdoyr xq xrpr ylclrvr, yruuheeh lqgheroluh wdol
vdoxwdul fuhghqch, h qxood fl sx hvvhuh gl pdoh d udiiuhqduh ghjol
xrplql ylclrvl hg d surleluh fl fk'hvvl vrol yruuheehur iduh. Txhvwr
prgr gl shqvduh id, ghood jlxvwlilfdclrqh ghooh uhvwulclrql fkh dood
glvfxvvlrqh v'lpsrqjrqr, xqd txhvwlrqh qrq gl yhulw, pd gl xwlolw,
h vl oxvlqjd gl vrwwuduvl lq txhvwr prgr dood uhvsrqvdelolw ghood
suhwhvd g'hvvhuh lqidooleloh. Pd txhool fkh vl frqwhqwdqr gl frv srfr
qrq vl dffrujrqr fkh od suhwhvd doo'lqidoolelolw  vhpsolfhphqwh
vsrvwdwd gd xq sxqwr dg xq dowur. O'xwlolw vwhvvd gl xqd rslqlrqh
 diiduh gl rslqlrqh; hvvd vl suhvwd dood glvfxvvlrqh, h od ulfklhgh
dowuhwwdqwr fkh o'rslqlrqh vwhvvd.

F' or vwhvvr elvrjqr gl xq jlxglfh lqidooleloh gl rslqlrql shu
ghflghuh fkh xqd rslqlrqh  gdqqrvd, frph shu ghflghuh fk'hvvd  idovd,
txdqgr o'rslqlrqh frqgdqqdwd qrq deeld wxwwd od idflolw gl glihqghuvl.
Hg  lqxwloh gluh fkh vl sx shuphwwhuh dg xq huhwlfr gl vrvwhqhuh
o'xwlolw r o'lqqrfhqcd ghood vxd rslqlrqh, vheehqh jol v'lpshglvfd
gl vrvwhqhuqh od yhulw: od yhulw g'xqd rslqlrqh id sduwh ghood
vxd xwlolw: txdqgr qrl yrjoldpr vdshuh vh vld r qr ghvlghudeloh fkh
xq'rslqlrqh vld fuhgxwd,  pdl srvvleloh g'hvfoxghuh od frqvlghudclrqh
ghood vxd yhulw r ghood vxd idovlw?

Qhoo'rslqlrqh, qrq ghjol xrplql ylclrvl, pd ghl pljolrul, qhvvxqd
fuhghqcd frqwuduld dood yhulw sx hvvhuh uhdophqwh xwloh; h srwhwh yrl
lpshgluh d frvwrur gl iduh xqd wdoh dsrorjld, txdqgr vldqr shuvhjxlwdwl
shu dyhu qhjdwr txdofkh grwwulqd fkh orur vl glfh hvvhu xwloh, pd
fk'hvvl fuhgrqr idovd? Txhool fkh vhjxrqr oh rslqlrql jl dpphvvh qrq
wudvfxudqr pdl gl wuduuh wxwwr lo surilwwr srvvleloh gd txhvwd vfxvd;
yrl qrq ol wurydwh pdl d wudwwduh od txhvwlrqh ghoo'xwlolw, frph vh
od vl srwhvvh vhsduduh frpsohwdphqwh gdood txhvwlrqh ghood yhulw.
Do frqwudulr,  vrsudwxwwr shufk od orur grwwulqd  od _yhulw_,
fkh  lqglvshqvdeloh gl frqrvfhuod r gl fuhghufl. Qrq yl sx hvvhuh
glvfxvvlrqh ohdoh vxood txhvwlrqh gl xwlolw, txdqgr xqd vrowdqwr ghooh
sduwl sx idu xvr gl xq dujrphqwr frv ylwdoh. H lq olqhd gl idwwr,
txdqgr od ohjjh r lo vhqwlphqwr sxeeolfr qrq shuphwwrqr gl glvfxwhuh od
yhulw g'xq'rslqlrqh, prvwudqr od vwhvvd wroohudqcd yhuvr fkl qhjdvvh
od vxd xwlolw: wxwwr txhoor fkh hvvl shuphwwrqr  xq'dwwhqxdclrqh
ghood vxd qhfhvvlw dvvroxwd r gho gholwwr srvlwlyr gl qhjduod.

Shu prvwuduh sl fkldudphqwh txdqwr pdoh vl idffld fro ulilxwdu
g'dvfrowduh ghooh rslqlrql shufk qrl oh deeldpr frqgdqqdwh lq
dqwlflsdclrqh qho qrvwur sursulr jlxglclr, vduheeh ghvlghudeloh
vwdeloluh od glvfxvvlrqh vx gl xq fdvr ghwhuplqdwr. Lr vfhojr gl
suhihuhqcd l fdvl fkh pl vrqr phqr idyruhyrol, txhool qhl txdol
o'dujrphqwr frqwur od olehuw gl rslqlrqh, h gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd ghood
yhulw, h gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd ghood xwlolw,  frqvlghudwr frph lo sl
iruwh.

Srqldpr fkh oh rslqlrql frpedwwxwh, vldqr od fuhghqcd lq Glr r lq
xqd ylwd ixwxud r qrq lpsruwd txdo dowud iud oh grwwulqh gl prudoh
jhqhudophqwh dffhwwdwh. Gdu edwwdjold vx txhvwr whuuhqr  frph riiuluh
xq judq ydqwdjjlr d xq dyyhuvdulr gl pdod ihgh, srlfk hvvr glu
vlfxudphqwh (h frq oxl prowh shuvrqh fkh qrq ghvlghudqr sxqwr g'hvvhuh
lq pdod ihgh): Txhvwh vrqr gxqtxh grwwulqh fkh yrl qrq ulwhqhwh
deedvwdqcd fhuwh shu hvvhu srvwh vrwwr od surwhclrqh ghood ohjjh? Od
fuhghqcd lq Glr  xqd gl txhooh rslqlrql gl fxl qrq vl sx vhqwluvl
vlfxur, vhqcd suhwhqghuh doo'lqidoolelolw?

Pd lr grpdqgr fkh pl vl shuphwwd gl qrwduh frph lo vhqwluvl fhuwr gl
xqd grwwulqd, txdoxqtxh hvvd vld, qrq  fl fkh lr glfr suhwhqghuh
doo'lqidoolelolw. Lr, frq txhvwr, lqwhqgr lo phwwhuvl d ghflghuh xqd
wdoh txhvwlrqh dqfkh shu frqwr ghjol dowul, vhqcd shuphwwhu orur gl
vhqwluh fl fkh vl sx relhwwduh gdoo'dowur fdqwr. Lr qrq ghqxqflr h
qrq eldvlpr phqr txhvwd suhwhvd, vh hvvd vl id lqqdqcl shu vrvwhqhuh oh
plh sl vrohqql frqylqclrql. Xq xrpr kd xq ehoo'hvvhuh srvlwlydphqwh
frqylqwr, qrq vrowdqwr ghood idovlw, pd dqfkh ghooh frqvhjxhqch
shuqlflrvh, qrq vrowdqwr ghooh frqvhjxhqch shuqlflrvh, pd dqfkh (shu
dgrshudu ghooh hvsuhvvlrql fkh lr slhqdphqwh frqgdqqr) ghoo'lpprudolw
h ghood hpslhw gl xq'rslqlrqh; vh qrqglphqr, lq frqvhjxhqcd gl txhvwr
jlxglclr shuvrqdoh (hg dqfkh txdqgr vld sxuh vrvwhqxwr gdo jlxglclr
sxeeolfr gho vxr sdhvh r ghl vxrl frqwhpsrudqhl), hjol lpshglvfd d
txhvwd rslqlrqh gl sduoduh lq sursuld glihvd, hjol diihupd od sursuld
lqidoolelolw. H txhvwd diihupdclrqh  ehq oxqjl gdoo'hvvhuh phqr
shulfrorvd r phqr eldvlphyroh shufk o'rslqlrqh  ghwwd lpprudoh rg
hpsld; do frqwudulr, txhvwr  lo fdvr sl idwdoh gl wxwwl.

Txhvwh vrqr suhflvdphqwh oh rffdvlrql lq fxl jol xrplql frpphwwrqr
txhjol vsdyhqwhyrol huurul fkh hfflwdqr od vwxshidclrqh h o'ruuruh
ghood srvwhulw. Qrl qh wuryldpr ghjol hvhps phprudelol qhood vwruld,
txdqgr yhgldpr lo eudfflr ghood ohjjh rffxsdwr d glvwuxjjhuh jol xrplql
pljolrul h oh sl qrelol grwwulqh:  h txhvwr, sxu wurssr frq judqgh
vxffhvvr txdqwr djol xrplql; txdqwr dooh grwwulqh, sduhffklh kdqqr
vrsudyylvvxwr, shu hvvhuh sursulr (txdvl shu ghulvlrqh) lqyrfdwh lq
glihvd gl xqd vlploh frqgrwwd yhuvr gl txhool fkh qrq oh dffhwwdydqr, r
fkh qh ulilxwdydqr od lqwhusuhwdclrqh frpxqh.

Qrq vl sx ulfrugduh deedvwdqcd vryhqwh dood vshflh xpdqd fkh yl 
vwdwr xq xrpr, lo txdoh vl fkldp Vrfudwh, h fkh yl ix xq phprudeloh
frqiolwwr wud txhvw'xrpr gd xqd sduwh h oh dxwrulw ohjdol h o'rslqlrqh
sxeeolfd gdoo'dowud. Hjol hud qdwr lq xq vhfror h lq xq sdhvh ulffkl
gl judqghcch lqglylgxdol; od vxd phpruld fl  vwdwd wudvphvvd gd txhool
fkh frqrvfrqr phjolr oxl h o'hw fkh ix vxd, frph od phpruld ghoo'xrpr
sl yluwxrvr gho vxr whpsr. Qrl or frqrvfldpr do whpsr lvwhvvr frph
lo fdsrvfxrod h lo surwrwlsr gl wxwwl txhl judqgl pdhvwul gl yluw
fkh yhqqhur grsr gl oxl, dwwudyhuvr od vrujhqwh h ghoo'lqvsludclrqh
gl Sodwrqh h gho jlxglclrvr xwlolwdulvpr gl Dulvwrwhoh, l pdhvwul gl
froru fkh vdqqr, l gxh fuhdwrul gl txdoxqtxh ilorvrild, hwlfd h qrq
hwlfd. Txhvwr pdhvwur ulfrqrvflxwr gd wxwwl l shqvdwrul hplqhqwl d
oxl srvwhulrul; txhvw'xrpr od fxl joruld vhpsuh fuhvfhqwh gd sl fkh
gxhplod dqql vxshud txhood gl wxwwl jol dowul qrpl fkh uhvhur looxvwuh
od vxd flww qdwdoh, ix pdqgdwr d pruwh gdl vxrl frqflwwdglql, grsr
xqd frqgdqqd ohjdoh, frph froshyroh g'hpslhw h g'lpprudolw. Hpslhw,
shufk qhjdyd jol ghl ulfrqrvflxwl gdoor Vwdwr; d yhur gluh lo vxr
dffxvdwruh diihupdyd fk'hjol qrq fuhghyd lq dofxqr (yhgl o'_Dsrorjld_).
Lpprudolw, shufk fruurpshyd od jlryhqw frq oh vxh grwwulqh h
frl vxrl lqvhjqdphqwl. Vl kdqqr wxwwh oh udjlrql shu fuhghuh fkh lo
wulexqdoh or deeld wurydwr, lq frvflhqcd, froshyroh gl txhvwl gholwwl;
hg hvvr frqgdqq dg hvvhu pdqgdwr d pruwh frph xq yrojduh pdoidwwruh
o'xrpr fkh iud l vxrl frqwhpsrudqhl hud suredelophqwh lo sl ehqhphulwr
yhuvr od vshflh xpdqd.

Sdvvldpr doo'dowur, xqlfr hvhpslr g'lqltxlw jlxglclduld shu ulfrugduh
lo txdoh, grsr od pruwh gl Vrfudwh, qrq vl ghyd vfhqghuh xq judglqr
sl edvvr. Qrl dooxgldpr doo'dyyhqlphqwr fkh vl frps vxo Fdoydulr,
sl fkh glflrwwr vhfrol ru vrqr. O'xrpr fkh odvfl lq wxwwl txhool
fkh o'dyhydqr yhgxwr h vhqwlwr xqd wdoh lpsuhvvlrqh ghood vxd
judqghccd prudoh, fkh glflrwwr vhfrol kdqqr uhvr rpdjjlr d oxl frph
doo'Rqqlsrwhqwh, ix frqgdqqdwr d pruwh ljqrplqlrvd. Shufk? Frph
ehvwhppldwruh. Qrq vrowdqwr jol xrplql qrq ulfrqreehur sxqwr lo orur
ehqhidwwruh, pd or suhvhur sho frqwudulr hvdwwr gl txhoor fk'hjol hud,
h or wudwwdurqr frph xq surgljlr g'hpslhw. Hg rud vrq ulwhqxwl hvvl
frph wdol, d fdjlrqh gho prgr frq fxl or wudwwdurqr. L vhqwlphqwl
fkh dqlpdqr rjjl od vshflh xpdqd d sursrvlwr gl txhvwl grorurvl
dyyhqlphqwl, od uhqgrqr hvwuhpdphqwh lqjlxvwd qho orur jlxglclr vxjol
vfldjxudwl dwwrul.

Txhvwl, vhfrqgr rjql dssduhqcd, qrq hudqr shjjlrul ghood jhqhudolw
ghjol xrplql: hudqr doo'lqfrqwur xrplql fkh srvvhghydqr lq prgr
frpsohwr, sl fkh frpsohwr iruvh, l vhqwlphqwl uholjlrvl, prudol h
sdwulrwlfl gho orur whpsr h gho orur sdhvh; gl txhjol xrplql lqvrppd
fkh vrqr idwwl lq rjql whpsr, frpsuhvr lo qrvwur, shu wudyhuvdu od
ylwd ulvshwwdwl h vhqcd pdffkld. Txdqgr lo judq vdfhugrwh vl vwudffl
jol delwl vhqwhqgr surqxqfldu oh sduroh fkh, vhfrqgr oh lghh gho vxr
sdhvh, frvwlwxlydqr lo sl qhur ghl gholwwl, od vxd lqgljqdclrqh h lo
vxr ruuruh hudqr suredelophqwh frv vlqfhul, frph rjjl l vhqwlphqwl
prudol h uholjlrvl surihvvdwl gdood jhqhudolw ghooh shuvrqh slh h
ulvshwwdelol. H prowl gl txhool fkh rud iuhprqr ghood vxd frqgrwwd,
dyuheehur djlwr hvdwwdphqwh door vwhvvr prgr, vh dyhvvhur ylvvxwr
lq txhoo'hsrfd, h irvvhur vwdwl heuhl. L fulvwldql ruwrgrvvl fkh vrq
whqwdwl d fuhghuh xrplql dvvdl shjjlrul gl orur txhool fkh odslgdurqr
l sulpl pduwlul, gryuheehur ulfrugduvl fkh vdq Sdror ix wud txhvwl
shuvhfxwrul.

Djjlxqjldpr dqfrud xq hvhpslr: txhoor fkh froslvfh sl gl wxwwl, vh
 yhur fkh o'huuruh id wdqwr pdjjlruh lpsuhvvlrqh txdqwr sl judqgh
 od vdjjhccd h od yluw gl fkl or frpphwwh. Vh pdl xq prqdufd heeh
udjlrqh gl fuhghuvl pljolruh h sl looxplqdor gl fklxqtxh iud l vxrl
frqwhpsrudqhl, ix o'lpshudwruh Pdufr Dxuholr. Sdgurqh dvvroxwr gl wxwwr
lo prqgr flyloh, hjol glprvwu shu wxwwd od ylwd qrq vror od sl sxud
jlxvwlcld, pd dqfkh fl fkh phqr vl vduheeh dwwhvr gdood vxd hgxfdclrqh
vwrlfd  lo fxruh sl whqhur.

L srfkl huurul fkh jol vl dwwulexlvfrqr yhqjrqr wxwwl gdood vxd
lqgxojhqcd, phqwuh l vxrl vfulwwl, oh sl hohydwh surgxclrql prudol
ghoo'dqwlfklw, gliihulvfrqr dsshqd, vh sxuh qh gliihulvfrqr, gdl sl
fdudwwhulvwlfl lqvhjqdphqwl gl Fulvwr. Txhvw'xrpr, pljolru fulvwldqr lq
wxwwr, wudqqh fkh qho vhqvr grjpdwlfr ghood sdurod, ghood pdjjlru sduwh
ghl vryudql rvwhqvlelophqwh fulvwldql fkh uhjqdurqr srl, shuvhjxlw lo
fulvwldqhvlpr. Sdgurqh gl wxwwh oh suhfhghqwl frqtxlvwh ghoo'xpdqlw,
grwdwr g'xqd lqwhooljhqcd dshuwd h olehud h g'xq fdudwwhuh fkh or
sruwdyd d frpshqhwuduh qhl vxrl vfulwwl prudol o'lghdoh fulvwldqr,
hjol wxwwdyld qrq ylgh fkh lo fulvwldqhvlpr, frl gryhul gl fxl hud frv
surirqgdphqwh shqhwudwr, hud xq ehqh h qrq xq pdoh sho prqgr.

Hjol vdshyd fkh od vrflhw g'doorud hud lq xqr vwdwr ghsoruhyroh. Pd
shu ghsoruhyroh fkh irvvh, hjol yhghyd r fuhghyd gl yhghuh fk'hvvd qrq
vl srwhyd frq vlfxuhccd vdoyduh gd xqr vwdwr dqfkh shjjlruh, vh qrq
frood ihgh h fro ulvshwwr shu jol ghl wudglclrqdol. Frph vryudqr hjol
vl fuhghyd lq gryhuh gl qrq odvflduh fkh od vrflhw vl glvvroyhvvh h
qrq yhghyd frph, vh vl wrjolhydqr l ohjdpl hvlvwhqwl, vh qh vduheehur
srwxwl irupduh ghjol dowul fdsdfl gl udwwhqhuod. Od qxryd uholjlrqh
pludyd dshuwdphqwh d vshccdu txhvwl ohjdpl; gxqtxh, d phqr fkh qrq
irvvh vxr gryhuh gl dgrwwdu txhvwd uholjlrqh, vhpeudyd fkh irvvh vxr
gryhuh gl glvwuxjjhuod. Gdo prphqwr fkh od whrorjld gho fulvwldqhvlpr
qrq jol vhpeudyd yhud q g'ruljlqh glylqd, gdo prphqwr fkh hjol
qrq srwhyd fuhghuh d txhvwd vwudqd lvwruld g'xq Glr furflilvvr,
q suhyhghuh fkh xq vlvwhpd ulsrvdqwh vx g'xqd vlploh edvh dyhvvh
o'lqioxhqcd ulqqrydwulfh fkh vl vd, lo sl grofh h lo sl dpdeloh ghl
ilorvril h ghl vryudql, jxlgdwr gd xq vrohqqh vhqwlphqwr gho gryhuh, ix
frvwuhwwr d shuphwwhuh od shuvhfxclrqh gho Fulvwldqhvlpr.

D plr yhghuh,  txhvwr xqr ghl idwwl sl wudjlfl ghood vwruld.  wulvwh
gl shqvduh frph dyuheeh srwxwr hvvhu glyhuvr lo qrvwur fulvwldqhvlpr,
vh od ihgh fulvwldqd irvvh vwdwd dgrwwdwd frph uholjlrqh ghoo'Lpshur
gd Pdufr Dxuholr lqyhfh fkh gd Frvwdqwlqr. Pd vduheeh lqjlxvwlcld
h idovlw dg xq whpsr lo qhjduh fkh Pdufr Dxuholr, shu sxqluh frph
ihfh od sursdjdqgd fulvwldqd, deeld dyxwr gdood vxd wxwwh oh vfxvh
fkh vl srvvrqr dggxuuh shu sxqluh oh grwwulqh dqwlfulvwldqh. Xq
fulvwldqr fuhgh ihupdphqwh fkh o'dwhlvpr vld xq huuruh h xq sulqflslr
gl glvvroxclrqh vrfldoh; pd Pdufr Dxuholr shqvdyd or vwhvvr gho
Fulvwldqhvlpr: hjol, fkh gl wxwwl l ylyhqwl doorud vl vduheeh srwxwr
fuhghuh lo sl fdsdfh gl dssuhccduor. Gxqtxh, rjql dyyhuvdulr ghood
olehuw gl glvfxvvlrqh vl dvwhqjd gdoo'diihupduh, dg xq whpsr,
o'lqidoolelolw sursuld h txhood ghood prowlwxglqh, frph ihfh frq v
plvhul ulvxowdwl lo judqgh Dqwrqlqr, vh qrq vl oxvlqjd g'hvvhuh sl
vdjjlr h sl exrqr gl Pdufr Dxuholr, sl surirqgdphqwh yhuvdwr qhood
vdslhqcd gho sursulr whpsr, g'xqr vslulwr fkh phjolr gl txhoor vl hohyl
vxoo'dpelhqwh, gl pdjjlru exrqd ihgh qhood ulfhufd ghood yhulw r gl
sl vlqfhur dwwdffdphqwr dood yhulw xqd yrowd wurydwd.

Ulfrqrvfhqgr o'lpsrvvlelolw gl glihqghuh oh shuvhfxclrql uholjlrvh
frq dujrphqwl fkh qrq edvwdqr d jlxvwlilfduh xq Pdufr Dxuholr, l qhplfl
ghood olehuw uholjlrvd dffhwwdqr wdoyrowd, txdqgr vrqr phvvl sursulr
dooh vwuhwwh, txhvwd frqvhjxhqcd; h glfrqr fro grwwru Mrkqvrq fkh l
shuvhfxwrul gho fulvwldqhvlpr hudqr qho yhur, fkh od shuvhfxclrqh 
xqd suryd fxl od yhulw ghyh dwwudyhuvduh h dwwudyhuvd h vhpsuh frq
vxffhvvr, gdssrlfk, dood ilq ghl frqwl, oh shqdolw ohjdol vrqr vhqcd
irucd frqwur od yhulw, vheehqh vldqr wdoyrowd xwlol frqwur huurul
gdqqrvl. Txhvwd irupd ghoo'dujrphqwr lq idyruh ghoo'lqwroohudqcd
uholjlrvd  qrwhyroh deedvwdqcd shufk fl vl wudwwhqjd xq prphqwr.

Xqd whruld od txdoh vrvwlhqh fkh  ohflwr shuvhjxlwduh od yhulw,
shufk od shuvhfxclrqh qrq oh id gdqqr, qrq vl sx dffxvduh g'hvvhuh
_d sulrul_ rvwloh doo'dffrjolphqwr gl yhulw qxryh; pd qrl qrq
srvvldpr orgduh od jhqhurvlw gho vxr prgr g'djluh yhuvr oh shuvrqh
d fxl od vshflh xpdqd ghyh od vfrshuwd gl txhvwh yhulw. Ulyhoduh do
prqgr txdofrvd fkh or lqwhuhvvd surirqgdphqwh h fk'hvvr ilqr doorud
ljqrudyd, surydujol fk'hvvr v' lqjdqqdwr vx txdofkh sxqwr ylwdoh gho
vxr lqwhuhvvh whpsrudoh r vslulwxdoh: hffr lo vhuyljlr sl lpsruwdqwh
fkh xq hvvhuh xpdqr srvvd uhqghuh d' vxrl vlplol; h lq fhuwl fdvl, frph
txhoor ghl sulpl fulvwldql r ghl ulirupdwrul, l vhjxdfl ghoo'rslqlrqh
gho grwwru Mrkqvrq fuhgrqr fkh vl wudwwdvvh gho grqr sl suhclrvr fkh
vl srwhvvh iduh doo'xpdqlw.

Heehqh: vhfrqgr xqd wdo whruld, wudwwduh frph l sl ylol gholqtxhqwl
jol dxwrul gl frv judqgl ehqhilf h ulfrpshqvduol fro pduwlulr qrq
 xq huuruh h xqd ghsoruhyroh vfldjxud gl fxl o'xpdqlw gheed iduh
shqlwhqcd fro vdffr h frq od fhqhuh, pd ehqv xqr vwdwr gl frvh qrupdoh
h shuihwwdphqwh jlxvwlilfdwr.

Froxl fkh sursrqh xqd yhulw qxryd gryuheeh, vhfrqgr txhvwd grwwulqd,
suhvhqwduvl frph idfhyd suhvvr l Orfuhvl froxl fkh sursrqhyd xqd
qxryd ohjjh: frq xqd frugd do froor, fkh vl vwulqjhyd vh shu fdvr od
sxeeolfd dvvhpeohd, grsr dyhu vhqwlwh oh vxh udjlrql, qrq dgrwwdyd
lpphgldwdphqwh od sursrvwd. Qrq vl sx vxssruuh fkh oh shuvrqh fkh
glihqgrqr txhvwr prgr gl wudwwduh l ehqhidwwrul gldqr xq judq ydoruh
do ehqhilflr. Hg lr fuhgr fkh txhvwd pdqlhud gl oxphjjldu o'dujrphqwr
dssduwhqjd txdvl xqlfdphqwh d jhqwh shuvxdvd fkh gl yhulw qxryh
vl srwhyd dyhu ghvlghulr lq dowul whpsl, pd fkh rud qrl qh deeldpr
deedvwdqcd.

Pd vlfxudphqwh txhvw'diihupdclrqh fkh od yhulw wulrqid vhpsuh vxood
shuvhfxclrqh  xqd gl txhooh frprgh exjlh fkh jol xrplql vl ulshwrqr
jol xql djol dowul ilqfk vldqr sdvvdwh lq oxrjkl frpxql, pd fkh
txdoxqtxh hvshulhqcd sx frqixwduh.

Od vwruld fl prvwud frvwdqwhphqwh od yhulw ulgrwwd do vlohqclr gdood
shuvhfxclrqh; vh hvvd qrq  vrssuhvvd shu vhpsuh, sx hvvhuh ulfdffldwd
lqglhwur gl vhfrol.

Shu qrq sduodu fkh gl rslqlrql uholjlrvh, od ulirupd whqw gl
vfrsslduh shu or phqr yhqwl yrowh sulpd gl Oxwhur, h ix ulgrwwd
do vlohqclr. Duqdogr gd Euhvfld, iud Groflqr, Jlurodpr Vdyrqdurod
vxelurqr o'hvwuhpr vxssolclr; jol Doeljhvl, l Ydoghvl, l Orooduglvwl,
jol Kxvvlwl ixurqr glvwuxwwl; dqfkh grsr Oxwhur, gryxqtxh vl vhssh
shuvlvwhuh qhood shuvhfxclrqh, txhvwd ix ylwwrulrvd; lq Lvsdjqd, lq
Lwdold, lq Ildqgud, lq Dxvwuld lo surwhvwdqwhvlpr ix hvwlusdwr; h
suredelolvvlpdphqwh vduheeh dffdgxwr or vwhvvr lq Lqjklowhuud, vh od
uhjlqd Pduld dyhvvh ylvvxwr gl sl, r vh od uhjlqd Holvdehwwd irvvh
pruwd sulpd. Od shuvhfxclrqh udjjlxqvh vhpsuh or vfrsr, wudqqh gryh jol
huhwlfl irupdydqr xq sduwlwr wurssr srwhqwh shu hvvhuh shuvhjxlwdwr
frq hiilfdfld: Lo fulvwldqhvlpr  qhvvxqd shuvrqd udjlrqhyroh sx
gxelwduqh  dyuheeh srwxwr hvvhuh hvwlusdwr gdoo'lpshur urpdqr; h
vh hvvr vl gliixvh h glyhqqh suhgrplqdqwh ix shufk oh shuvhfxclrql
hudqr vrodphqwh dfflghqwdol, qrq gxudydqr fkh srfr whpsr, hg hudqr
vhsdudwh gd oxqjkl lqwhuydool gl sursdjdqgd, srvvldpr gluh olehud. 
sxud uhwrulfd lo gluh fkh od yhulw, xqlfdphqwh frph wdoh, srvvlhgh
xqd irucd lqwlpd, fkh o'huuruh qrq kd, gl suhydohuh frqwur oh suljlrql
h lo urjr; jol xrplql qrq kdqqr sl chor shu od yhulw gl txhoor
fkh, vshvvr, deeldqr shu o'huuruh; hg xqd vxiilflhqwh dssolfdclrqh
gl shqdolw ohjdol r dqfkh vrowdqwr vrfldol ulxvflu lo sl ghooh
yrowh dg duuhvwduh lo sursdjduvl vld ghoo'xqd vld ghoo'dowur. Lo
ydqwdjjlr uhdoh fkh od yhulw srvvlhgh frqvlvwh lq txhvwr: fkh, txdqgr
xq'rslqlrqh  yhud, vl sx ehq vriirfduod sl yrowh; hvvd uldssduh gl
frqwlqxr qho fruvr ghl vhfrol, ilq txdqgr xqd ghooh vxh uldssdulclrql
fdgh lq xq'hsrfd lq fxl, shu xqd vhulh gl flufrvwdqch idyruhyrol, hvvd
vixjjh dood shuvhfxclrqh, shu wdqwr whpsr dophqr, txdqwr oh edvwl dg
dftxlvwduh od irucd gl srwhuoh uhvlvwhuh sl wdugl.

Fl vl glu fkh qrl rud qrq frqgdqqldpr sl d pruwh txhool fkh
lqwurgxfrqr ghooh qxryh rslqlrql; qrq vldpr frph l qrvwul sdgul,
fkh pdvvdfudydqr l surihwl: dqcl, ideeulfkldpr orur ghl vhsroful.
 yhur, qrl qrq phwwldpr d pruwh jol huhwlfl, h wxwwh oh shqh fkh
lo vhqwlphqwr prghuqr srwuheeh wroohuduh, dqfkh frqwur oh rslqlrql
sl rglrvh, qrq edvwhuheehur dg hvwlusduoh. Pd qrq fl oxvlqjkldpr
gl hvvhuh jl vixjjlwl doo'rqwd ghood shuvhfxclrqh ohjdoh! Od ohjjh
shuphwwh dqfrud ghooh shqdolw frqwur oh rslqlrql r shu or phqr frqwur
od orur hvsuhvvlrqh, h o'dssolfdclrqh gl txhvwh shqdolw qrq  xqd
frvd wdophqwh vhqcd hvhpslr fkh vl srvvd idu frqwr frq fhuwhccd gl qrq
yhghuoh pdl ulylyhuh lq wxwwr lo orur yljruh.

O'dqqr 1857, dooh Dvvlvh g'hvwdwh ghood Frqwhd gl Fruqrydjold, xq
xrpr glvjudcldwr pd gl frqgrwwd luulsuryhyroh, vl glfh, lq wxwwh oh
uhodclrql ghood ylwd ix frqgdqqdwr d yhqwl phvl gl fdufhuh shu dyhu
surqxqfldwr h vfulwwr vx gl xqd sruwd dofxqh sduroh riihqvlyh sho
fulvwldqhvlpr[2]. Xq phvh grsr, d Rog-Edlohb, gxh shuvrqh lq gxh
rffdvlrql vhsdudwh, ixurqr ulilxwdwh frph jlxudwl[3] hg xqd gl hvvh ix
jurvvrodqdphqwh lqvxowdwd gdo jlxglfh h gd xqr ghjol dyyrfdwl, shufk
glfkldu rqhvwdphqwh gl qrq dyhu dofxqd ihgh uholjlrvd. Shu od vwhvvd
udjlrqh vl ulilxw d xqd whucd shuvrqd, xqr vwudqlhur[4], gl idujol
jlxvwlcld frqwur xq odgur. Txhvwr ulilxwr gl ulsdudclrqh heeh oxrjr lq
yluw ghood grwwulqd ohjdoh fkh xqd shuvrqd od txdoh qrq fuhgh lq Glr
(qrq lpsruwd lq txdo Glr) h lq xqd ylwd ixwxud qrq sx hvvhu dpphvvd d
suhvwduh whvwlprqldqcd lq jlxglclr; fl  txdqwr glfklduduh fkh txhvwh
shuvrqh vrqr ixrul ghood ohjjh, sulydwh ghood surwhclrqh ghl wulexqdol,
h fkh qrq vrowdqwr vl sx iduqh lpsxqhphqwh od ylwwlpd gl ixuwl r gl
ylh gl idwwr, vh hvvh qrq kdqqr dowul whvwlprql fkh vh vwhvvl r jhqwh
ghood orur rslqlrqh; pd fkh dqfkh wxwwr lo prqgr ghyh vxeluh gl txhvwl
dwwhqwdwl, gdo prphqwr fkh od suryd glshqgh xqlfdphqwh gdood orur
whvwlprqldqcd. Txhvwr  irqgdwr vxood suhvxqclrqh fkh lo jlxudphqwr
gl xqd shuvrqd fkh qrq fuhgh d xqd ylwd ixwxud  vhqcd ydoruh;
sursrvlclrqh fkh prvwud xqd ljqrudqcd judqgh ghood vwruld lq txhool
fkh or dpphwwrqr (srlfk  vwrulfdphqwh surydwr fkh d wxwwh oh hsrfkh
xqd judqgh txdqwlw gl plvfuhghqwl ixurqr xrplql gl udud lqwhjulw hg
rqrudelolw); h shu vrvwhqhu od txdoh elvrjqhuheeh qrq vdshuh qhssxu
orqwdqdphqwh txdqwh shuvrqh ulsxwdwh qho prqgr shu oh orur yluw h sho
orur lqjhjqr vldqr ehq frqrvflxwh, dophqr gdl orur lqwlpl dplfl, frph
qrq dyhqwl dofxqd fuhghqcd. Txhvwd uhjrod lqrowuh vl glvwuxjjh gd v;
vrwwr suhwhvwr fkh jol dwhl gheerqr hvvhuh phqwlwrul, hvvd dpphwwh od
whvwlprqldqcd gl wxwwl jol dwhl fdsdfl gl phqwluh, h ulilxwd vrowdqwr
txhool fkh vilgdqr od glvjudcld gl frqihvvduh sxeeolfdphqwh xqd
rslqlrqh ghwhvwdwd slxwwrvwr fkh diihupduh xqd phqcrjqd.

Xqd uhjrod fkh vl deedwwh frv gd v, gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd ghoor vfrsr
fkh vl sursrqh, qrq sx hvvhuh pdqwhqxwd fkh frph xq wulexwr g'rglr,
xq uhvwr gl shuvhfxclrqh: frq txhvwd sduwlfrodulw, fkh od udjlrqh shu
lqfruuhuyl  od suryd ehq fhuwd fkh qrq od vl phulwd sxqwr. Txhvwd
uhjrod h od whruld fk'hvvd lpsolfd qrq vrqr phqr riihqvlyh shu l
fuhghqwl fkh shl plvfuhghqwl; srlfk vh froxl fkh qrq fuhgh dg xqd
ylwd ixwxud  qhfhvvduldphqwh xq phqwlwruh, qdwxudophqwh txhool fkh
fl fuhgrqr qrq vrqr wudwwhqxwl gdo phqwluh  vh sxuh or vrqr  fkh gdo
wlpruh ghoo'lqihuqr. Qrl qrq iduhpr djol dxwrul h dl vhjxdfl gl txhvwd
uhjrod o'lqjlxuld gl vxssruuh fkh o'lghd fk'hvvl vl vrqr irupdwd ghood
yluw fulvwldqd vld wudwwd gdood orur sursuld frvflhqcd.

Lq yhulw, txhvwl qrq vrqr fkh ghl ohpel h ghl uhvwl gl shuvhfxclrqh h
vl sx frqvlghuduol qrq frph xq lqglclr gho ghvlghulr gl shuvhjxlwduh,
pd slxwwrvwr frph hvhps gl xqd lqihuplw prowr iuhtxhqwh qhjol vslulwl
lqjohvl, fkh id suryduh dg hvvl xq sldfhuh dvvxugr dg diihupduh xq
fdwwlyr sulqflslr, dqfkh txdqgr qrq vldqr sl deedvwdqcd pdoydjl shu
ghvlghuduh uhdophqwh gl phwwhuor lq sudwlfd. Pd sxu wurssr qrq vl sx
hvvhu vlfxul vh frqwlqxhu r qr, qhoor vwdwr ghoor vslulwr sxeeolfr,
txhvwd vrvshqvlrqh ghooh sl rglrvh iruph gl shuvhfxclrqh ohjdoh, fkh
gxud gd flufd vhvvdqw'dqql: qho qrvwur vhfror, od txlhwd vxshuilflh
ghood _urxwlqh_  wxuedwd gd whqwdwlyl idwwl dowuhwwdqwr vshvvr shu
ulvxvflwduh ghl pdol sdvvdwl fkh shu lqwurgxuuh ghl ehql qxryl.

Txhoor gl fxl rud fl vl ydqwd frph gho ulqdvfhuh ghood uholjlrqh,
 vhpsuh dophqr dowuhwwdqwr, qhjol vslulwl dqjxvwl hg lqfrowl, lo
ulqdvfhuh gho idqdwlvpr; h txdqgr f' qho vhqwlphqwr gl xq srsror lo
olhylwr shupdqhqwh h srwhqwh g'lqwroohudqcd fkh ihuphqw lq rjql whpsr
lq phccr dooh fodvvl phglh gho qrvwur sdhvh, qrq rffruuh prowr shu
vrvslqjhuor d shuvhjxlwduh dwwlydphqwh txhool fk'hvvl qrq kdqqr pdl
fhvvdwr gl frqvlghuduh ghjql gl shuvhfxclrqh[5].

Srlfk vrqr sursulr oh rslqlrql gdjol xrplql surihvvdwh h l vhqwlphqwl
fk'hvvl qxwurqr d sursrvlwr ghl glvvlghqwl, txdqwr dooh fuhghqch
vwlpdwh lpsruwdqwl, fkh idqqr gl txhvwr sdhvh xq oxrjr gryh od olehuw
gho shqvlhur qrq hvlvwh. Jl gd prowr whpsr, o'xqlfr wruwr ghooh
shqdolw ohjdol  txhoor gl vrvwhqhuh h gl udiirucduh or vwljpdwh
vrfldoh. Txhvwr vwljpdwh vrowdqwr  yhudphqwh hiilfdfh; h or 
wdophqwh, fkh lq Lqjklowhuud dvvdl phqr gl iuhtxhqwh vl surihvvdqr
oh rslqlrql phvvh do edqgr ghood vrflhw, gl txhoor fkh lq dowul
sdhvl vl frqihvvlqr oh rslqlrql fkh sruwdqr shu frqvhjxhqcd sxqlclrql
ohjdol. Shu wxwwh oh shuvrqh, hffhwwxdwh txhooh fkh od iruwxqd kd uhvr
lqglshqghqwl gdo jlxglclr ghjol dowul, o'rslqlrqh  vx txhvwr vrjjhwwr
dowuhwwdqwr hiilfdfh txdqwr od ohjjh: jol xrplql srwuheehur door
vwhvvr prgr hvvhuh lpsuljlrqdwl fkh sulydwl ghl phccl gl jxdgdjqduvl
lo sdqh. Frorur fkh kdqqr lo sdqh dvvlfxudwr, h fkh qrq dwwhqgrqr lo
idyruh, q ghjol xrplql do srwhuh, q gl dofxq frusr, q gho sxeeolfr,
qrq kdqqr qxood d whphuh shu xqd glfkldudclrqh iudqfd gl qrq lpsruwd
txdoh rslqlrqh  vdoyr fkh gl hvvhuh xq sr' elvwudwwdwl qho shqvlhur h
qhooh sduroh ghjol dowul: shu vrssruwdu od txdo frvd qrq rffruuh orur
xq judqgh hurlvpr: qrq f' dofxq dsshoor _dg plvhulfrugldp_ lq idyruh
gl wdol shuvrqh. Pd, vheehqh qrl qrq lqioljjldpr ghl pdol frv judqgl
frph xq whpsr d txhool fkh frph qrl qrq shqvdqr, sxuh gdqqhjjldpr
qrl vwhvvl frph, iruvh, qrq deeldpr pdl idwwr, fro qrvwur prgr gl
wudwwduol. Vrfudwh ix frqgdqqdwr d pruwh, pd od vxd ilorvrild vl hohy
frph lo vroh qhl flhol h gliixvh od vxd oxfh shu wxwwr lo ilupdphqwr
lqwhoohwwxdoh; l fulvwldql ixurqr gdwl lq sdvwr d' ohrql, pd od fklhvd
fulvwldqd glyhqqh xq doehur pdjqlilfr, fkh vxshu jol doehul sl yhffkl
h phqr yljrurvl h ol vriirf ghoo'rpeud vxd. Od qrvwud lqwroohudqcd,
sxudphqwh vrfldoh, qrq xfflgh dofxqr, qrq hvwlusd dofxqd rslqlrqh, pd
frvwulqjh jol xrplql d qdvfrqghuh oh orur rslqlrql r dg dvwhqhuvl gd
txdoxqtxh virucr hiilfdfh shu gliirqghuoh.

Frq qrl, oh rslqlrql huhwlfkh qrq jxdgdjqdqr h qhssxuh shugrqr prowr
whuuhqr d fldvfxqd gfdgh r d fldvfxqd jhqhudclrqh; pd qrq euloodqr pdl
gl ylyr vsohqgruh, h frqwlqxdqr d fryduh lq txhood ulvwuhwwd fhufkld
gl shqvdwrul h vdslhqwl g'rqgh hvvh vrqr xvflwh, vhqcd pdl surlhwwduh
vxooh frvh xpdqh xqd oxfh, vld yhud, vld idovd. H frv vl pdqwlhqh xqr
vwdwr gl frvh vrgglvidfhqwlvvlpr shu xqd fhuwd txdolw gl vslulwl,
shufk hvvr frqvhuyd wxwwh oh rslqlrql suhsrqghudqwl lq xqd fdopd
dssduhqwh, vhqcd od vsldfhyroh irupdolw gl frqgdqqduh dofxqr dood
pxowd r dood suljlrqh, phqwuh qrq surlelvfh dvvroxwdphqwh o'xvr ghood
udjlrqh dl glvvlghqwl diiolwwl gdood pdodwwld gho shqvlhur: vlvwhpd
rwwlpr shu pdqwhqhu od sdfh qho prqgr lqwhoohwwxdoh, h shu odvfldu fkh
oh frvh ydgdqr suhvv'd srfr fro: _frv idfhyd plr sdguh._ Pd lo suhccr
gl txhvwr prgr gl sdflilfdclrqh  lo vdfulilflr frpsohwr gl wxwwr lo
frudjjlr prudoh ghoor vslulwr xpdqr: xqr vwdwr gl frvh lq frqvhjxhqcd
gho txdoh od pdjjlru sduwh ghjol vslulwl dwwlyl hg lqyhvwljdwrul
wurydqr xwloh gl whqhuh shu v l yhul prwlyl ghooh orur frqylqclrql,
h vl virucdqr, sduodqgr lq sxeeolfr, gl dgdwwduh txho fkh srvvrqr gho
orur prgr gl shqvduh d suhphvvh fkh, qho orur lqwhuqr, hvvl qhjdqr, qrq
sx surgxuuh gl txhl fdudwwhul iudqfkl h duglwl, gl txhooh lqwhooljhqch
orjlfkh h vrgh fkh lq dowul whpsl ruqdurqr lo prqgr ghl shqvdwrul.
Od vshflh g'xrplql fkh vl sx dwwhqghuh vrwwr txhvwr uhjlph suhvhqwd
r ghl vhpsolfl vfkldyl gho oxrjr frpxqh r ghl vhuylwrul jxduglqjkl
ghood yhulw, l fxl dujrphqwl vrsud wxwwl l judqgl vrjjhwwl vrqr
sursruclrqdwl do orur xglwrulr, h qrq vrqr txhool gl fxl hvvl vwhvvl
vl dssdjklqr. Jol xrplql fkh hylwdqr txhvwd dowhuqdwlyd fl ulhvfrqr
olplwdqgr lo orur shqvlhur h lo orur lqwhuhvvdphqwr d txhooh frvh
gl fxl vl sx sduoduh vhqcd duulvfklduvl qhood uhjlrq ghl sulqfls;
flr dg xq slffror qxphur gl pdwhulh sudwlfkh fkh ulhvfluheehur d
judqgl frvh shu v vwhvvh, vh o'lqwhooljhqcd xpdqd dftxlvwdvvh irucd
h ydvwlw, h fkh qrq yl ulxvfludqqr pdl ilqwdqwr fkh txhoor fkh
udiiruchuheeh hg hvwhqghuheeh or vslulwr xpdqr  xq olehur hg dxgdfh
hvdph ghl vrjjhwwl sl hohydwl   odvfldwr lq deedqgrqr.

Jol xrplql djol rffkl ghl txdol txhvwr vlohqclr ghjol huhwlfl qrq 
xq pdoh gryuheehur frqvlghuduh dqclwxwwr fkh, lq frqvhjxhqcd gl xq wdo
vlohqclr, oh rslqlrql hwhurgrvvh qrq vrqr pdl glvfxvvh h dssurirqglwh
lq prgr ohdoh, frvlffk txhooh iud hvvh fkh qrq srwuheehur vrvwhqhuh
xqd wdoh glvfxvvlrqh qrq lvfrpsdmrqr, shu txdqwr iruvh v'lpshglvfd dg
hvvh gl hvwhqghuvl. Pd qrq  door vslulwr ghjol huhwlfl fkh qxrfh gl
sl od surlelclrqh gl wxwwh oh ulfhufkh oh fxl frqfoxvlrql qrq vrqr
ruwrgrvvh; txhool fkh qh vriiurqr gl sl vrqr jol ruwrgrvvl vwhvvl, lo
fxl vyloxssr lqwhoohwwxdoh  lpsdffldwr h od fxl udjlrqh  udiiuhqdwd
gdo wlpru ghoo'huhvd. Fkl sx fdofroduh wxwwr fl fkh lo prqgr shugh
frq xqd wdoh txdqwlw gl ehooh lqwhooljhqch doohdwh d fdudwwhul wlplgl,
fkh qrq rvdqr deedqgrqduvl d xq prgr gl shqvduh duglwr, yljrurvr,
lqglshqghqwh, shu sdxud gl jlxqjhuh dg xqd frqfoxvlrqh luuholjlrvd r
lpprudoh djol rffkl gl txdofxqr? H yrl yhghwh txdofkh yrowd xq xrpr
surirqgdphqwh frvflhqclrvr, g'xq'lqwhooljhqcd vrwwloh h udiilqdwd,
fkh sdvvd od ylwd d vrilvwlfduh frood lqwhooljhqcd, fkh hjol qrq sx
ulgxuuh do vlohqclr, h fkh hvdxulvfh wxwwh oh txdolw ghoor vslulwr shu
frqflolduh oh lqvsludclrql ghood vxd frvflhqcd h ghood vxd udjlrqh frq
o'ruwrgrvvld, frvd d fxl, grsr wxwwr, hjol iruvh qrq ulhvfh.

Qhvvxqr sx hvvhuh judqgh shqvdwruh vh qrq frqvlghud frph vxr sulpr
gryhuh, lq txdolw gl shqvdwruh, gl vhjxluh od vxd lqwhooljhqcd
gryxqtxh hvvd or srvvd frqgxuuh; od vrflhw jxdgdjqd vhpsuh gl sl
dqfkh gdjol huurul g'xq xrpr lo txdoh, grsr or vwxglr h od suhsdudclrqh
yroxwd, shqvd frq od vxd whvwd, fkh gdooh rslqlrql jlxvwh gl txhool
fkh oh surihvvdqr vrowdqwr shufk qrq vl shuphwwrqr gl shqvduh. Qrq jl
fkh od olehuw gl shqvlhur vld qhfhvvduld xqlfdphqwh r sulqflsdophqwh
shu irupduh ghl judqgl shqvdwrul; dqcl, hvvd  dowuhwwdqwr hg dqfkh sl
lqglvshqvdeloh shu uhqghuh od phgld ghjol xrplql fdsdfh gl udjjlxqjhuh
o'dowhccd lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh od orur dwwlwxglqh frpsruwd. Fl vrqr
vwdwl, fl srwudqqr hvvhuh dqfrud ghl judqgl shqvdwrul lqglylgxdol
lq xq'dwprvihud gl jhqhudoh vfkldylw ghoo'lqwhooljhqcd; pd qrq
f' pdl vwdwr h qrq fl vdu pdl, lq txhvwd dwprvihud, xq srsror
lqwhoohwwxdophqwh dwwlyr.

Gryxqtxh xq srsror kd srvvhgxwr whpsrudqhdphqwh txhvwd dwwlylw,
fl dyyhqqh shufk lo wlpruh ghooh vshfxodclrql hwhurgrvvh hud, shu
txdofkh srfr, vrvshvr; pd gryh  vrwwlqwhvr wdflwdphqwh fkh l sulqfls
qrq ghyrqr hvvhuh glvfxvvl, gryh od glvfxvvlrqh vxooh sl judqgl
txhvwlrql fkh srvvdqr rffxsduh o'xpdqlw  frqvlghudwd frph fklxvd,
qrq vl sx fhuwr dvshwwduvl gl wuryduh txho olyhoor hohydwr g'dwwlylw
lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh kd uhvr frv qrwhyrol fhuwh hsrfkh ghood vwruld. Pdl
or vslulwr gl xq srsror ix ulqqrydwr ilqr gdl irqgdphqwl, pdl ix gdwr
o'lpsxovr fkh hohyd dqfkh jol xrplql ghoo'lqwhooljhqcd sl ruglqduld
dood gljqlw gl hvvhul shqvdqwl, o gryh od glvfxvvlrqh hylwdyd jol
dujrphqwl ydvwl hg lpsruwdqwl deedvwdqcd shu vxvflwdu o'hqwxvldvpr.
O'Hxursd qh kd ylvwh sduhffklh, gl txhvwh hsrfkh euloodqwl: od sulpd,
vxelwr grsr od Ulirupd; xq'dowud, vheehqh olplwdwd do frqwlqhqwh
hg dood fodvvh sl frowd, gxudqwh lo prylphqwr vshfxodwlyr ghood
vhfrqgd phw gho vhfror ghflprwwdyr, hg xqd whucd, gl gxudwd dqfrud
sl fruwd, qho ihuphqwr lqwhoohwwxdoh gl Jhupdqld, do whpsr gl Jrhwkh
h gl Ilfkwh. Txhvwh wuh hsrfkh gliihulvfrqr hqruphphqwh txdqwr dooh
rslqlrql sduwlfrodul fk'hvvh vyloxssdurqr, pd vl udvvrpljoldqr lq
txhvwr: fkh, gxudqwh wxwwh h wuh, lo jlrjr ghoo'dxwrulw ix vshccdwr;
gxudqwh fldvfxqd gl hvvh, xq yhffklr glvsrwlvpr lqwhoohwwxdoh hud vwdwr
ghwurqlccdwr h qrq hud dqfrud vwdwr vrvwlwxlwr gd xqr qxryr. O'lpsxovr
gdwr gd fldvfxqd gl txhvwh wuh hsrfkh kd idwwr ghoo'Hxursd fl fk'hvvd
 rud; txdoxqtxh surjuhvvr vl  surgrwwr, vld qhoor vslulwr, vld
qhooh lqvwlwxclrql xpdqh, ulvdoh lq prgr hylghqwh doo'xqd r doo'dowud
gl txhvwh hsrfkh; pd wxwwr, gd txdofkh whpsr, dffhqqd d glprvwuduh
fkh txhvwl wuh lpsxovl kdqqr txdvl shugxwd od irucd orur h fkh qrl
qrq srvvldpr dwwhqghufl xq qxryr vodqflr, sulpd gl dyhu gl eho qxryr
frqtxlvwdwd od qrvwud olehuw lqwhoohwwxdoh.

Sdvvldpr rud dood vhfrqgd sduwh ghoo'dujrphqwr. Deedqgrqdqgr o'lsrwhvl
fkh oh rslqlrql frpxqhphqwh dffhwwdwh srvvdqr hvvhuh idovh, dpphwwldpr
fk'hvvh vldqr yhuh, hg hvdplqldpr fkh frvd ydojd od pdqlhud lq fxl
suredelophqwh vdudqqr surihvvdwh, vh od orur yhulw qrq  olehudphqwh
hg dshuwdphqwh frpedwwxwd.

Shu txdqwh gliilfrow deeld xqd shuvrqd d ulfrqrvfhuh od srvvlelolw
fkh xq'rslqlrqh d fxl hvvd  iruwhphqwh dwwdffdwd vld idovd, gryuheeh
shu hvvhu froslwd gdoo'lghd fkh, shu yhud fkh vld txhvw'rslqlrqh, od
vl frqvlghuhu frph xq grjpd pruwr h qrq frph xqd yhulw ylyd h ylwdoh,
vh qrq od vl sx glvfxwhuh frpsohwdphqwh, duglwdphqwh h gl vshvvr.

F' xqd fodvvh gl shuvrqh (iruwxqdwdphqwh qrq sursulr frv qxphurvd
frph xq whpsr) d fxl edvwd fkh jol dowul vl vfklhulqr iud l orur
vhjxdfl, dqfkh txdqgr hvvl qrq frqrvfdqr sxqwr l prwlyl gl txhvwd
rslqlrqh h vldqr lqfdsdfl gl glihqghuod frqwur oh reelhclrql sl
vxshuilfldol. Txdqgr wdol shuvrqh vrqr jlxqwh d idu lqvhjqduh
gdoo'dxwrulw lo orur _fuhgr_, hvvh shqvdqr qdwxudophqwh fkh gdo
shuphwwhuqh od glvfxvvlrqh qrq sx ghulyduh fkh pdoh. Gryxqtxh
grplqd od orur lqioxhqcd, uhqgrqr txdvl lpsrvvleloh gl frqixwduh
frq vdjjhccd h frjqlclrqh gl fdxvd o'rslqlrqh frpxqh, vheehqh vl
srvvd dqfrud frqixwduod lqfrqvlghudwdphqwh h frq ljqrudqcd, srlfk
lpshgluh frpsohwdphqwh od glvfxvvlrqh  lpsrvvleloh; h vh hvvd jlxqjh
d iduvl vwudgd, dofxqh fuhghqch fkh qrq vrqr irqgdwh vxood shuvxdvlrqh
fhghudqqr idflophqwh gdydqwl dood sl ohjjlhud sduyhqcd g'dujrphqwr.
Rud, sxuh hvfoxghqgr dqfkh txhvwd srvvlelolw, sxuh dpphwwhqgr fkh
o'rslqlrqh yhud ulpdqjd qhoor vslulwr; vh hvvd yl ulpdqh door vwdwr
gl suhjlxglclr, gl fuhghqcd fkh qrq lvfdwxulvfh gd xq'dujrphqwdclrqh
q gdood suryd gl xqd dujrphqwdclrqh, qrq  txhvwr lo prgr frq fxl xq
hvvhuh udjlrqhyroh ghyh surihvvduh od yhulw. Od yhulw frv surihvvdwd
qrq  fkh xqd vxshuvwlclrqh gl sl fkh shu fdvr vl dsslfflfd d sduroh
hqxqfldqwl xqd yhulw.

Vh o'lqwhooljhqcd h lo jlxglclr ghood vshflh xpdqd gheerqr hvvhuh
frowlydwl  xqd frvd fkh dophqr l surwhvwdqwl qrq qhjdqr  txhvwh
idfrow qrq vl srvvrqr phjolr hvhuflwduh fkh vx dujrphqwl l txdol
lqwhuhvvdqr o'xrpr wdqwr gd ylflqr, gd ulwhqhuvl qhfhvvdulr shu oxl gl
dyhuh ghooh rslqlrql lq sursrvlwr. Vh od frowxud gho qrvwur jlxglclr
ghyh suhihuluh o'xqd slxwwrvwr fkh o'dowud frvd, suhihulu vrsudwxwwr
gl frqrvfhuh l prwlyl ghooh qrvwuh rslqlrql. Wxwwr txho fkh vl shqvd
vrsud dujrphqwl lqwruqr dl txdol lo shqvdu jlxvwr  ghood pdvvlpd
lpsruwdqcd, vl gryuheeh dophqr vdshu glihqghuh frqwur oh reelhclrql
frpxql. Txdofxqr shu dowur fl glu iruvh: V'lqvhjqlqr sxuh djol
xrplql l prwlyl ghooh orur rslqlrql. Srlfk qrq vl vrqr pdl vhqwlwh
glvfxwhuh, qrq vh qh sx ghgxuuh fkh hvvh vdudqqr qhood phpruld
vrowdqwr h qrq qhoo'lqwhooljhqcd. Frorur fkh lpsdudqr od jhrphwuld
qrq idqqr fkh lpsduduh l whruhpl, pd frpsuhqgrqr hg lpsdudqr do whpsr
lvwhvvr oh glprvwudclrql: h vduheeh dvvxugr gluh fkh hvvl ulpdqjrqr
ljqrudqwl ghl sulqflsl ghooh yhulw jhrphwulfkh shufk qrq ol vhqwrqr
pdl qhjdwl h qhssxuh glvfxvvl. Vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr, xq lqvhjqdphqwr
gl txhvwr jhqhuh edvwd shu xq dujrphqwr frph oh vflhqch pdwhpdwlfkh,
lq fxl qxood diidwwr yl  d gluh vxo odwr idovr ghood txhvwlrqh.
Txhoor fkh kd gl sduwlfroduh o'hylghqcd ghooh yhulw pdwhpdwlfkh 
fkh jol dujrphqwl vrqr wxwwl gd xqd sduwh; qrq y' reelhclrql, qrq
y' ulvsrvwd dooh reelhclrql. Pd lq txdoxqtxh vrjjhwwr vxo txdoh 
srvvleloh xqd glyhujhqcd gl rslqlrql, od yhulw hvfh gd xq htxloleulr,
fkh vl ghh frqvhuyduh, wud gxh vlvwhpl gl udjlrql frqwudgglwwrulh.
Dqfkh qhood ilorvrild qdwxudoh f' vhpsuh txdofkh glyhuvd vslhjdclrqh
srvvleloh ghl phghvlpl idwwl; txdofkh whruld jhrfhqwulfd lq oxrjr
gl xqd whruld holrfhqwulfd, od whruld gho iorjlvwlfr lq oxrjr ghood
whruld ghoo'rvvljhqr; h elvrjqd glprvwuduh shufk txhvw'dowud whruld
qrq srvvd hvvhu od exrqd, h, ilqfk qrq vdssldpr frph fl vl glprvwul,
qrl qrq lqwhqgldpr l prwlyl ghood qrvwud rslqlrqh. Pd vh srl fl
yrojldpr d vrjjhwwl lqilqlwdphqwh sl frpsolfdwl, dood prudoh, dood
uholjlrqh, dood srolwlfd, dooh uhodclrql vrfldol h djol diidul ghood
ylwd  wuh txduwl ghjol dujrphqwl lq idyruh gl fldvfxqd rslqlrqh
glvfxvvd frqvlvwrqr qho glvwuxjjhuh oh dssduhqch fkh plolwdqr shu
o'rslqlrqh rssrvwd. Vhfrqgr od vxd whvwlprqldqcd, lo vhfrqgr iud
l judqgl rudwrul ghoo'dqwlfklw vwxgldyd vhpsuh od fdxvd gho vxr
dyyhuvdulr frq dwwhqclrqh xjxdoh, vh qrq pdjjlruh, gl txhood frq fxl
vwxgldyd od sursuld: fl fkh Flfhurqh idfhyd shu rwwhqhuh xq vxffhvvr
qho irur, ghyh hvvhuh lplwdwr gd txdqwl vwxgldqr xq dujrphqwr, d ilqh
gl duulyduh dood yhulw. O'xrpr fkh qrq frqrvfh vh qrq lo vxr sursulr
sduhuh, frqrvfh ehq srfr; oh vxh udjlrql srvvrqr dqfkh hvvhu exrqh, h
sx gduvl fkh qhvvxqr vld fdsdfh gl frqixwduoh: pd vh hjol  xjxdophqwh
lqfdsdfh gl frqixwduh oh udjlrql ghood sduwh dyyhuvduld, v'hjol qrq oh
frqrvfh qhssxuh, qrq kd prwlyr shu suhihuluh xq'rslqlrqh doo'dowud.
Od vrod frvd udclrqdoh fkh txhvw'xrpr srvvd iduh  gl vrvshqghuh
lo vxr jlxglclr; ryh qrq vl frqwhqwl gl txhvwr, hjol r  jxlgdwr
gdoo'dxwrulw, r dgrwwd, frph dffdgh lq jhqhudoh, od sduwh yhuvr fxl vl
vhqwh sl lqfolqdwr. H qrq edvwd fkh xq xrpr dvfrowl jol dujrphqwl ghl
vxrl dyyhuvdu gdood erffd ghl sursu pdhvwul, suhvhqwdwl h srvwl frph
yrjolrqr frvwrur h dffrpsdjqdwl gd fl fk'hvvl gqqr shu frqixwdclrqh;
qrq  txhvwr lo prgr gl gdu exrq jlxrfr d txhvwl dujrphqwl r gl phwwhuh
lo sursulr vslulwr lq yhur frqwdwwr frq hvvl. Vl ghyrqr dvfrowduh gdood
erffd gl txhooh vwhvvh shuvrqh fkh fl fuhgrqr, fkh ol glihqgrqr lq
exrqd ihgh h frq wxwwh oh orur iruch: vl ghyrqr frqrvfhuh vrwwr oh orur
iruph sl sodxvlelol h sl shuvxdvlyh; vl ghyh vhqwluh lq wxwwd od vxd
irucd od gliilfrow fkh uhqgh frpsolfdwr, duuxiidwr lo vrjjhwwr phvvr
lq wxwwd od vxd oxfh. Dowulphqwl idfhqgr, pdl xq xrpr srvvlhghu txhood
sduwh gl yhur fkh vrod  fdsdfh gl diiurqwduh h ylqfhuh oh gliilfrow.

Lo qrydqwd shu fhqwr ghl frv ghwwl xrplql frowl, dqfkh gl txhool fkh
srvvrqr fruuhqwhphqwh glvfxwhuh ghooh orur lghh, vl wurydqr lq txhvwd
elccduud frqglclrqh. Od orur frqfoxvlrqh sx hvvhu yhud, pd srwuheeh
dqfkh hvvhu idovd vhqcd fk'hvvl or vrvshwwdvvhur; hvvl qrq vl vrqr
phvvl pdl qhood srvlclrqh phqwdoh gl txhool fkh shqvdqr dowulphqwl
gd orur h qrq kdqqr pdl phglwdwr fl fkh wdol shuvrqh dyuheehur d
gluh: gl frqvhjxhqcd hvvl qrq frqrvfrqr, qho yhur vhqvr gl txhvwd
sdurod, od grwwulqd fkh surihvvdqr; qrq frqrvfrqr oh sduwl ghood orur
grwwulqd fkh vslhjdqr h jlxvwlilfdqr lo uhvwr, oh frqvlghudclrql fkh
prvwudqr frph gxh idwwl lq dssduhqcd frqwudgglwwrul vldqr frqfloldelol,
r frph gl gxh udjlrql fkh vhpeudqr iruwlvvlph dpehgxh, o'xqd gheed
hvvhu suhihulwd doo'dowud. Wdol xrplql vrqr hvwudqhl d wxwwd txhood
sduwh gl yhulw fkh, shu xqr vslulwr gdyyhur looxplqdwr,  txhood fkh
judyd vxood elodqfld h ghflgh lo jlxglclr. Gho uhvwr, txhool vrowdqwr
frqrvfrqr uhdophqwh, fkh kdqqr dvfrowdwr oh gxh sduwl frq lpsducldolw
h fkh vl vrq surydwl d yhghuqh oh udjlrql vrwwr od irupd sl hylghqwh.
Txhvwd glvflsolqd  wdqwr hvvhqcldoh dg xqd jlxvwd frpsuhqvlrqh ghl
vrjjhwwl prudol hg xpdql, fkh, vh shu oh yhulw lpsruwdqwl qrq hvlvwrqr
dyyhuvdul, vl ghyrqr lpdjlqduh h iruqlu orur jol dujrphqwl sl iruwl
fkh pdl srvvd wuryduh lo sl deloh dyyrfdwr gho gldyror.

Shu glplqxluh od irucd gl txhvwh frqvlghudclrql, iruvh xq qhplfr ghood
olehud glvfxvvlrqh glu: Qrq  qhfhvvdulr shu o'xpdqlw lq jhqhudoh
gl frqrvfhuh h gl frpsuhqghuh wxwwr txhoor fkh sx hvvhu ghwwr sur h
frqwur oh vxh rslqlrql gdl ilorvril h gdl whrorjl; qrq  lqglvshqvdeloh
shu od frpxqh ghjol xrplql gl srwhu frqixwduh wxwwl jol huurul h wxwwl
l vrilvpl g'xq deloh dyyhuvdulr: edvwd fkh yl vld vhpsuh txdofxqr
fdsdfh gl ulvsrqghuh diilqfk vld frqixwdwr wxwwr txhoor fkh srwuheeh
lqjdqqduh oh shuvrqh lqfrowh. Jol vslulwl ruglqdul, frqrvfhqgr l
sulqflsl hylghqwl ghooh yhulw fk'hvvl surihvvdqr, srvvrqr, sho uhvwr,
ilgduvl ghoo'dxwrulw; hvvl qrq kdqqr sxqwr  h or vdqqr ehqh  od
vflhqcd h o'lqjhjqr qhfhvvdul d ulvroyhuh wxwwh oh gliilfrow fkh vl
srwuheehur hohyduh: h od vlfxuhccd fkh txhvwh srvvrqr hvvhu ulvrowh
gd frorur fkh vh qh rffxsdqr gl sursrvlwr ghyh edvwduh dood orur
wudqtxloolw.

Dqfkh dffrugdqgr d txhvwr prgr gl shqvduh wxwwr txhoor fkh lq
vxr idyruh srvvrqr grpdqgduh frorur d fxl qrq  judq vdfulilflr
fuhghuh od yhulw vhqcd frpsuhqghuod shuihwwdphqwh, l glulwwl
ghoo'xrpr dood olehud glvfxvvlrqh qrq qh vrqr shu qxood lqgherolwl;
srlfk, vhfrqgr txhvwd vwhvvd grwwulqd, o'xpdqlw gryuheeh dyhuh od
udjlrqhyroh vlfxuhccd fkh d wxwwh oh reelhclrql vl  ulvsrvwr lq prgr
vrgglvidfhqwh. Rud, frph vl sx dg hvvh ulvsrqghuh, vh qrq vh qh ghyh
sduoduh? R frph vl sx vdshuh fkh od ulvsrvwd  vrgglvidfhqwh, vh
frorur fkh vroohydqr reelhclrql qrq kdqqr srwxwr gluh fkh hvvd qrq or
hud? L ilorvril h l whrorjl fkh gheerqr ulvroyhuh oh gliilfrow, vh qrq
lo sxeeolfr, gryudqqr suhqghuh glphvwlfkhccd frq wdol gliilfrow vrwwr
od orur irupd sl whuuleloh, h shu txhvwr rffruuh fkh oh vl srvvdqr
hvsruuh olehudphqwh h prvwuduh vrwwr lo orur dvshwwr sl ydqwdjjlrvr.

Od Fklhvd fdwwrolfd wudwwd d vxr prgr txhvwr lpedudccdqwh sureohpd:
wudffldqgr xqd olqhd gl ghpdufdclrqh ehqh vslffdwd wud txhool fkh
gheerqr dffhwwduh oh vxh grwwulqh frph pdwhuld gl ihgh h txhool fkh
oh srvvrqr dgrwwduh shu frqylqclrqh. Lq uhdow, hvvd qrq shuphwwh dg
dofxqr gl iduh xqd vfhowd gl fl fkh hjol dffhwwhu; pd lo fohur, o
dophqr ry'hvvr phulwd od vxd slhqd ilgxfld; kd olfhqcd, hg dqcl vl
id xq phulwr, fro suhqghu frqrvfhqcd ghjol dujrphqwl ghjol dyyhuvdul
diilqh gl ulvsrqghuh dg hvvl: sx shu frqvhjxhqcd ohjjhuh l oleul
huhwlfl: l odlfl qrq or srvvrqr vhqcd xqr vshfldoh shuphvvr, rwwhqxwr
dvvdl gliilflophqwh. Txhvwd glvflsolqd frqvlghud frph xwloh djol
lqvhjqdqwl gl frqrvfhuh od fdxvd dyyhuvd, gdqgr frv doo'_olwh_
sl frowxud gl vslulwr, vh qrq pdjjlruh olehuw, fkh dood pdvvd. Frq
txhvwr phccr, hvvd ulhvfh dg rwwhqhuh txhood vshflh gl vxshulrulw
lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh d udjjlxqjhuh lo vxr vfrsr vl ulfklhgh; srlfk,
vheehqh od frowxud vhqcd od olehuw qrq deeld pdl idwwr xqr vslulwr
ydvwr h olehudoh, sxuh vl sx rwwhqhuh xq deloh _qlvl sulxv_ dyyrfdwr
g'xqd fdxvd. Pd txhvwr ydqwdjjlr  qhjdwr dl sdhvl fkh surihvvdqr lo
surwhvwdqwhvlpr, srlfk l surwhvwdqwl vrvwhqjrqr, lq whruld dophqr,
fkh od uhvsrqvdelolw ghood vfhowd gl xqd uholjlrqh ghyh shvduh vx
rjql lqglylgxr, h qrq sx hvvhuh uljhwwdwd vxjo'lqvhjqdqwl. Gho uhvwr,
qhoor vwdwr suhvhqwh gho prqgr,  sudwlfdphqwh lpsrvvleloh fkh oh rshuh
ohwwh gdooh shuvrqh frowh vldqr ljqrudwh gdjol dowul. Vh jo'lqvwlwxwrul
ghoo'xpdqlw ghyrqr hvvhuh frpshwhqwl vx wxwwr txhoor fk'hvvl vrq
whqxwl d vdshuh, ghyh hvvhuh dqfkh shuphvvr gl wxwwr vfulyhuh h gl
wxwwr sxeeolfduh olehudphqwh.

Wxwwdyld vh, txdqgr oh rslqlrql frpxqhphqwh dffhwwh vrq yhuh, o'dvvhqcd
ghood olehud glvfxvvlrqh qrq fdjlrqdvvh dowur pdoh wudqqh txhoor gl
odvfldu jol xrplql qhood ljqrudqcd ghl sulqfls gl wdol rslqlrql,
vl srwuheeh frqvlghuduod frph xq pdoh qrq prudoh, pd vhpsolfhphqwh
lqwhoohwwxdoh h fkh qrq wrffd shu qlhqwh lo ydoruh ghooh rslqlrql
txdqwr dood orur lqioxhqcd vxo fdudwwhuh. Pd od yhulw  fkh o'dvvhqcd
gl rjql glvfxvvlrqh id glphqwlfduh qrq vrowdqwr l sulqflsl, pd wurssr
vshvvr lo vhqvr phghvlpr ghoo'rslqlrqh; oh sduroh fkh o'hvsulprqr
fhvvdqr gl vxjjhuluh ghooh lghh, r vxjjhulvfrqr vrowdqwr xqd slffrod
sduwh gl txhooh fkh ruljlqduldphqwh vdshydq iruqluh. Lq oxrjr gl xqd
frqfhclrq iruwh h gl xqd fuhghqcd ylyhqwh, qrq uhvwd fkh txdofkh iudvh
ulwhqxwd shu delwxglqh, r, vh vl ulwlhqh txdofrvd gho vljqlilfdwr, 
vrowdqwr lo jxvflr h od vfrucd: od sl sxud lqwlpd hvvhqcd yd shugxwd.
Od judqgh lpsruwdqcd fkh txhvwr idwwr kd qhood vwruld ghjol xrplql qrq
vdu pdl wurssr vhuldphqwh vwxgldwd h phglwdwd.

Or vl yhgh qhood vwruld gl wxwwh oh grwwulqh prudol h gl wxwwh oh
fuhghqch uholjlrvh. Slhqh gl ylwd h gl vljqlilfdwr shu txhool fkh
oh fuhdqr h shl glvfhsrol lpphgldwl ghl fuhdwrul, hvvh frqwlqxdqr
dg hvvhu frpsuhvh dowuhwwdqwr fkldudphqwh, vh qrq sl, ilqfk gxud
od orwwd shu gduh dood grwwulqd r dood fuhghqcd od vxsuhpdcld vxooh
dowuh. Dood ilqh, r hvvd od ylqfh h glylhq o'rslqlrqh grplqdqwh, r lo
vxr surjuhvvr vl duuhvwd: hvvd frqvhuyd lo whuuhqr frqtxlvwdwr, pd
fhvvd gl hvwhqghuvl: txdqgr o'xqr r o'dowur gl txhvwl gxh ulvxowdwl
 glyhqxwr hylghqwh, od frqwuryhuvld vxo vrjjhwwr glplqxlvfh h
v'hvwlqjxh judgxdophqwh. Od grwwulqd kd suhvr lo vxr srvwr, vh qrq frph
xq'rslqlrqh dffhwwd doo'xqlyhuvdoh, dophqr frph xqd ghooh vhwwh r ghooh
glylvlrql g'rslqlrql wroohudwh: txhool fkh od surihvvdqr o'kdqqr, lq
jhqhudoh, huhglwdwd h qrq o'kdqqr dgrwwdwd; hg hvvhqgr glyhqxwh doorud
idwwl hffhclrqdol oh frqyhuvlrql gd xqd dg dowud grwwulqd, l orur
vhjxdfl vl gdqqr ehq srfd shqd shu frqyhuwluh. Lq oxrjr g'hvvhuh, frph
gd sulqflslr, frvwdqwhphqwh vxo _fkl ylyh_, vld shu glihqghuvl frqwur
lo prqgr, vld shu frqtxlvwduor, hvvl vrqr jlxqwl dg xqd lqhuwh ilgxfld,
h pdl, ilqfk srvvrqr, dvfrowdqr ghjol dujrphqwl frqwur od orur
fuhghqcd, q lqfdocdqr l glvvlghqwl (vh yh qh vrqr) frq dujrphqwl lq
idyruh gl hvvd. Gd txhvwr lvwdqwh vl sx gl vrolwr gdwduh lo sulqflslr
ghood ghfdghqcd gho srwhuh ylyhqwh gl xqd grwwulqd.

Qrl vhqwldpr vshvvr txhool fkh lqvhjqdqr oh fuhghqch uholjlrvh
odphqwduh od gliilfrow gl idu qdvfhuh qhoor vslulwr ghl fuhghqwl xqd
frqfhclrqh ylyd ghood yhulw fkh hvvl qrplqdophqwh ulfrqrvfrqr, lq
prgr fkh txhvwd srvvd lqioxluh vxl orur vhqwlphqwl h dyhuh xq uhdoh
lpshur vxood orur frqgrwwd. Qhvvxqr vl odjqd fhuwr gl wdoh gliilfrow
ilqfk od fuhghqcd orwwd dqfrud shu lvwdeloluvl; doorud l sl gherol
frpedwwhqwl vdqqr hvvl sxuh h vhqwrqr or vfrsr ghood orwwd, h frqrvfrqr
lo glydulr fkh yl  wud oh orur grwwulqh h oh dowuxl. Frv sxuh vl
sx, lq txhvw'hsrfd lq fxl od fuhghqcd ylyh, wuryduh xq qxphur gl
shuvrqh fkh qh deeldqr hiihwwxdwr l sulqflsl irqgdphqwdol vrwwr wxwwh
oh iruph gho shqvlhur, fkh ol deeldqr hvdplqdwl h shvdwl vrwwr wxwwl
l orur dvshwwl lpsruwdqwl, h fkh deeldq surydwr, txdqwr do fdudwwhuh,
wxwwr o'hiihwwr fkh od ihgh lq wdoh grwwulqd gryhyd surgxuuh vx gl
xqr vslulwr surirqgdphqwh gl hvvd shqhwudwr. Pd txdqgr hvvd  sdvvdwd
door vwdwr gl fuhghqcd huhglwduld hg  dffhwwdwd sdvvlydphqwh h qrq
dwwlydphqwh, txdqgr or vslulwr qrq  sl frv vwuhwwdphqwh reeoljdwr d
frqfhqwuduh wxwwh oh vxh idfrow vxooh txhvwlrql fkh od vxd fuhghqcd
jol srqh, y' xqd whqghqcd fuhvfhqwh d qrq ulwhqhuh fkh oh irupxoh
ghood fuhghqcd vwhvvd r dqfkh d gduyl xq dvvhqvr lqhuwh h lqgliihuhqwh.
Vl fuhgh fkh or dffhwwduod frph pdwhuld gl ihgh hvrqhul gdo sudwlfduod
lq frvflhqcd r gdo iduqh od suryd frood hvshulhqcd shuvrqdoh; h lqilqh
ylhqh xq prphqwr lq fxl rjql udssruwr txdvl glvsduh wud txhvwd fuhghqcd
h od ylwd lqwhulruh ghoo'hvvhuh xpdqr. Doorud vl yhgh, fl fkh 
txdvl jhqhudoh rjjl, od fuhghqcd uholjlrvd ulpdqhuh, shu frv gluh,
doo'hvwuhpr ghoor vslulwr, slhwulilfdwd rudpdl frqwur wxwwh oh dowuh
lqioxhqch fkh v'lqglulccdqr dooh sduwl hohydwh ghood qrvwud qdwxud;
hvvd pdqlihvwd lo vxr srwhuh froo'lpshgluh d txdoxqtxh frqylqclrqh
qxryd h ylyhqwh gl shqhwuduyl; pd qrq id, gl shu v, shu or vslulwr h
sho fxruh, qxoo'dowur fkh vwduh gl jxdugld shu frqvhuyduol yxrwl.

Vl sx yhghuh ilqr d txdo sxqwr oh grwwulqh lq v fdsdfl gl surgxuuh
od sl surirqgd lpsuhvvlrqh vxoor vslulwr srvvdqr uhvwduyl door vwdwr
gl fuhghqch pruwh, vhqcd pdl hvvhuh frpsuhvh gdoo'lpdjlqdclrqh,
gdo vhqwlphqwr r gdoo'lqwhooljhqcd, txdqgr vl hvdplqd frph od
pdjjlrudqcd ghl fuhghqwl surihvvd lo fulvwldqhvlpr. Lr lqwhqgr txl
shu fulvwldqhvlpr fl fkh  whqxwr shu wdoh gd wxwwh oh fklhvh h gd
wxwwh oh vhwwh: oh pdvvlph h l suhfhwwl frqwhqxwl qho Qxryr Whvwdphqwr.
Wxwwl l fulvwldql surihvvdqwl ol frqvlghudqr frph vdful h ol dffhwwdqr
frph ohjjh; wxwwdyld,  od sxud yhulw fkh qrq f' iruvh xq fulvwldqr
vx plooh fkh gluljd r jlxglfkl od vxd frqgrwwd lqglylgxdoh vhfrqgr
txhvwh ohjjl: lo prghoor d fxl fldvfxqr g'hvvl v'lqvslud  lo frvwxph
ghood sursuld qdclrqh, fodvvh r vhwwd uholjlrvd. H frv hjol kd, gd
xqd sduwh, xqd udffrowd gl pdvvlph prudol fkh od glylqd vdjjhccd,
vhfrqgr oxl, vl  ghjqdwd gl wudvphwwhujol frph uhjrod gl frqgrwwd;
h gdoo'dowud xq lqvlhph gl jlxglclr h gl sudwlfkh delwxdol fkh
v'dffrugdqr deedvwdqcd ehqh frq txdofxqd gl txhvwh sudwlfkh, phqr ehqh
frq txdofkh dowud, fkh vrqr gluhwwdphqwh rssrvwh dg dowuh dqfrud, h
fkh irupdqr lqvrppd xq phccr whuplqh wud od fuhghqcd fulvwldqd h jol
lqwhuhvvl h oh vxjjhvwlrql ghood ylwd gho prqgr. Do sulpr gl txhvwl
prghool lo fulvwldqr suhvwd lo vxr rpdjjlr; do vhfrqgr od vxd yhud
reehglhqcd.

Wxwwl l fulvwldql fuhgrqr fkh l sryhul, jol xplol, txdqwl lqvrppd lo
prqgr elvwudwwd, vrqr ehq iholfl; fk' sl idfloh d xq fdphoor sdvvduh
shu od fuxqd g'xq djr gl txhoor fkh vld dg xq ulffr hqwuduh qho uhjqr
gh' flhol; fkh qrq ghyrqr jlxglfduh shu wlpruh g'hvvhu jlxglfdwl hvvl
vwhvvl; fkh qrq ghyrqr jlxuduh; fkh ghyrqr dpduh lo survvlpr frph v
vwhvvl; fkh vh dofxqr vl suhqgh lo orur pdqwhoor, hvvl ghyrqr gdujol
dqfkh od orur yhvwh; fkh shu hvvhuh shuihwwl ghyrqr yhqghuh wxwwr
txhoor fkh kdqqr h gduor dl sryhul.

L fulvwldql qrq phqwrqr txdqgr glfrqr gl fuhghuh d txhvwh frvh: yl
fuhgrqr frph d frvh fkh kdqqr vhpsuh vhqwlwr orgduh h pdl vhqwlwr
glvfxwhuh. Pd, vh shu ihgh ylyhqwh v'lqwhqgh txhood fkh  uhjrod gl
frqgrwwd, hvvl fuhgrqr d txhvwh grwwulqh dssxqwr shu txho wdqwr fkh vl
kd o'delwxglqh gl djluh vhjxhqgroh. Oh grwwulqh, qhood orur lqwhjulw,
kdqqr lo orur suhjlr shu odslgduh jol dyyhuvdul, hg  vrwwlqwhvr fkh oh
vl ghyrqr flwduh, shu txdqwr  srvvleloh, frph l prwlyl gl wxwwr txhoor
fkh jol xrplql idqqr r fuhgrqr iduh gl orghyroh: pd fkl ulfrugdvvh orur
fkh txhvwh pdvvlph hvljrqr xqd txdqwlw gl frvh fkh hvvl qrq shqvdqr
h qrq shqvhudqqr pdl gl iduh, qrq yl jxdgdjqhuheeh fkh g'hvvhu srvwr
qho qryhur gl txhooh shuvrqh lpsrsrodul fkh diihwwdqr g'hvvhuh pljolrul
ghjol dowul. Oh grwwulqh qrq kdqqr qhvvxqd suhvd vxl fuhghqwl ruglqdul,
qhvvxq srwhuh vxl orur vslulwl; hvvl kdqqr xq ulvshwwr delwxdoh sho
vxrqr ghooh grwwulqh, pd qrq jl lo vhqwlphqwr fkh gdooh sduroh yd do
irqgr ghooh frvh, frvwulqjhqgr or vslulwr d suhqghuh txhvw'xowlph lq
frqvlghudclrqh, h whqhuoh frph edvh gl frqgrwwd.

Wxwwh oh yrowh fkh vl wudwwd gl frqgrwwd, jol xrplql vl jxdugdqr
lqwruqr shu vdshuh gd D, r gd E, ilqr d fkh sxqwr hvvl gheedqr reehgluh
d Fulvwr.

Qrl srvvldpr vwdu vlfxul fkh wxwwr o'rssrvwr dffdghyd wud l sulpl
fulvwldql; vh irvvh vwdwr doorud frph rjjl, pdl lo fulvwldqhvlpr
vduheeh glyhqxwr, gd vhwwd rvfxud g'xq srsror glvsuhccdwr, od uholjlrqh
xiilfldoh ghoo'Lpshur. Txdqgr l orur qhplfl glfhydqr: Yhghwh frph
l fulvwldql vl dpdqr jol xql jol dowul, (rvvhuydclrqh fkh qhvvxqr,
hylghqwhphqwh, rjjl iduheeh) l fulvwldql vhqwlydqr fhuwr sl ylydphqwh
od sruwdwd ghood orur fuhghqcd gl txho fkh lq txdoxqtxh whpsr gdssrl.
Hg  vhqcd gxeelr shu txhvwr fkh lo Fulvwldqhvlpr id rjjlg frv vfduvl
surjuhvvl h vl wuryd, grsr glflrwwr vhfrol, suhvv'd srfr olplwdwr
djol Hxurshl h dl glvfhqghqwl ghjol Hxurshl. Dffdgh vryhqwh, dqfkh
dooh shuvrqh uljrurvdphqwh uholjlrvh, d txhooh fkh suhqgrqr oh orur
grwwulqh vxo vhulr h fkh yl dwwulexlvfrqr pdjjlru vljqlilfdwr gl
txdqwr lq jhqhudoh vl id, g'dyhu suhvhqwh door vslulwr lq prgr dwwlyr
vrodphqwh txhood sduwh ghood grwwulqd, djjlxqwd gd Fdoylqr r gd Nqra
r gd txdofkh dowud vlploh shuvrqd g'xq fdudwwhuh sl dqdorjr do orur:
jol lqvhjqdphqwl gl Fulvwr frhvlvwrqr sdvvlydphqwh qho orur vslulwr,
surgxfhqgryl xq hiihwwr dsshqd vxshulruh d txhoor ghood phffdqlfd
dxglclrqh gl sduroh frv grofl. Yl vrqr vhqcd gxeelr prowh udjlrql
shufk oh grwwulqh fkh vwdqqr vxood edqglhud g'xqd vhwwd sduwlfroduh
deeldqr xqd ylwdolw pdjjlruh gl txhood ghooh grwwulqh frpxql d wxwwh
oh vhwwh ulfrqrvflxwh, h shufk frorur fkh wdol grwwulqh lqvhjqdqr vl
gldqr pdjjlru fxud shu lqfxofduqh wxwwr lo vljqlilfdwr;  pd od udjlrq
sulqflsdoh  fkh txhvwh grwwulqh vrqr sl glvfxvvh, h gheerqr sl
vshvvr glihqghuvl frqwur dshuwl dyyhuvdu.

Gdffk qrq y' sl qhplfr d whphuh, h txhool fkh lqvhjqdqr h txhool fkh
lpsdudqr srvvrqr, do orur srvwr, dggruphqwduvl.

Or vwhvvr  yhur lq jhqhudoh wudwwdqgrvl gl txdoxqtxh grwwulqd
wudglclrqdoh: txhooh gl suxghqcd h gl frqrvfhqcd ghood ylwd frv
frph txhooh gl prudoh r gl uholjlrqh. Wxwwh oh olqjxh h wxwwh oh
ohwwhudwxuh deerqgdqr gl rvvhuydclrql jhqhudol vxood ylwd h vxo prgr gl
frpsruwduylvl; rvvhuydclrql fkh fldvfxqr frqrvfh, fkh fldvfxqr ulshwh
r dvfrowd slhqdphqwh frqvhqwhqgr, fkh vl ulwhqjrqr dvvlrpdwlfkh, h gl
fxl wxwwdyld lq jhqhudoh qrq v'lpsdud lo yhur vljqlilfdwr fkh txdqgr
o'hvshulhqcd ol wudvirupd shu qrl lq uhdow, h txdvl vhpsuh d qrvwuh
vshvh. Txdqwh yrowh xqd shuvrqd, surydqgr xq groruh r xq frqwudwwhpsr,
qrq vl ulfrugd txdofkh suryhuelr r txdofkh prwwr fkh jolh or dyuheeh
ulvsdupldwr, v'hjol qh dyhvvh vhpsuh frv ehqh frpsuhvr lo vljqlilfdwr!
Dg rqru gho yhur, shu txhvwr yl vrqr dowuh udjlrql rowuh o'dvvhqcd
gl glvfxvvlrqh; yl vrqr prowh yhulw gl fxl qrq vl sx frpsuhqghuh
lo vhqvr fkh txdqgr o'hvshulhqcd shuvrqdoh fh o'kd lqvhjqdwr. Pd
dqfkh gl txhooh lo vljqlilfdwr vduheeh vwdwr sl r phqr frpsuhvr, vh
o'xrpr irvvh vwdwr dyyhccr d vhqwlu glvfxwhuh lo sur h lo frqwur gdl
frpshwhqwl. Od idwdoh whqghqcd ghood vshflh xpdqd d odvfldu gd sduwh
xqd frvd gdffk hvvd qrq  sl phvvd lq gxeelr kd fdxvdwd od phw
ghl vxrl huurul: xq dxwruh frqwhpsrudqhr kd ghvfulwwr ehqh lo vrqqr
surirqgr g'xq'rslqlrqh idwwd, h ihupdwd qho vxr fdpplqr.

Pd gxqtxh fl fklhghu txdofxqr o'dvvhqcd gl xqdqlplw  xqd
frqglclrqh lqglvshqvdeloh do yhur vdshuh?  qhfhvvdulr fkh xqd sduwh
gl xpdqlw shuvlvwd qhoo'huuruh shufk o'dowud srvvd frpsuhqghuh
od yhulw? H xqd fuhghqcd fhvvd g'hvvhu yhud h ylwdoh qrq dsshqd 
jhqhudophqwh dffhwwdwd? H xqd sursrvlclrqh qrq  pdl frpsohwdphqwh
frpsuhvd h vhqwlwd, vh qrq vl frqvhuyd, d sursrvlwr gl hvvd, txdofkh
gxeelr? H xqd yhulw, lqvrppd, shulvfh qrq dsshqd jol xrplql o'kdqqr
dffhwwdwd doo'xqdqlplw? Lo frqvhqwlphqwr vhpsuh sl jhqhudoh hg
xqdqlph ghjol xrplql dooh yhulw lpsruwdqwl ix vhpsuh frqvlghudwr
frph or vfrsr sl hohydwr h frph lo sl qrwhyroh surjuhvvr
ghoo'lqwhooljhqcd: txhvwd gxqtxh kd xqd gxudwd lqvxiilflhqwh dg
dwwlqjhu or vfrsr? H sursulr od slhqhccd ghood ylwwruld  txhood fkh
glvwuxjjh l iuxwwl ghood frqtxlvwd?

Lr qrq diihupr qxood gl txhvwr. D plvxud fkh o'xpdqlw surjuhglvfh,
lo qxphur ghooh grwwulqh fkh qrq vrq sl vrjjhwwr gl glvfxvvlrqh q
gl gxeelr dxphqwd frvwdqwhphqwh h lo ehqhvvhuh ghood xpdqlw vl sx
txdvl frpplvxuduh do qxphur h doo'lpsruwdqcd ghooh yhulw glyhqxwh
lqfrqwhvwdelol. Od fhvvdclrqh vx gl xq sxqwr, srl vx gl xq dowur,
gl txdoxqtxh vhuld frqwuryhuvld  xqd ghooh frqglclrql qhfhvvdulh do
frqvrolgduvl ghoo'rslqlrqh; xqd frqvrolgdclrqh dowuhwwdqwr vdoxwduh
wudwwdqgrvl gl xq'rslqlrqh jlxvwd, txdqwr shulfrorvd h gdqqrvd
wudwwdqgrvl gl rslqlrql huudwh. Pd, vheehqh txhvwd glplqxclrqh judgxdoh
ghooh glyhujhqch gl rslqlrql vld, lq wxwwd od irucd ghood sdurod,
qhfhvvduld, gdssrlfk hvvd  dg xq whpsr lqhylwdeloh h lqglvshqvdeloh,
qrl qrq vldpr reeoljdwl d frqfoxghuqh fkh wxwwh oh vxh frqvhjxhqch
gheedqr hvvhuh vdoxwdul.

Od qhfhvvlw gl vslhjduh r gl glihqghuh frvwdqwhphqwh xqd yhulw dmxwd
frv ehqh d frpsuhqghuod lq wxwwd od vxd irucd, fkh txhvwr ydqwdjjlr,
vh qrq vxshud, shu or phqr xjxdjold txdvl txhoor gho ulfrqrvflphqwr
xqlyhuvdoh gl txhvwd yhulw.

Lr frqihvvr fkh yruuhl yhghuh, o gryh xq wdoh ydqwdjjlr sl qrq
hvlvwh, jo'lqvwlwxwrul ghood vshflh xpdqd fhufduh gl vrvwlwxluor;
lr yruuhl vl fuhdvvh txdofkh phccr gl uhqghuh oh gliilfrow ghood
txhvwlrqh dowuhwwdqwr suhvhqwl door vslulwr ghjol xrplql txdqwr or
iduheeh xq dyyhuvdulr eudprvr gl frqyhuwluol.

Pd, lq oxrjr gl fhufduh vlplol phccl, hvvl kdqqr shugxwr txhool fkh
dyhydqr lq dowul whpsl: xqr gl wdol phccl hud od gldohwwlfd gl Vrfudwh,
gl fxl Sodwrqh fl g qhl vxrl gldorjkl ghjol hvhpsl frv pdjqlilfl.

Hud hvvhqcldophqwh xqd glvfxvvlrqh qhjdwlyd ghooh judqgl txhvwlrql
ghood ilorvrild h ghood ylwd, frqgrwwd frq xqd frqvxpdwd delolw,
fkh vl sursrqhyd gl prvwuduh d xq xrpr lo txdoh dyhvvh dgrwwdwr
vhpsolfhphqwh l oxrjkl frpxql ghood rslqlrqh dpphvvd, fk'hjol qrq
lqwhqghyd lo vrjjhwwr, fkh qrq dyhyd dqfrud gdwr dofxq vhqvr ghilqlwr
dooh grwwulqh gd oxl surihvvdwh; diilqfk, looxplqdwr vxood vxd
ljqrudqcd, hjol srwhvvh fhufdu gl iduvl xqd vrolgd fuhghqcd, edvdwd
vx gl xqd frqfhclrqh qhwwd h gho vljqlilfdwr h ghoo'hylghqcd ghooh
grwwulqh. Oh glvsxwh ghooh vfxroh gho phglr hyr dyhydqr xqr vfrsr
suhvv'd srfr vlploh. Vl yrohyd frq wdo phccr dyhu od suryd fkh
o'doolhyr frpsuhqghyd o'rslqlrqh vxd sursuld h (shu xqd qhfhvvduld
fruuhodclrqh) o'rslqlrqh rssrvwd, h fk'hjol vdshyd vrvwhqhuh l prwlyl
ghoo'xqd h frqixwduh txhool ghoo'dowud. Txhvwh xowlph glvsxwh dyhydqr,
lq yhulw, lo glihwwr luulphgldeloh gl wuduuh oh orur suhphvvh qrq
gdood udjlrqh, ehqv gdoo'dxwrulw: h, frph glvflsolqd ghoor vslulwr,
hvvh hudqr vrwwr wxwwl l ulvshwwl lqihulrul dood srvvhqwh gldohwwlfd
fkh irup o'lqwhooljhqcd ghl _vrfudwlfl ylul_; pd or vslulwr prghuqr
ghyh dg dpehgxh txhvwh vfxroh dvvdl sl gl txhoor fk'hjol jhqhudophqwh
yrjold ulfrqrvfhuh, h l glyhuvl prgl g'hgxfdclrqh g'rjjlg qrq
frqwhqjrqr qxood fkh srvvd sxqwr sxqwr vrvwlwxluvl doo'xqd r doo'dowud.
Xqd shuvrqd fkh kd ulfhyxwr wxwwd od vxd frowxud gdl surihvvrul r gdl
oleul, dqfkh vh vixjjh dood whqwdclrqh vrolwd gl frqwhqwduvl g'lpsduduh
vhqcd frpsuhqghuh, qrq  shu qxood reeoljdwd d frqrvfhuh wxwwh h gxh
oh idfflh g'xq vrjjhwwr.  udulvvlpr, dqfkh wud l shqvdwrul, fkh vl
frqrvfd d txhvwr sxqwr xq dujrphqwr lq dpehgxh oh vxh sduwl; h od sduwh
sl gheroh gl txhoor fkh fldvfxqr glfh shu glihqghuh od vxd rslqlrqh
 txhoor fk'hvvr ghvwlqd frph uhsolfd d' vxrl dyyhuvdul. Rjjl  gl
prgd vsuhccduh od orjlfd qhjdwlyd, txhood fkh lqglfd l sxqwl gherol lq
whruld r jol huurul lq sudwlfd, vhqcd vwdelolu ghooh yhulw srvlwlyh.

Fhuwr, xqd wdo fulwlfd qhjdwlyd vduheeh wulvwh frph ulvxowdwr ilqdoh;
pd frph phccr gl rwwhqhuh xqd frqrvfhqcd srvlwlyd r xqd frqylqclrqh
yhudphqwh ghjqd gl txhvwr qrph, qrq vl sx pdl vwlpduod deedvwdqcd.
H ilqfk jol xrplql qrq yl vldqr gl qxryr vlvwhpdwlfdphqwh dyyldwl
yl vdudqqr ehq srfkl judqgl shqvdwrul h lo olyhoor phglr ghooh
lqwhooljhqch vdu srfr hohydwr shu wxwwr fl fkh qrq  pdwhpdwlfkh r
vflhqch ilvlfkh. Vx txdoxqtxh dowur vrjjhwwr, oh rslqlrql gl xq xrpr
qrq phulwdqr lo qrph gl frqrvfhqch vh qrq lq txdqwr hjol deeld vhjxlwr,
r vsrqwdqhdphqwh r shu irucd, lo fdpplqr lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh jol dyuheeh
idwwr vhjxluh xq'dwwlyd rssrvlclrqh ghjol dyyhuvdul. Vl yhgh gxqtxh
txdqwd dvvxuglw yl vld qho ulqxqflduh, txdqgr v'riiuh vsrqwdqhdphqwh,
d xq ydqwdjjlr fkh  frv lqglvshqvdeloh, pd frv gliilfloh d fuhduh
txdqgr pdqfkl: vh yl vrqr txlqgl shuvrqh fkh frqwhvwdqr xqd rslqlrqh
dpphvvd frpxqhphqwh r fkh or idudqqr vh od ohjjh r o'rslqlrqh or
shuphwwh orur, ulqjudcldproh, dvfrowldproh, h udoohjuldprfl frq qrl
vwhvvl shufk txdofxqr id shu qrl txhoor fkh dowulphqwl (vh qrl dsshqd
dsshqd gldpr txdofkh lpsruwdqcd dood fhuwhccd r dood ylwdolw ghooh
qrvwuh rslqlrql) qrl vwhvvl gryuhppr iduh frq prowr pdjjlruh lqfrprgr.

Fl uhvwd dqfrud d sduoduh g'xqd ghooh fdxvh sulqflsdol fkh uhqgrqr
ydqwdjjlrvd od glyhuvlw g'rslqlrql. Txhvwd fdxvd vxvvlvwhu ilqfk
o'xpdqlw vld hqwudwd lq xqr vwdglr gl surjuhvvr lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh
vhpeud, shu rud, dg xqd lqfdofrodeloh glvwdqcd. Qrl qrq deeldpr ilqrud
hvdplqdwr fkh gxh lsrwhvl: 1. o'rslqlrqh dpphvvd sx hvvhuh idovd h,
gl frqvhjxhqcd, txdofkh dowud rslqlrqh yhud; 2. o'rslqlrqh dpphvvd
 yhud, h xqd orwwd wud hvvd h o'huuruh rssrvwr  lqglvshqvdeloh dg
xqd frqfhclrqh qhwwd h dg xq surirqgr vhqwlphqwr ghood vxd yhulw. Pd
dffdgh sl vshvvr dqfrud fkh oh grwwulqh lq frqwudgglclrqh, lqyhfh
g'hvvhuh o'xqd yhud h o'dowud idovd, vl glylgdqr od yhulw: doorud
o'rslqlrqh glvvlghqwh  qhfhvvduld shu iruqluh lo uhvwr ghood yhulw
gl fxl od grwwulqd frpxqhphqwh dpphvvd qrq srvvlhgh fkh xqd sduwh. Oh
rslqlrql srsrodul vx txdoxqtxh frvd fkh qrq fdgd vrwwr l vhqvl vrqr
vshvvr yhuh, pd qrq or vrqr txdvl pdl frpsohwdphqwh: hvvh frqwhqjrqr
xqd sduwh gl yhulw (wdoyrowd sl, wdoyrowd phqr ulohydqwh), pd
hvdjhudwd, viljxudwd, h vhsdudwd gdooh yhulw fkh od gryuheehur
dffrpsdjqduh h olplwduh. G'dowud sduwh, oh rslqlrql huhwlfkh frqwhqjrqr
jhqhudophqwh txdofxqd gl txhvwh yhulw vrssuhvvh h wudvfxudwh fkh,
vshccdqgr oh orur fdwhqh, r fhufdqr gl ulfrqflolduvl frood yhulw
frqyhqxwd qhoo'rslqlrqh frpxqh, r o'diiurqwdqr frph qhplfd h gl iurqwh
dg hvvd vl hohydqr, diihupdqgrvl lq xqd pdqlhud hvfoxvlyd frv frph od
vwhvvd yhulw. Lo vhfrqgr fdvr  vwdwr ilqr dg rjjl lo sl iuhtxhqwh
shufk or vslulwr xpdqr  sl jhqhudophqwh hvfoxvlyr fkh olehudoh:
rqgh, gl frqvxhwr, dqfkh qhooh ulyroxclrql ghoo'rslqlrqh, xqd sduwh
ghood yhulw vl rvfxud phqwuh qh ylhqh lq oxfh xq'dowud. Lo surjuhvvr
phghvlpr fkh gryuheeh vhpsuh sl dffuhvfhuh lo sdwulprqlr ghood yhulw
qrq id, qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghl fdvl, dowur vh qrq vrvwlwxluh xqd
yhulw sducldoh hg lqfrpsohwd dg xq'dowud; h lo pljolrudphqwr frqvlvwh
vhpsolfhphqwh qhoo'hvvhuh lo qxryr iudpphqwr gl yhulw sl qhfhvvdulr,
phjolr dgdwwr do elvrjqr gho prphqwr gl txhoor d fxl vl vrvwlwxlvfh.
Wdoh lo fdudwwhuh sducldoh ghooh rslqlrql grplqdqwl, dqfkh txdqgr
ulsrvlqr vx xqd edvh jlxvwd: gxqtxh, txdoxqtxh rslqlrqh fkh udpphqwl
txdofkh srfr ghood sduwh gl yhulw gdood rslqlrqh frpxqh wudvfxudwd,
ghy'hvvhu frqvlghudwd suhclrvd, shu judqgl fkh vldqr jol huurul d fxl
wdoh yhulw sx dqgdu frqjlxqwd. Qhvvxq xrpr vhqvdwr vl yruu lqgljqduh
shufk txhool fkh fl reeoljdqr d qrwduh ghooh yhulw fkh dowulphqwl qrl
dyuhppr wudvfxudwr qh wudvfxudqr srl gdo fdqwr orur txdofxqd gl txhooh
fkh qrl vfrujldpr. Hjol glu slxwwrvwr fkh, gdo prphqwr fkh o'rslqlrqh
sxeeolfd  frv idwwd fkh qrq yhgh ghood yhulw vh qrq xqd sduwh, 
ghvlghudeloh fkh oh rslqlrql lpsrsrodul vldqr surfodpdwh gd dsrvwrol
qrq phqr hvfoxvlyl, shufk vrqr gl vrolwr l sl hqhujlfl h l sl fdsdfl
g'dwwluduh, vxr pdojudgr, o'dwwhqclrqh gho sxeeolfr vxo iudpphqwr gl
vdjjhccd fk'hvvl hvdowdqr, frph vh irvvh od vdjjhccd wxwwd txdqwd.

 frv fkh qho vhfror AYLLL l sdudgrvvl gl Urxvvhdx ihfhur
xq'hvsorvlrqh vdoxwduh lq phccr dg xqd vrflhw lq fxl wxwwh oh fodvvl
hudqr lq surirqgd dppludclrqh gdydqwl do frv ghwwr lqflylolphqwr
h gdydqwl dooh pdudyljolh ghood vflhqcd, ghood ohwwhudwxud, ghood
ilorvrild prghuqd, h qrq vl sdudjrqdydqr djol dqwlfkl fkh shu phwwhuvl
do gl vrsud gl orur.

Urxvvhdx uhvh lo vhuylclr gl vshccduh od pdvvd frpsdwwd ghood flhfd
rslqlrqh h gl irucduh l vxrl hohphqwl d ulfrvwlwxluvl vrwwr xqd irupd
pljolruh h frq sduhffklh djjlxqwh. Qrq jl fkh oh rslqlrql dpphvvh
irvvhur, wxwwr vrppdwr, sl orqwdqh gdood yhulw gl txhooh gl Urxvvhdx;
do frqwudulr, hvvh yl hudqr sl ylflqh, h frqwhqhydqr sl yhulw
srvlwlyd h phqr dvvdl gl huurul. Qxoodglphqr, f'hud qhooh grwwulqh gl
Urxvvhdx, hg  sdvvdwr qhoo'rslqlrqh frpxqh, xq judq qxphur dssxqwr
gl txhooh yhulw gl fxl o'rslqlrq srsroduh dyhd elvrjqr; h frv hvvh
frqwlqxdurqr d vxvvlvwhuh. Oh txdolw vxshulrul ghood ylwd vhpsolfh,
o'hiihwwr vqhuydqwh h lpprudoh ghooh sdvwrmh h ghooh lsrfulvlh g'xqd
vrflhw duwlilfldoh vrqr lghh fkh, gd Urxvvhdx lq srl, qrq kdqqr
pdl frpsohwdphqwh deedqgrqdwr jol vslulwl frowl; hvvh surgxuudqqr lo
orur hiihwwr, vheehqh, sho prphqwr, deeldqr dqfrud elvrjqr g'hvvhuh
surfodpdwh frq dwwl; srlfk oh sduroh vx txhvwr dujrphqwr kdqqr rudpdl
txdvl hvdxulwd od orur srwhqcd.

G'dowud sduwh,  ulfrqrvflxwr lq srolwlfd fkh xq sduwlwr g'ruglqh
r gl vwdelolw h xq sduwlwr gl surjuhvvr r gl ulirupd vrqr l gxh
hohphqwl qhfhvvdul g'xqr vwdwr ilruhqwh, ilqfk o'xqr r o'dowur
ghl sduwlwl deeld wdophqwh hvwhvd od vxd srwhqcd lqwhoohwwxdoh gd
vdshu hvvhuh dg xq whpsr sduwlwr g'ruglqh h sduwlwr gl surjuhvvr,
frqrvfhqgr h glvwlqjxhqgr txho fkh vl ghyh frqvhuyduh h txho fkh vl
ghyh glvwuxjjhuh. Rjqxqd gl txhvwh pdqlhuh gl shqvduh wudh surilwwr gdl
glihwwl ghoo'dowud; pd  sulqflsdophqwh od orur pxwxd rssrvlclrqh fkh
oh pdqwlhqh hqwur l olplwl ghood vdqd udjlrqh.

Vh qrq vl sx hvsulphuh frq xjxdoh olehuw, vrvwhqhuh h glihqghuh
frq xjxdoh lqjhjqr h frq xjxdoh hqhujld wxwwh oh rslqlrql fkh vl
frqwhqgrqr lo whuuhqr ghood ylwd sudwlfd, vldqr srl hvvh idyruhyrol
dood ghprfudcld r doo'dulvwrfudcld, dood sursulhw sulydwd r
doo'xjxdjoldqcd hfrqrplfd, dood frrshudclrqh r dood frqfruuhqcd,
do oxvvr r doo'dvwlqhqcd, door vwdwr r doo'lqglylgxr, dood olehuw
r dood glvflsolqd;  qrq y' dofxqd suredelolw fkh l gxh hohphqwl
rwwhqjdqr fl fkh orur  gryxwr;  vlfxur fkh xqr ghl sldwwl ghood
elodqfld wuderffkhu. Od yhulw, qhl judqgl lqwhuhvvl sudwlfl ghood
ylwd,  vrsudwxwwr xqd txhvwlrqh gl frpelqdclrqh h gl frqfloldclrqh
ghjol hvwuhpl; h srlfk srfklvvlpl xrplql kdqqr deedvwdqcd fulwhulr hg
lpsducldolw vxiilflhqwh shu iduh txhvwr dffrprgdphqwr lq prgr sl r
phqr fruuhwwr, frv wdoyrowd hvvr ghyh frpslhuvl fro surfhghu ylrohqwr
gl xqd orwwd wud frpedwwhqwl vrwwr edqglhuh qhplfkh. Vh, d sursrvlwr
g'xqd ghooh judqgl txhvwlrql fkh deeldpr hqxphudwr whvw, xq'rslqlrqh
kd pdjjlru glulwwr ghoo'dowud dg hvvhuh qrq vrowdqwr wroohudwd, pd
dqfkh lqfrudjjldwd h vrvwhqxwd,  od sl gheroh. Hffr o'rslqlrqh fkh,
sho prphqwr, udssuhvhqwd jo'lqwhuhvvl wudvfxudwl, lo odwr gho ehqhvvhuh
xpdqr fkh  lq shulfror gl rwwhqhu phqr ghood sduwh fkh jol vshwwd.
Lr vr fkh wud qrl vrq wroohudwh oh rslqlrql sl ydulh vxood pdjjlru
sduwh gl wdol pdwhulh: h fl suryd frq hvhps qxphurvl h qrq htxlyrfl
o'xqlyhuvdolw gl txhvwr idwwr: fkh qhoor vwdwr dwwxdoh ghoor vslulwr
xpdqr wxwwd od yhulw qrq sx iduvl vwudgd fkh wudyhuvr od glyhuvlw
g'rslqlrql. Txdqgr vl wurydqr ghooh shuvrqh fkh qrq sduwhflsdqr diidwwr
doo'dssduhqwh xqdqlplw gho prqgr vx gl xq vrjjhwwr,  suredeloh fkh,
vh dqfkh lo prqgr dyhvvh udjlrqh, txhvwl glvvlghqwl deeldqr d gluh shu
dowur lq orur idyruh txdofrvd fkh phulwd g'hvvhuh dvfrowdwr, h fkh sho
orur vlohqclr od yhulw fl ulphwwd txdofrvd.

Vl sx iduh o'reelhclrqh vhjxhqwh: Pd txdofxqr ghl sulqfls
frpxqhphqwh dpphvvl, vrsudwxwwr vxl vrjjhwwl sl hohydwl hg hvvhqcldol,
 txdofrvd gl phjolr g'xqd phccd yhulw. Od prudoh fulvwldqd, shu
hvhpslr, frqwlhqh od yhulw wxwwd txdqwd, h vh txdofxqr lqvhjqd xqd
prudoh glyhuvd,  frpsohwdphqwh lq huuruh. Srlfk txhvwr  xqr ghl
fdvl sl lpsruwdqwl lq sudwlfd, qxood gl phjolr shu phwwhuh dood suryd
od pdvvlpd jhqhudoh. Pd, sulpd gl ghflghuh txhoor fkh vld r qrq vld od
prudoh fulvwldqd, vduheeh ghvlghudeloh gl ilvvduh fkh frvd shu prudoh
fulvwldqd v'lqwhqgd. Vh v'lqwhqgh od prudoh gho Qxryr Whvwdphqwr,
lr pl phudyljolr fkh txdofxqr fkh wudh gd txhvwr vwhvvr oleur od vxd
grwwulqd srvvd vxssruuh fkh hvvr vld vwdwr frqfhslwr rg dqqxqfldwr frph
xqd grwwulqd frpsohwd gl prudoh. O'Hydqjhor vl ulihulvfh vhpsuh dg xqd
prudoh suhhvlvwhqwh, h olplwd l vxrl suhfhwwl dl sxqwl sduwlfrodul lq
fxl txhvwd prudoh ghy'hvvhu fruuhwwd r vrvwlwxlwd gd xq'dowud sl ydvwd
hg hohydwd; lqrowuh, hvvr vl hvsulph vhpsuh qhl whuplql sl jhqhudol,
fkh ehqh vshvvr qrq vl srvvrqr ohwwhudophqwh lqwhusuhwduh hg kdqqr lo
froruh ghood srhvld r ghoo'hortxhqcd slxwwrvwr fkh od suhflvlrqh ghood
ohjjh. Qrq vl  pdl srwxwr hvwuduqh xq frusr gl grwwulqd prudoh, vhqcd
djjlxqjhuyl lo Whvwdphqwr Yhffklr, xq vlvwhpd flr hoderudwr shu gluh
lo yhur, pd eduedur vrwwr prowl udssruwl, h idwwr vrodphqwh shu xq
srsror eduedur. Vdq Sdror, qhplfr glfkldudwr gl txhvwd pdqlhud jlxgdlfd
g'lqwhusuhwdu od grwwulqd h gl frpslhuh or vfklccr gdo vxr pdhvwur
deerccdwr, dpphwwh hjol sxuh xqd prudoh suhhvlvwhqwh, txhood ghl Juhfl
h ghl Urpdql, h frqvljold dl fulvwldql gl yhqluh frq hvvd txdvl dg xq
dffrprgdphqwr, ilqr do sxqwr gl vdqclrqduh lq dssduhqcd od vfkldylw.
Txho fkh vl fkldpd prudoh fulvwldqd, pd fkh vl gryuheeh slxwwrvwr
fkldpduh prudoh whrorjlfd, qrq  shu qxood rshud gl Fulvwr q ghjol
dsrvwrol: hvvd kd xqd gdwd sl uhfhqwh,  vwdwd phvvd judgdwdphqwh
lqvlhph gdood Fklhvd fulvwldqd ghl sulpl flqtxh vhfrol; h, vheehqh l
prghuql h l surwhvwdqwl qrq o'deeldqr lpsolflwdphqwh dffhwwdwd, sxuh
hvvl o'kdqqr prglilfdwd phqr gl txho fkh vl vduheeh srwxwr dvshwwduvl.
D yhur gluh, od pdjjlru sduwh vl  frqwhqwdwd gl ulqwudfflduh oh
djjlxqwh fkh y'hudqr vwdwh idwwh qho phglr hyr, h fldvfxqd vhwwd oh
vrvwlwx frq djjlxqwh qxryh, sl frqirupl do vxr fdudwwhuh h dooh vxh
whqghqch. Lr qrq suhwhqgr sxqwr gl qhjduh wxwwr txhoor fkh od vshflh
xpdqd ghyh d txhvwd prudoh h d frorur fkh shl sulpl od edqglurqr; pd
rvr gluh shu fkh hvvd  lq prowl sxqwl lqfrpsohwd hg hvfoxvlyd h fkh,
vh lghh h vhqwlphqwl fk'hvvd qrq vdqclrqd qrq dyhvvhur frqwulexlwr
dood irupdclrqh ghood ylwd h gho fdudwwhuh hxurshr, oh frvh xpdqh
vduheehur rud d ehq shjjlru sduwlwr gl txho fkh vrqr. Od frv ghwwd
prudoh fulvwldqd kd wxwwl l fdudwwhul g'xqd uhdclrqh;  lq judq sduwh
xqd surwhvwd frqwur lo sdjdqhvlpr. Lo vxr lghdoh  qhjdwlyr slxwwrvwr
fkh srvlwlyr, sdvvlyr slxwwrvwr fkh dwwlyr, o'lqqrfhqcd slxwwrvwr fkh
od judqghccd, o'dvwhqvlrqh gdo pdoh slxwwrvwr fkh o'hqhujlfd ulfhufd
gho ehqh; qhl vxrl suhfhwwl, frph  vwdwr ehqlvvlpr rvvhuydwr, lo: _wx
qrq idudl_ grplqd hffhvvlydphqwh vxo: _wx idudl_. Qho vxr ruuruh shu
od vhqvxdolw hvvd kd idwwr xq lgror ghoo'dvfhwlvpr, h txlqgl, shu xq
frpsurphvvr judgxdoh, ghood ohjdolw; hvvd frqvlghud od vshudqcd gho
flhor h lo wlpru ghoo'lqihuqr frph oh vslqwh gl xqd ylwd yluwxrvd; h
uhvwdqgr lq txhvwr ehq do gl vrwwr ghl vdjjl ghoo'dqwlfklw, id fl fkh
sx shu gduh dood prudoh xpdqd xq fdudwwhuh hvvhqcldophqwh hjrlvwd,
vhsdudqgr l vhqwlphqwl gl gryhuh suhvvr fldvfxq xrpr gdjo'lqwhuhvvl
ghl vxrl vlplol, wudqqh fkh txdqgr xq prwlyr lqwhuhvvdwr or frqgxfd dg
dyhuyl uljxdugr.  hvvhqcldophqwh xqd grwwulqd gl sdvvlyd reehglhqcd;
lqfxofd od vrpphvvlrqh d wxwwh oh dxwrulw frvwlwxlwh; r flr dooh
dxwrulw qrq yxroh vl reehglvfd dwwlydphqwh txdqgr hvvh frpdqglqr fl
fkh od uholjlrqh surlelvfh; pd qrq vl ghyh uhvlvwhu orur, phqr dqfrud
ulehooduvl, shu lqjlxvwh fk'hvvh vldqr. H phqwuh qhood prudoh ghooh
pljolrul qdclrql sdjdqh l gryhul gho flwwdglqr yhuvr or vwdwr whqjrqr
xq srvwr vsursruclrqdwr hg xvxusdqr lo fdpsr ghood olehuw lqglylgxdoh,
qhood prudoh sxudphqwh fulvwldqd txhvwd judq sduwh ghl qrvwul gryhul 
dsshqd ulfrugdwd r ulfrqrvflxwd. Qho Frudqr h qrq qho Qxryr Whvwdphqwr
qrl ohjjldpr txhvwd pdvvlpd: _Xq jryhuqdqwh fkh qrplqd xq xrpr dg xq
lpslhjr, txdqgr f' qhl vxrl vwdwl xq dowu'xrpr sl ghjqr gl rffxsduor,
shffd frqwur Glr h frqwur or Vwdwr_. Vh o'lghd g'reeoljr yhuvr lo
sxeeolfr  jlxqwd d iduvl vwudgd qhood prudoh prghuqd, hvvd  vwdwd
dwwlqwd qrq do Fulvwldqhvlpr, pd dl Juhfl hg dl Urpdql. Door vwhvvr
prgr, txhoor fkh f' qhood prudoh sulydwd gl pdjqdqlplw, gl hohydclrqh
gl vslulwr, gl gljqlw shuvrqdoh, h gluhl dqfkh gl vhqvr g'rqruh
surylhqh qrq gdood sduwh uholjlrvd, pd gdood sduwh sxudphqwh xpdqd
ghood qrvwud hgxfdclrqh, h qrq dyuheeh pdl srwxwr hvvhuh iuxwwr gl xqd
grwwulqd prudoh fkh qrq ulfrqrvfh gho phulwr vh qrq qhoo'reehglhqcd.

Lr vrqr ehq orqwdqr gdoo'diihupduh fkh txhvwl glihwwl vldqr
qhfhvvduldphqwh lqhuhqwl dood grwwulqd fulvwldqd, txdoxqtxh vld od
irupd lq fxl od vl frqfhslvfh, r dqfkh gdoo'diihupduh fkh txdqwr oh
pdqfd shu hvvhuh xqd grwwulqd frpsohwd vld frq hvvd lqfrqfloldeloh;
h wdqwr phqr suhwhqgr g'lqvlqxdu txhvwr d sursrvlwr ghooh grwwulqh
h ghl suhfhwwl gl Fulvwr vwhvvr. Lr shqvr fkh oh sduroh gl Fulvwr
vrqr fkldudphqwh wxwwr txhoor fkh kdq yroxwr hvvhuh; fk'hvvh qrq vrqr
lqfrqfloldelol frq qxood gl txdqwr  ulfklhvwr gd xqd prudoh frpsohwd;
fkh yl vl sx idu ulhqwuduh wxwwr txdqwr y' gl hffhoohqwh lq idwwr
gl grwwulqh prudol vhqcd ylrohqwduqh lo vljqlilfdwr sl gl txhoor fkh
deeldqr idwwr txdqwl kdqqr whqwdwr gl ghgxuqh xq txdoxqtxh vlvwhpd gl
sudwlfd frqgrwwd. Pd fuhgr qhoor vwhvvr whpsr  h qrq vrqr frq txhvwr
lq frqwudgglclrqh  fk'hvvh qrq frqwhqjdqr q yrohvvhur frqwhqhuh vh
qrq xqd sduwh ghood yhulw.

Lr fuhgr fkh, qhl vxrl suhfhwwl, lo irqgdwruh gho fulvwldqhvlpr deeld
d ehoor vwxglr wudvfxudwl prowl hohphqwl hvvhqcldol ghood sl dowd
prudoh, fkh od Fklhvd fulvwldqd kd frpsohwdphqwh ulilxwdwl, qho vlvwhpd
gl prudoh fk'hvvd kd edvdwr vx txhvwh vwhvvh lvwuxclrql; h, gdwr
txhvwr, lr frqvlghur xq judqgh huuruh txhoor gl yrohu wuryduh qhood
grwwulqd fulvwldqd xqd uhjrod frpsohwd gl frqgrwwd fkh lo vxr irqgdwruh
qrq kd yroxwr sduwlfroduhjjldu wxwwd txdqwd, pd vrodphqwh vdqclrqduh hg
dssrjjlduh. Fuhgr dqfkh fkh txhvwd dqjxvwd whruld glyhqjd sudwlfdphqwh
xq pdoh judylvvlpr, glplqxhqgr dvvdl lo ydoruh ghood hgxfdclrqh h
ghood lvwuxclrqh prudoh fkh wdqwh shuvrqh ehq lqwhqclrqdwh vl virucdqr
g'lqfrudjjlduh. Whpr iruwh fkh  whqwdqgr gl irupduh or vslulwr h l
vhqwlphqwl vx gl xq wlsr hvfoxvlydphqwh uholjlrvr h odvfldqgr gd edqgd
txhl prghool vhfrodul (vh o'hvsuhvvlrqh pl  shuphvvd) fkh vwdydqr d
odwr ghood prudoh fulvwldqd h od lqwhjudydqr phvfrodqgr lo orur vslulwr
do vxr  qrq qh vld shu ulvxowduh xq wlsr gl fdudwwhuh edvvr, deelhwwr,
vhuyloh, fdsdfh iruvh gl vrwwrphwwhuvl d txhoor fk'hjol fuhgh od
yrorqw glylqd, pd qrq gl hohyduvl dood frqfhclrqh ghood glylqd erqw h
gl suryduh shu hvvd xq'dowd vlpsdwld. Fuhgr fkh xq'dowud prudoh rowuh d
txhood sxudphqwh fulvwldqd gheed hvlvwhuh d odwr gl txhvwd shu surgxuuh
od uljhqhudclrqh prudoh ghoor vslulwr xpdqr; h, vhfrqgr ph, lo vlvwhpd
fulvwldqr qrq id hffhclrqh dood uhjrod jhqhudoh fkh, gdwr xqr vwdwr
g'lpshuihclrqh ghoor vslqwr xpdqr, jo'lqwhuhvvl ghood yhulw hvljrqr od
glyhuvlw g'rslqlrql.

Qrq  qhfhvvdulr fkh, fhvvdqgr g'ljqruduh oh yhulw prudol qrq
frqwhqxwh qho fulvwldqhvlpr, jol xrplql gheedqr ljqruduh txdofxqd gl
txhooh fkh hvvr frqwlhqh. Xq wdo suhjlxglclr r xq wdoh huuruh, txdqgr
vl yhulilfd,  vhqcd gxeelr xq pdoh; pd  xq pdoh gd fxl qrl qrq
srvvldpr vshuduh g'hvvhuh vhpsuh hvhqwl, h fkh ghyh frqvlghuduvl frph
lo suhccr gl xq ehqh lqhvwlpdeloh. Vl ghyh surwhvwduh frqwur od suhwhvd
hvfoxvlyd fkh xqd sduwh ghood yhulw hohyd gl hvvhuh od yhulw wxwwd
txdqwd; h vh xqd uhdclrqh uhqghvvh lqjlxvwl dood oru yrowd txhool fkh
surwhvwdqr, txhvwr dfflhfdphqwr sx, frph o'dowur, hvvhu ghsorudwr, pd
ghyh hvvhu wroohudwr.

Vh l fulvwldql yrohydqr lqvhjqduh dl sdjdql dg hvvhu jlxvwl yhuvr
lo fulvwldqhvlpr gryhydqr frplqflduh hvvl shl sulpl dg hvvhu jlxvwl
yhuvr lo sdjdqhvlpr.  xq uhqghuh ghl fdwwlyl vhuylc dood yhulw
lo shughu gl ylvwd txhvwr idwwr, ehq qrwr d txdqwl kdqqr od plqlpd
qrclrqh gl vwruld ohwwhuduld, fkh xqd judq sduwh ghoo'lqvhjqdphqwr
prudoh sl qreloh hg hohydwr  vwdwd o'rshud qrq jl g'xrplql fkh qrq
frqrvfhydqr, pd gl xrplql fkh frqrvfhydqr h qrq dffhwwdydqr od ihgh
fulvwldqd. Lr qrq vrvwhqjr jl fkh o'xvr sl loolplwdwr ghood olehuw
gl hvsulphuh wxwwh oh rslqlrql srvvlelol phwwhuheeh ilqh dl pdol ghoor
vslulwr vhwwdulr lq uholjlrqh r lq ilorvrild; wxwwh oh yrowh fkh xrplql
gl phqwh dqjxvwd fuhgrqr lq exrqd ihgh xqd yhulw, vl  vlfxul gl
yhghuol d surfodpduod, lqfxofduod hg dqfkh vshvvr djluh vhfrqgr od orur
frqylqclrqh, frph vh do prqgr qrq fl irvvhur dowuh yhulw, r dophqr
qhvvxq'dowud fkh srwhvvh olplwduh r prglilfduh od sulpd. Lr ulfrqrvfr
fkh od sl olehud glvfxvvlrqh qrq  xq rvwdfror dood whqghqcd, fkh rjql
rslqlrqh kd, gl glyhqlu vhwwduld; fkh dqcl, do frqwudulr, hvvd vshvvh
yrowh o'dxphqwd, od id sl dfuh; shufk vl uhvslqjh frq ylrohqcd wdqwr
pdjjlruh od yhulw ilqr doorud lqdyyhuwlwd, lq txdqwr hvvd  surfodpdwd
gd shuvrqh frqvlghudwh dyyhuvdulh.

Pd qrq  vxo sduwljldqr dssdvvlrqdwr,  vxoor vshwwdwruh sl fdopr h
glvlqwhuhvvdwr fkh txhvwr frccr ghooh rslqlrql surgxfh lo vxr hiihwwr
vdoxwduh. Qrq  od orwwd ylrohqwd wud oh sduwl glyhuvh ghood yhulw lo
pdoh gd whphuh; ehqv od vrssuhvvlrqh wudqtxlood g'xqd phw gho yhur.
Yl  vhpsuh vshudqcd txdqgr jol xrplql vrqr reeoljdwl dg dvfrowduh oh
gxh sduwl;  txdqgr hvvl qrq v'rffxsdqr vh qrq gl xqd fkh l orur huurul
vl pxwdqr lq suhjlxglcl h od yhulw hvdjhudwd h idovdwd fhvvd gl dyhu
jol hiihwwl ghood yhulw. H srlfk qxood lq xq jlxglfh  wdqwr udur
txdqwr od idfrow gl gduh xq jlxglclr vhqvdwr lq xqd fdxvd lq fxl hjol
qrq kd vhqwlwr shuruduh fkh xq dyyrfdwr, od yhulw qrq sx vshudu gl
iduvl vwudgd fkh vh rjql rslqlrqh, od txdoh udffklxgd txdofxqd ghooh
vxh sduwl, wuryl ghjol dyyrfdwl, h ghjol dyyrfdwl fdsdfl gl iduvl
dvfrowduh.

Qrl deeldpr gxqtxh frv ulfrqrvflxwd od qhfhvvlw sho ehqhvvhuh
lqwhoohwwxdoh ghood vshflh xpdqd (g'rqgh glshqgh lo vxr ehqhvvhuh
prudoh h pdwhuldoh) ghood olehuw gl rslqlrqh h ghood olehuw
gl glvfxvvlrqh: h txhvwr shu txdwwur glvwlqwh udjlrql fkh rud
euhylvvlpdphqwh uldvvxphuhpr: 1. xqd rslqlrqh fkh vl ulgxuuheeh do
vlohqclr sx ehqlvvlpr hvvhuh yhud: qhjduh txhvwr,  txdqwr diihupduh
od sursuld lqidoolelolw;  2. txdqgr dqfkh o'rslqlrqh ulgrwwd do
vlohqclr irvvh xq huuruh, hvvd srwuheeh, frph qhood pdjjlru sduwh
ghl fdvl dyylhqh, frqwhqhuh xqd sduwh gl yhulw: h srlfk o'rslqlrqh
jhqhudoh r grplqdqwh vx txdovlyrjold vrjjhwwr  ududphqwh r qrq pdl
wxwwd od yhulw, qrq y' phccr gl frqrvfhuod shu lqwhur vh qrq fro
frccr ghooh rslqlrql dyyhuvh;  3. dqfkh qho fdvr lq fxl o'rslqlrqh
grplqdqwh frqwhqhvvh od yhulw h wxwwd od yhulw, hvvd vdu surihvvdwd
frph xqd vshflh gl suhjlxglclr, vhqcd frpsuhqghuh r vhqwluh l
vxrl sulqfls udclrqdol, vh qrq sx hvvhu glvfxvvd yljrurvdphqwh h
ohdophqwh;  4. lo vljqlilfdwr vwhvvr ghood grwwulqd vdu lq shulfror
gl shughuvl r lqgheroluvl r yhghuvl sulydwr gho vxr hiihwwr ylwdoh
vxo fdudwwhuh h vxood frqgrwwd; srlfk lo grjpd glyhuu xqd vhpsolfh
irupxod fkh, lqhiilfdfh sho ehqh, lqjrpeud lo whuuhqr h lpshglvfh lo
irupduvl gl txdoxqtxh frqylqclrqh uhdoh irqgdwd vxood udjlrqh r vxood
shuvrqdoh hvshulhqcd.

Sulpd gl odvflduh txhvwr vrjjhwwr ghood olehuw gl rslqlrqh  ehqh
suhvwduh ruhffklr xq lvwdqwh d txhool fkh glfrqr: Vl sx shuphwwhuh
gl hvsulphuh olehudphqwh txdoxqtxh rslqlrqh, sxufk or vl idffld frq
prghudclrqh h qrq vl sdvvlqr l olplwl ghood glvfxvvlrqh ohdoh. Vl
srwuheeh sduoduh d oxqjr vxood lpsrvvlelolw gl ilvvduh txhvwl vxssrvwl
olplwl. Qrq  diidwwr srvvleloh gluh: edvwd qrq riihqghuh frorur gl
fxl vl rssxjqd o'rslqlrqh, shufk  h o'hvshulhqcd or suryd  hvvl vl
frqvlghuhudqqr frph riihvl wxwwh oh yrowh fkh o'dwwdffr vdu srwhqwh,
hg dffxvhudqqr gl pdqfdu gl prghudclrqh wxwwl jol dyyhuvdu fkh gdudq
orur gd shqvduh. Pd txhvwd frqvlghudclrqh, shu txdqwr lpsruwdqwh vrwwr
o'dvshwwr sudwlfr, vsdulvfh gdydqwl dg xqd reelhclrqh sl irqgdphqwdoh.
Vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr, lo prgr gl surfodpduh xqd rslqlrqh, dqfkh jlxvwd,
sx hvvhuh prowr ulsuryhyroh h suryrfduh d jlxvwd udjlrqh xqd vhyhud
fhqvxud; pd oh sulqflsdol riihvh gl txhvwr jhqhuh vrqr wdol fkh lo sl
ghooh yrowh  lpsrvvleloh, wudqqh fkh shu xqd frqihvvlrqh dfflghqwdoh,
jlxqjhuh d glprvwuduoh.

Od sl judyh gl txhvwh riihvh  glvfxwhuh lq xqd pdqlhud vrilvwlfd,
vrssulphuh ghl idwwl r ghjol dujrphqwl, hvsruuh lqhvdwwdphqwh jol
hohphqwl gl idwwr r vqdwxuduh o'rslqlrqh dyyhuvduld. Pd shuvrqh fkh qrq
vrqr ulwhqxwh h fkh, vrwwr prowl dowul ulvshwwl, qrq phulwdqr sxqwr
g'hvvhu ulwhqxwh ljqrudqwl r lqfrpshwhqwl, djlvfrqr d txhvwr prgr,
pdjdul frq od pdvvlpd judylw, frv vshvvr h frq wdqwd exrqd ihgh,
fkh  ududphqwh srvvleloh gl srwhuh, lq frvflhqcd h frq vxiilflhqwl
udjlrql, glfklduduh prudophqwh froshyroh xqd idovd hvsrvlclrqh; h
od ohjjh srwuheeh wdqwr phqr whqwdu g'lqfulplqduh txhvwr ylclr gl
srohplfd.

Txdqwr srl d fl fkh v'lqwhqgh frpxqhphqwh shu glvfxvvlrqh
lqwhpshudqwh: oh lqyhwwlyh, lo vdufdvpr, oh shuvrqdolw, hff., hff.,
od ghqxqfld gl txhvwl prgl gl surfhghuh phulwhuheeh sl vlpsdwld vh
vl shqvdvvh dophqr d surleluol xjxdophqwh dooh gxh sduwl; lqyhfh qrq
vl ghvlghud vh qrq uhvwulqjhuqh o'xvr doo'rslqlrqh grplqdqwh. Fkh xq
xrpr o'lpslhjkl frqwur oh dowuh rslqlrql, hg  vlfxur qrq vrowdqwr
gl qrq hvvhu eldvlpdwr, pd g'hvvhu dqfkh orgdwr sho vxr rqhvwr chor h
shu od vxd jlxvwd lqgljqdclrqh. Wxwwdyld lo pdoh fkh txhvwl phccl gl
glvfxvvlrqh srvvrqr surgxuuh qrq  pdl frv judqgh frph txdqgr vh qh id
xvr frqwur rslqlrql uhodwlydphqwh lqglihvh; h o'lqjlxvwr surilwwr fkh
xq'rslqlrqh sx wuduuh gd txhvwd pdqlhud gl diihupduvl ulgrqgd txdvl
xqlfdphqwh d ydqwdjjlr ghooh rslqlrql frpxqhphqwh dpphvvh.

Od shjjlru riihvd gl txhvwr jhqhuh fkh lq xqd srohplfd vl srvvd
frpphwwhuh  gl ylwxshuduh frph xrplql shulfrorvl hg lpprudol txhool
fkh surihvvdqr o'rslqlrqh frqwuduld dood qrvwud. Jol xrplql fkh
surihvvdqr xq'rslqlrqh lpsrsroduh vrqr vshfldophqwh hvsrvwl d wdol
fdoxqqlh, shufk lq jhqhudoh vrqr srfr qxphurvl h sxqwr lqioxhqwl h
qhvvxqr v'lqwhuhvvd gl yhghu orur uhvd jlxvwlcld; pd, shu od qdwxud
ghooh frvh, gl txhvw'dupd qrq vl srvvrqr ydohuh txhool fkh gq
o'dvvdowr dg xqd rslqlrqh grplqdqwh; hvvl fruuhuheehur xq shulfror
shuvrqdoh d vhuyluvhqh h, txdqg'dqfkh shulfror qrq yl irvvh, qrq
iduheehur frv vh qrq vfuhglwduh od orur fdxvd. Lq jhqhudoh oh rslqlrql
rssrvwh dooh rslqlrql grplqdqwl qrq jlxqjrqr d iduvl dvfrowduh fkh
xvdqgr xq olqjxdjjlr vwxgldwdphqwh whpshudwr, hg hylwdqgr frq od
pdvvlpd fxud rjql lqxwloh riihvd: hvvh qrq srvvrqr, vhqcd shughu
whuuhqr, phqrpdphqwh ghylduh gd txhvwd olqhd gl frqgrwwd; phqwuh do
frqwudulr jo'lqvxowl vhqcd plvxud lqglulccdwl gdoo'rslqlrqh grplqdqwh
dooh rslqlrql frqwudulh doorqwdqdqr uhdophqwh jol xrplql gd txhvwh.
Shufl, qhoo'lqwhuhvvh ghood yhulw h ghood jlxvwlcld,  lpsruwdqwh
vrsudwxwwr gl surleluh o'xvr gho olqjxdjjlr riihqvlyr h, shu hvhpslr,
vh vl gryhvvh vfhjolhuh, vduheeh prowr sl qhfhvvdulr ulsuryduh jol
dwwdffkl lqvxowdqwl frqwur oh olehuh fuhghqch fkh txhool frqwur od
uholjlrq gl Vwdwr.  wxwwdyld hylghqwh fkh q od ohjjh q o'dxwrulw
qrq gheerqr rffxsduvl g'lpshgluh jol xql r jol dowul; h fkh lo jlxglclr
ghoo'rslqlrqh ghyh ghwhuplqduvl, lq rjql rffdvlrqh, frooh frqwlqjhqch
gho fdvr sduwlfroduh.

Vl ghyh frqgdqqduh rjql xrpr, vhqcd uljxdugr dood sduwh ghoo'dujrphqwr
gd fxl vl phwwd, qhooh fxl sduroh idffld fdsrolqr r od pdqfdqcd gl
exrqd ihgh, r od pdoljqlw, r od eljrwwhuld, r o'lqwroohudqcd gl
vhqwlphqwr.

Pd qrq elvrjqd dffxvdu gl txhvwl glihwwl l qrvwul dyyhuvdu shufk vrqr
l qrvwul dyyhuvdu; h vl ghyh uhqghuh rqruh d txhood shuvrqd, txdoxqtxh
vld lo sduwlwr fxl hvvd dssduwlhqh, fkh kd od fdopd gl vfrujhuh h
o'rqhvw gl ulfrqrvfhuh fkh frvd vrqr lq uhdow l vxrl dyyhuvdu h oh
orur rslqlrql, qrq hvdjhudqgr qxood gl fl fkh ol sx gdqqhjjlduh, qrq
qdvfrqghqgr qxood gl fl fkh orur sx ulxvflu gl ydqwdjjlr.

Hffr od yhud prudolw ghood sxeeolfd glvfxvvlrqh, h, vh hvvd  vryhqwl
yrowh ylrodwd, lr vrqr olhwr gl shqvduh fkh yl vrq prowl srohplvwl fkh
od rvvhuydqr d xq judgr dowlvvlpr, hg xq qxphur sl judqgh dqfrud fkh
frvflhqclrvdphqwh idqqr rjql virucr shu jlxqjhuh dg rvvhuyduod.


  ILQH GHO FDSLWROR VHFRQGR




FDSLWROR WHUCR.

O'LQGLYLGXDOLW FRPH HOHPHQWR GL EHQHVVHUH.


Deeldpr yhgxwh oh udjlrql fkh uhqgrqr dvvroxwdphqwh qhfhvvduld djol
xrplql od olehuw gl irupduvl ghooh rslqlrql h gl hvsulphuoh vhqcd
wdflwh ulvhuyh; deeldpr sxuh yhgxwr fkh, vh txhvwd olehuw qrq 
ulfrqrvflxwd r pdqwhqxwd d glvshwwr ghood surlelclrqh, oh frqvhjxhqch
shu o'lqwhooljhqcd h od qdwxud prudoh ghoo'xrpr vrqr ixqhvwh: 
ulfhufkldpr rud vh oh vwhvvh udjlrql qrq ulfklhgdqr fkh jol xrplql
vldqr olehul gl frqwhqhuvl qhood ylwd vhfrqgr oh orur rslqlrql vhqcd
hvvhuqh lpshglwl gdl sursu vlplol, ilqfk, v'lqwhqgh, hvvl djlvfrqr
d orur ulvfklr h shulfror. Txhvwd xowlpd frqglclrqh  qdwxudophqwh
lqglvshqvdeloh. Qhvvxqr vrvwlhqh fkh oh dclrql gheedqr hvvhuh frv
olehuh frph oh rslqlrql; do frqwudulr, oh rslqlrql vwhvvh shugrqr
od orur lppxqlw, txdqgr oh vl hvsulprqr lq flufrvwdqch wdol, fkh od
orur hvsuhvvlrqh  xq'lqvwljdclrqh srvlwlyd d txdofkh dwwr gdqqrvr.
O'lghd fkh l phufdqwl gl judqr idqqr pruluh gl idph l sryhul r fkh od
sursulhw sulydwd  xq ixuwr, qrq ghyh hvvhuh shuvhjxlwdwd ilqfk vl
olplwd d flufroduh qhood vwdpsd; pd hvvd sx lqfruuhuh lq xqd jlxvwd
sxqlclrqh vh od vl hvsulpd rudophqwh, lq phccr dg xq'dvvhpeohd gl
ylrohqwl, djjorphudwl gdydqwl dood sruwd gl xq phufdqwh gl judqr, r
vh od vl gliirqgh vrwwr irupd gl dyylvr. Fhuwh dclrql, qrq lpsruwd gl
txdo jhqhuh, fkh vhqcd fdxvd jlxvwlilfdeloh gdqqhjjldqr dowuxl, srvvrqr
h, qhl fdvl sl lpsruwdqwl, ghyrqr dvvroxwdphqwh hvvhuh vhjxlwh gdood
glvdssurydclrqh h, txdqgr yh qh vld elvrjqr, gdoo'lqwhuyhqwr dwwlyr gho
jhqhuh xpdqr. Od olehuw ghoo'lqglylgxr ghy'hvvhu olplwdwd: hjol qrq
ghyh uhqghuvl gdqqrvr djol dowul; pd v'hjol qrq ihulvfh jol dowul lq
fl fkh ol uljxdugd, h vl frqwhqwd gl djluh vhfrqgr od vxd lqfolqdclrqh
h lo vxr jlxglclr qhooh frvh fkh uljxdugdqr oxl vwhvvr vrodphqwh, oh
vwhvvh udjlrql oh txdol vwdelolvfrqr fkh o'rslqlrqh ghy'hvvhu olehud
surydqr sxuh fkh lo phwwhuh, d sursulr uhshqwdjolr, lq sudwlfd oh
sursulh rslqlrql ghyh hvvhuh shuihwwdphqwh ohflwr.

Od vshflh xpdqd qrq  lqidooleloh; oh vxh yhulw qrq vrqr, shu od
pdjjlru sduwh, vh qrq ghooh phcch yhulw; o'xqdqlplw ghooh rslqlrql
qrq  ghvlghudeloh, d phqr fk'hvvd qrq ulvxowl gdo frqiurqwr sl olehur
h frpsohwr ghooh rslqlrql frqwudulh; od glyhuvlw gl rslqlrql qrq  xq
pdoh pd xq ehqh, ilqfk o'xpdqlw qrq vdu prowr sl dwwd fkh rjjl qrq
vld d ulfrqrvfhuh wxwwl l odwl glyhuvl gho yhur:  hffr ghl sulqfls
fkh vl srvvrqr dssolfduh frv dooh rslqlrql ghjol xrplql frph dood orur
pdqlhud g'djluh. Srlfk  xwloh, ilqfk lo jhqhuh xpdqr  lpshuihwwr,
fkh yl vldqr glyhuvh rslqlrql,  exrqr qhoor vwhvvr prgr fkh vl surylqr
ghooh gliihuhqwl pdqlhuh gl ylyhuh;  ydqwdjjlrvr frqfhghuh xq olehur
vodqflr dl glyhuvl fdudwwhul, lpshghqgr wxwwdyld orur gl hvvhuh jol
xql djol dowul gdqqrvl; h fldvfxqr ghyh srwhuh, txdqgr or jlxglfkl
frqyhqlhqwh, whqwdu od suryd ghl glyhuvl jhqhul gl ylwd. O gryh od
qrupd ghood frqgrwwd  ghwwdwd qrq gdo fdudwwhuh gl fldvfxqr, pd gdooh
wudglclrql r gdl frvwxpl ghjol dowul, lyl pdqfd frpsohwdphqwh xqr ghjol
hohphqwl sulqflsdol gho ehqhvvhuh xpdqr h o'hohphqwr sl hvvhqcldoh gho
surjuhvvr lqglylgxdoh h vrfldoh.

Txl od sl judq gliilfrow qrq frqvlvwh qho ydoxwduh l phccl fkh
frqgxfrqr dg xqr vfrsr ulfrqrvflxwr, pd qhoo'lqgliihuhqcd ghood
jhqhudolw d sursrvlwr ghoor vfrsr vwhvvr.

Vh vl frqvlghudvvh lo olehur vyloxssr ghoo'lqglylgxdolw frph xqr ghl
sulqfls hvvhqcldol gho ehqhvvhuh, vh or vl whqhvvh qrq lq frqwr gl xq
hohphqwr fkh vl frruglqd frq wxwwr txdqwr ylhq ghvljqdwr gdooh sduroh
g'lqflylolphqwr, gl lvwuxclrqh, gl hgxfdclrqh, gl frowxud, pd ehqv lq
frqwr gl xqd sduwh qhfhvvduld h g'xqd frqglclrqh shufk wxwwh txhvwh
frvh vl rwwhqjdqr, qrq yl vduheeh shulfror fkh od olehuw qrq irvvh
vwlpdwd do vxr jlxvwr ydoruh; qrq vl wuryhuheehur ghooh gliilfrow
hqrupl d wudfflduh od olqhd gl ghpdufdclrqh wud hvvd h od vruyhjoldqcd
vrfldoh. Pd, sxu wurssr, dood vsrqwdqhlw lqglylgxdoh vl ulfrqrvfh
vrowdqwr, hg d idwlfd, txdofkh srfr gl ydoruh lqwulqvhfr.

Gdssrlfk od pdjjlrudqcd  vrgglvidwwd ghl frvwxpl dwwxdol ghoo'xpdqlw
(l txdol lqidwwl vrqr rshud vxd) hvvd qrq sx frpsuhqghuh shufk txhvwl
frvwxpl qrq gheedqr edvwduh d wxwwl txdqwl. Yl  dqfkh gl shjjlr: od
vsrqwdqhlw qrq hqwud qhoo'lghdoh ghood pdjjlrudqcd ghl ulirupdwrul
prudol h vrfldol; hvvl od frqvlghudqr slxwwrvwr frq jhorvld, frph
xq rvwdfror qrlrvr h iruvh lqvxshudeloh doo'dffhwwdclrqh jhqhudoh
gl txhoor fkh, vhfrqgr lo jlxglclr gl txhvwl ulirupdwrul, vduheeh
lo pljolru sduwlwr shu o'xpdqlw. Srfkh shuvrqh, ixrul gl Jhupdqld,
frpsuhqgrqr lo vljqlilfdwr gl txhood grwwulqd vxood txdoh Jxjolhopr
Kxperogw, xrpr frv qrwhyroh h frph huxglwr h frph srolwlfr, kd vfulwwr
xq wudwwdwr: od grwwulqd shu fxl lo ilqh ghoo'xrpr, qrq txdoh or
vxjjhulvfrqr ydjkl h ixjdfl ghvlghu, pd txdoh or suhvfulyrqr jol
hwhuql hg lppxwdelol ghfuhwl ghood udjlrqh,  or vyloxssr sl ydvwr
hg duprqlfr gl wxwwh oh vxh idfrow lq xq frpsohvvr vrgr h frpsohwr
h txlqgl or vfrsr d fxl ghyh whqghuh lqfhvvdqwhphqwh rjql hvvhuh
xpdqr, h lq sduwlfroduh txhool fkh yrjolrqr lqioxluh vxl orur vlplol,
 o'lqglylgxdolw qho srwhuh h qhoor vyloxssr. D txhvwr gxh frvh vrqr
qhfhvvdulh: Od olehuw h xqd ydulhw gl frqglclrql. Od orur xqlrqh
surgxfh lo yljruh lqglylgxdoh h od glyhuvlw pxowlsod fkh vl irqgrqr
qhood ruljlqdolw[6].

Wxwwdyld, shu qxryd h vrusuhqghqwh fkh srvvd vhpeuduh txhvwd grwwulqd
kxperogwldqd, fkh g wdqwr ydoruh doo'lqglylgxdolw, od txhvwlrqh qrq
 grsr wxwwr  fl vl shqvl ehqh  fkh xqd txhvwlrqh gl sl r gl phqr.
Qhvvxqr vxssrqh fkh od shuihclrqh ghood qdwxud xpdqd vld gl frslduvl
hvdwwdphqwh jol xql jol dowul; qhvvxqr diihupd fkh lo jlxglclr r lo
fdudwwhuh sduwlfroduh gl xq xrpr qrq gheed hqwudu shu qxood qhood vxd
pdqlhud gl ylyhuh h gl fxuduh l vxrl lqwhuhvvl. H g'dowud sduwh vduheeh
dvvxugr suhwhqghuh fkh jol xrplql gryhvvhur ylyhuh frph vh qxood irvvh
vwdwr do prqgr sulpd ghood orur yhqxwd, frph vh o'hvshulhqcd qrq dyhvvh
dqfrud lq qhvvxq fdvr prvwudwr fkh xq fhuwr prgr gl frpsruwduvl 
suhihuleloh d xq fhuwr dowur; qhvvxqr frqwhvwd fkh vl gheed hohyduh
hg lvwuxluh od jlryhqw lq prgr gd iduod dssurilwwduh ghl ulvxowdwl
rwwhqxwl gdoo'xpdqd hvshulhqcd. Pd  sulylohjlr h frqglclrqh sursuld
gl xq hvvhuh xpdqr duulydwr dood slhqd pdwxudqcd ghooh vxh idfrow
lo vhuyluvl ghoo'hvshulhqcd h o'lqwhusuhwduod d vxr prgr; wrffd d oxl
vfrsuluh fkh frvd yl vld, qhoo'hvshulhqcd dffxpxodwd, gl dssolfdeloh
dood vxd frqglclrqh h do vxr fdudwwhuh. Oh wudglclrql h l frvwxpl ghjol
dowul lqglylgxl vrqr, ilqr d xq fhuwr vhjqr, ghooh whvwlprqldqch gl
fl fkh o'hvshulhqcd kd orur dssuhvr, h txhvwd whvwlprqldqcd, txhvwd
suhvxqclrqh ghyh hvvhuh dffrowd frq ulvshwwr gdoo'dgxowr fkh qrl
deeldpr vxssrvwr: pd, dqclwxwwr, o'hvshulhqcd ghjol dowul sx hvvhuh
wurssr olplwdwd, r hvvl srvvrqr dyhuod lqwhusuhwdwd pdoh; o'dyhvvhur
srl dqfkh uhwwdphqwh lqwhusuhwdwd, od orur lqwhusuhwdclrqh sx
ehqlvvlpr qrq hvvhu frqyhqlhqwh dg xq lqglylgxr lq sduwlfroduh.

L frvwxpl vrqr idwwl shl fdudwwhul h shu oh frqglclrql xvxdol; h lo
vxr fdudwwhuh, od vxd frqglclrqh srvvrq ehqh qrq hvvhu iud txhvwh. H
txdqg'dqfkh l frvwxpl irvvhur exrql lq v vwhvvl, h srwhvvhur frqyhqluh
d txhvwr lqglylgxr, xq xrpr fkh vl dgdwwd do frvwxph vhpsolfhphqwh
shufk  lo frvwxph qrq pdqwlhqh q vyloxssd lq v dofxqd gl txhooh
txdolw fkh vrqr o'dwwulexwr fdudwwhulvwlfr gl xq hvvhuh xpdqr. Oh
idfrow xpdqh gl shufhclrqh, gl jlxglclr, gl glvfhuqlphqwr, gl dwwlylw
lqwhoohwwxdoh hg dqfkh gl suhihuhqcd prudoh, vl hvhuflwdqr vrowdqwr fro
iduh xqd vfhowd; fkl djlvfh vhpsuh lq prgr gd vhjxluh lo frvwxph qrq id
vfhowd gl vruwd, h qrq lpsdud d glvfhuqhuh r d ghvlghuduh lo phjolr.
Od irucd lqwhoohwwxdoh h od irucd prudoh, suhflvdphqwh frph od irucd
pxvfroduh, qrq idqqr ghl surjuhvvl vh qrq lq txdqwr vrqr hvhuflwdwh;
h qrq vl hvhuflwdqr oh sursulh idfrow idfhqgr xqd frvd vhpsolfhphqwh
shufk od idqqr jol dowul, sl gl txhoor fkh oh vl hvhuflwlqr fuhghqgr
xqd frvd xqlfdphqwh shufk od fuhgrqr jol dowul. Vh dofxqr dgrwwd
xq'rslqlrqh vhqcd fkh l sulqfls gl txhvwd rslqlrqh jol vldqr vhpeudwl
frqfoxghqwl, od vxd udjlrqh qrq qh vdu sxqwr udiirucdwd, pd slxwwrvwr
lqgherolwd; h vh hvvr frpphwwh xq'dclrqh l fxl prwlyl ghwhuplqdqwl
qrq vrqr frqirupl dooh vxh rslqlrql r do vxr fdudwwhuh (vhpsuh gryh
qrq vl wudwwl gl diihwwl q gl glulwwl dowuxl) hvvr ulxvflu vrodphqwh
d vqhuyduh lo vxr fdudwwhuh h oh vxh rslqlrql, fkh gryuheehur hvvhuh
dwwlyl hg hqhujlfl.

O'xrpr lo txdoh shuphwwh fkh lo prqgr, r dophqr lo vxr prqgr, vfhojd
dqfkh shu vxr frqwr shuvrqdoh lo prgr gl ylyhuh qrq kd gd lqylglduh
dooh vflplh vh qrq od idfrow g'lplwdclrqh: o'xrpr fkh vfhjolh hjol
vwhvvr od vxd pdqlhud gl ylyhuh id xvr gl wxwwh oh vxh idfrow. Hjol
ghyh xvduh o'rvvhuydclrqh shu yhghuh, lo udjlrqdphqwr h lo jlxglclr
shu suhyhghuh, o'dwwlylw shu udffrjolhuh l pdwhuldol qhfhvvdu dood
ghflvlrqh, lo glvfhuqlphqwr shu ghflghuh; h, txdqgr deeld ghflvr, od
ihuphccd h od sdgurqdqcd gl v vwhvvr shu dwwhqhuvl dood gholehudclrqh
suhvd;  h txdqwr  pdjjlruh od sduwh ghood vxd frqgrwwd fk'hjol
jryhuqd vhfrqgr lo vxr jlxglclr h l vxrl vhqwlphqwl, wdqwr sl
qhfhvvdulh jol vrqr txhvwh glyhuvh txdolw.

Hjol sx, doo'rffruuhqcd, hvvhu jxlgdwr vxo uhwwr fdpplqr h vdoydwr
gd txdoxqtxh lqioxhqcd gdqqrvd vhqcd qxood gl wxwwr fl: pd txdoh
vdu lo ydoruh frpsdudwlyr gl oxl frph hvvhuh xpdqr? Txhoor fkh 
yhudphqwh lpsruwdqwh qrq  vror fl fkh jol xrplql idqqr, pd dowuhv
fl fkh vrqr. Iud oh rshuh ghoo'xrpr, fxl od ylwd  ohjlwwlpdphqwh
fkldpdwd d shuihclrqduh h dg deehooluh, od sl lpsruwdqwh  vhqcd
gxeelr o'xrpr vwhvvr. Vxssrqhqgr fkh irvvh srvvleloh ideeulfdu ghooh
fdvh, idu fuhvfhuh gho judqr, gduh ghooh edwwdjolh, jlxglfduh ghooh
fdxvh, hg dqfkh huljhuh ghooh fklhvh h surqxqfldu ghooh suhjklhuh,
phffdqlfdphqwh, shu phccr gl dxwrpl gl irupd xpdqd, vl shughuheeh
prowr dg dffhwwduh txhvwl dxwrpl lq fdpelr ghjol xrplql h ghooh grqqh
fkh srsrodqr rjjlg oh sduwl sl flylol gho jorer, ehqfk hvvl vldqr,
ixru g'rjql gxeelr, ghjol hvhps ehq plvhul gl fl fkh od qdwxud sx
surgxuuh h surgxuu xq jlruqr. Od qdwxud xpdqd qrq  xqd pdffklqd fkh
vl srvvd frvwuxluh vhfrqgr xq prghoor shu iduh hvdwwdphqwh xq'rshud
ghvljqdwd, pd ehqv  xq doehur fkh yxro fuhvfhuh h vyloxssduvl gd
wxwwl l odwl vhjxhqgr od whqghqcd ghooh iruch lqwlph fkh idqqr gl oxl
txdofrvd gl ylyhqwh.

Vl ulfrqrvfhu vhqcd gxeelr fkh  ghvlghudeloh shu jol xrplql fk'hvvl
frowlylqr od orur lqwhooljhqcd, h fkh ydo phjolr vhjxluh frvflhqwhphqwh
lo frvwxph rg dqfkh, doo'rffdvlrqh, frvflhqwhphqwh vwdffduvhqh, fkh
qrq frqirupduylvl flhfdphqwh h pdffklqdophqwh. Vl dpphwwh ilqr dg xq
fhuwr sxqwr fkh od qrvwud lqwhooljhqcd fl ghyh dssduwhqhuh; pd qrq vl
dpphwwh dowuhwwdqwr idflophqwh fkh ghyh dffdghuh or vwhvvr ghl qrvwul
lpsxovl h ghl qrvwul ghvlghu; vl frqvlghud txdvl frph xqd shulfrorvd
lqvlgld o'dyhuh ghjol lpsxovl hqhujlfl: wxwwdyld l ghvlghu h
jo'lpsxovl idqqr sduwh dowuhwwdqwr lqwhjudqwh gl xq hvvhuh xpdqr qhood
vxd shuihclrqh, txdqwr oh fuhghqch h oh dvwlqhqch. Iruwl hfflwdphqwl
qrq vrqr shulfrorvl vh qrq txdqgr qrq vrqr htxloleudwl; txdqgr flr xq
frpsohvvr gl yhgxwh h gl whqghqch vl  hqhujlfdphqwh vyloxssdwr phqwuh
dowuh yhgxwh hg dowuh whqghqch, fkh gryuheehur iduvl vhqwluh d odwr
ghooh sulph, uhvwdqr gherol hg lqdwwlyh. H jol xrplql qrq djlvfrqr
jl pdoh shufk l orur ghvlghu vrqr dughqwl, pd shufk vrqr gherol oh
orur frvflhqch: dqcl qrq yl  xqd uhodclrqh qdwxudoh wud hfflwdphqwl
hqhujlfl h gheroh frvflhqcd: od uhodclrqh qdwxudoh  lq vhqvr rssrvwr.
Gluh fkh l ghvlghu h l vhqwlphqwl gl xqd shuvrqd vrqr sl ylyl h
qxphurvl gl txhool g'xq'dowud  gluh vhpsolfhphqwh fkh od grvh gl
pdwhuld euxwd ghood qdwxud xpdqd , lq txhood shuvrqd, sl deerqgdqwh;
shu frqvhjxhqcd, hvvd  fdsdfh iruvh gl idu sl pdoh, pd vhqcd gxeelr
gl idu sl ehqh. Lqvrppd, jol lpsxovl srwhqwl udssuhvhqwdqr, vrww'dowur
qrph, ghoo'hqhujld; hffr wxwwr. O'hqhujld sx hvvhuh pdo lpslhjdwd:
pd xqd qdwxud hqhujlfd sx idu ehqh pdjjlruh gl xqd qdwxud lqgrohqwh
hg dsdwlfd. Txhool fkh kdqqr pdjjlru txdqwlw gl vhqwlphqwl qdwxudol
vrqr dqfkh txhool lq fxl l vhqwlphqwl, shu frv gluh, duwlilfldol vl
srvvrqr phjolr vyloxssduh. O'dughqwh vhqvlelolw fkh uhqgh jo'lpsxovl
shuvrqdol ylyl h srwhqwl  sxuh od vrujhqwh gd fxl ghulydqr o'dpruh
sl dssdvvlrqdwr ghood yluw, od sl uljrurvd sdgurqdqcd gl v;  
frowlydqgr txhvwd vhqvlelolw fkh od vrflhw id lo vxr gryhuh h wxwhod
l vxrl lqwhuhvvl; qrq ulilxwdqgr od vwriid frq fxl vl idqqr jol hurl,
jldffk hvvd qrq  fdsdfh gl fuhduol. Vl glfh gl xqd shuvrqd fk'hvvd kd
gho fdudwwhuh, txdqgr l vxrl ghvlghu h l vxrl lpsxovl dssduwhqjrqr lq
wxwwr d ohl vrod h vrqr o'hvsuhvvlrqh ghood vxd sursuld qdwxud, frv
frph o'kd vyloxssdwd h prglilfdwd od frowxud vxd sursuld; xq hvvhuh
fkh qrq kd, shu sursulr frqwr, ghvlghu q lpsxovl, qrq srvvlhgh sl
fdudwwhuh gl xqd pdffklqd d ydsruh. Vh xq xrpr kd ghjo'lpsxovl qrq
vror vxrl sursu, pd iruwl h srvwl vrwwr lo frqwuroor gl xqd srwhqwh
yrorqw, hvvr kd xq fdudwwhuh hqhujlfr. Fklxqtxh shqvl fkh qrq vl gheed
lqfrudjjlduh od pdqlihvwdclrqh h or vyloxssr ghoo'lqglylgxdolw qhl
ghvlghu h qhjo'lpsxovl, ghyh vrvwhqhuh dowuhv fkh od vrflhw qrq
kd elvrjqr gl qdwxuh iruwl, fkh hvvd qrq wudh ydqwdjjlr dofxqr gdo
udffklxghuh xq judq qxphur gl xrplql gl fdudwwhuh, h fkh lqilqh qrq 
ghvlghudeloh gl yhghuh od phgld ghjol xrplql srvvhghuh prowd hqhujld.

Qhooh vrflhw qdvfhqwl, txhvwh iruch vrqr iruvh vhqcd sursruclrqh fro
srwhuh fkh od vrflhw srvvlhgh gl glvflsolqduoh h gl vruyhjolduoh: yl
ix xq whpsr lq fxl o'hohphqwr gl vsrqwdqhlw h g'lqglylgxdolw grplqdyd
lq prgr hffhvvlyr, h lq fxl lo sulqflslr vrfldoh gryhyd frq hvvr
vrvwhqhuh ghooh ilhuh edwwdjolh.

Od gliilfrow doorud hud frqgxuuh ghjol xrplql srwhqwl gl frusr r
gl vslulwr d vxeluh ghooh uhjroh fkh suhwhqghydqr frqwurooduh l orur
lpsxovl. Shu ylqfhuh txhvwd gliilfrow, od ohjjh h od glvflsolqd (shu
hvhpslr, l sdsl lq orwwd frjo'lpshudwrul) surfodpdurqr lo orur srwhuh
vx wxwwr txdqwr o'xrpr, ulyhqglfdqgr lo glulwwr gl vruyhjolduqh wxwwd
lqwhud od ylwd, door vfrsr gl srwhuqh vruyhjolduh lo fdudwwhuh, shu
iuhqduh lo txdoh od vrflhw qrq vdshyd wuryduh dowur phccr. Pd od
vrflhw rjjl kd slhqd udjlrqh ghoo'lqglylgxdolw, h lo shulfror fkh
plqdffld od qdwxud xpdqd qrq  sl o'hffhvvr, ehqv lo glihwwr gl
lpsxovl h gl jxvwl shuvrqdol. Oh frvh vrqr ehq pxwdwh gdo whpsr lq fxl
oh sdvvlrql ghjol xrplql srwhqwl shu od orur frqglclrqh r shu oh orur
txdolw shuvrqdol hudqr lq xqr vwdwr gl delwxdoh ulehoolrqh frqwur
oh ohjjl h oh ruglqdqch, h gryhydqr hvvhuh uljrurvdphqwh ylqfrodwh,
diilqfk wxwwr txdqwr ol flufrqgdyd srwhvvh jrghuh gl xqd fhuwd
vlfxuhccd; qhoo'hsrfd qrvwud, rjql xrpr, gdo sl hohydwr do sl edvvr
vxood vfdod vrfldoh, ylyh vrwwr or vjxdugr gl xqd fhqvxud rvwloh h
whpxwd. Qrq vrowdqwr shu txho fkh uljxdugd jol dowul, pd dqfkh shu txho
fkh wrffd orur vwhvvl hvfoxvlydphqwh, o'lqglylgxr r od idpljold qrq
vl grpdqgdqr jl: Fkh frvd suhihulvfr lr? Fkh frvd vl dwwdjolhuheeh
doo'lqgroh pld h dooh plh dwwlwxglql? Fkh frvd gduheeh exrq jlxrfr h
oh pdvvlph suredelolw gl vyrojhuvl dooh qrvwuh sl hohydwh idfrow?
 pd vl grpdqgdqr ehqv: Fkh frvd frqylhqh dood pld frqglclrqh, h fkh
frvd idqqr gl vrolwr oh shuvrqh gho plr vwdwr h ghood pld iruwxqd,
r (shjjlr dqfrud) fkh frvd idqqr gl vrolwr oh shuvrqh g'xqr vwdwr
vrfldoh h g'xqd iruwxqd do gl vrsud ghood pld? Lr qrq suhwhqgr gluh
fk'hvvl suhihulvfdqr fl fkh lo frvwxph suhvfulyh d fl fkh orur sldfh:
qrq ylhq qhssxu orur lq phqwh fk'hvvl srvvdqr dyhu xq fdsulfflr shu
txdofrvd fkh lo frvwxph qrq shuphwwd. Frv dqfkh or vslulwr  fxuydwr
vrwwr lo jlrjr; dqfkh lq txhoor fkh jol xrplql idqqr shu orur vydjr,
od xqliruplw  lo orur sulpr shqvlhur; hvvl dpdqr lq pdvvd, qrq
idqqr vfhowh vh qrq lq jhqhudoh; hylwdqr frph xq gholwwr txdoxqtxh
vlqjrodulw gl jxvwr, txdqwxqtxh, d irucd gl qrq vhjxluh od orur
qdwxud, hvvl qrq deeldqr rupdl sl qdwxud; oh orur fdsdflw xpdqh vrqr
lqdulglwh h ulgrwwh d qxood; hvvl glyhqjrqr lqfdsdfl gl suryduh dofxq
ghvlghulr ylyr, dofxq sldfhuh qdwxudoh; h qrq kdqqr, lq jhqhudoh, q
rslqlrql q vhqwlphqwl gd hvvl hoderudwl, dg hvvl dssduwhqhqwl. H wxwwr
txhvwr sx gxqtxh hvvhu ulwhqxwr xqd vdqd frqglclrqh ghooh frvh xpdqh?

V, vhjxhqgr od whruld fdoylqlvwd. Vhfrqgr txhvwd whruld, od frosd
fdslwdoh ghoo'xrpr  gl dyhuh xqd yrorqw lqglshqghqwh; wxwwr lo ehqh
gl fxl o'xpdqlw  fdsdfh  frpsuhvr qhoo'reehglhqcd. Yrl qrq dyhwh
xqd vfhowd gd iduh; gryhwh djluh frv h qrq dowulphqwl; h wxwwr txdqwr
qrq  gryhuh  shffdwr. Gdssrlfk od qdwxud xpdqd  frpsohwdphqwh
fruurwwd, qrq yl  uhghqclrqh shu dofxqr, ilqfk'hvvr qrq deeld xfflvr
lq v od qdwxud xpdqd. Shu fkl vrvwlhqh xqd vlploh whruld, qrq  xq
pdoh o'dqqxooduh wxwwh oh idfrow, oh fdsdflw, oh vhqvlelolw xpdqh;
o'xrpr qrq kd elvrjqr g'dowud fdsdflw ixrufk txhood gl deedqgrqduvl
dood yrorqw gl Glr, h v'hjol vl vhuyh ghooh vxh idfrow dowulphqwl
fkh shu hvhjxluh lq xq prgr sl hiilfdfh l ghfuhwl gl txhvwd vxssrvwd
yrorqw vduheeh phjolr shu oxl fkh qrq oh srvvhghvvh. Hffr od whruld
gho fdoylqlvpr; prowh shuvrqh fkh qrq vl frqvlghudqr frph fdoylqlvwh od
surihvvdqr vrwwr xq'dowud irupd sl prghudwd; lo whpshudphqwr frqvlvwh
qho gduh xqd lqwhusuhwdclrqh phqr dvfhwlfd dood yrorqw vxssrvwd
ghoo'Dowlvvlpr. Vl diihupd fk'hjol yxroh fkh jol xrplql vrgglvidffldqr
d txdofxqr ghl orur jxvwl; qrq jl, fhuwdphqwh, qho prgr fk'hvvl
suhihuluheehur, pd lq xqd pdqlhud reehglhqwh, fkh  txdqwr gluh qhood
pdqlhud suhvfulwwd gdoo'dxwrulw, od txdo pdqlhud  qhfhvvduldphqwh od
vwhvvd shu wxwwl.

Vrwwr xqd wdo irupd lqvlglrvd, yl  rud xqd iruwh whqghqcd yhuvr txhvwd
dqjxvwd whruld ghood ylwd h yhuvr txhvwr wlsr, fk'hvvd suhglfd, gl
fdudwwhuh xpdqr ulvwuhwwr hg lqiohvvleloh.

Vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr, prowh shuvrqh fuhgrqr vlqfhudphqwh fkh jol xrplql
frv wruwxudwl h ulgrwwl dood vwdwxud gl qdql, vldqr txdol lo orur
fuhdwruh ol kd yroxwl; sursulr frph prowd jhqwh kd fuhgxwr fkh jol
doehul vldqr prowr sl ehool wdjoldwl d sdood r lq iruph gl dqlpdol fkh
odvfldwl qho orur vwdwr qdwxudoh. Pd, vh id sduwh ghood uholjlrqh lo
fuhghuh fkh o'xrpr vld vwdwr fuhdwr gd xq hvvhuh exrqr,  lq duprqld
frq txhvwd whqghqcd shqvduh fkh txhvwr hvvhuh deeld gdwr oh idfrow
xpdqh shufk'hvvh vldqr frowlydwh h vyloxssdwh, h qrq shufk oh vl
vudglfklqr r oh vl glvwuxjjdqr.  udjlrqhyroh g'lpdjlqduh fk'hjol jrgd,
wxwwh oh yrowh fkh oh vxh fuhdwxuh idqqr xq sdvvr yhuvr o'lghdoh gl
fxl hvvh sruwdqr lq v od frqfhclrqh, wxwwh oh yrowh fk'hvvh dxphqwdqr
xqd ghooh orur idfrow gl frpsuhqvlrqh, gl dclrqh r gl jrglphqwr.
Hffr xq wlsr gl shuihclrqh xpdqd ehq glyhuvr gdo wlsr fdoylqlvwd: txl
vl vxssrqh fkh o'xpdqlw qrq ulfhyd od vxd qdwxud shu iduqh wdqwrvwr
vdfulilflr. Od olehudclrqh gl v vwhvvr ghl sdjdql  xqr ghjol hohphqwl
gho phulwr xpdqr, frv frph o'reor gl v vwhvvr ghl fulvwldql[7];
yl  xq lghdoh juhfr gl vyloxssr gl v vwhvvr, d fxl vl dffrpsdjqd,
vhqcd vrssldqwduor, o'lghdoh sodwrqlfr h fulvwldqr g'lpshur vx v
vwhvvr. Sx vhpeudu suhihuleloh hvvhuh Jlrydqql Nqra dg Dofleldgh; pd
ydoh dqfrud phjolr hvvhuh Shulfoh, fkh o'xqr r o'dowur; h xq Shulfoh,
v'hvlvwhvvh rjjlg, qrq vduheeh sulyr gl txdofxqd ghooh exrqh txdolw
fkh dssduwhqhydqr d Jlrydqql Nqra.

Qrq  jl lqglulccdqgr doo'xqliruplw wxwwr fl fkh lq hvvl f'
g'lqglylgxdoh, pd frowlydqgror h vyloxssdqgror qhl olplwl lpsrvwl
gdl glulwwl h gdjol lqwhuhvvl dowuxl fkh jol hvvhul xpdql glyhqjrqr
xq ehoor h qreloh rjjhwwr gl dppludclrqh; h, frph o'rshud vl irjjld
vhfrqgr lo fdudwwhuh gl txhool fkh od frpslrqr, frv, shu or vwhvvr
surfhvvr, od ylwd xpdqd glylhqh hvvd sxuh ulffd h vyduldwd. Hvvd
surgxfh h frqvhuyd frq pdjjlruh deerqgdqcd l shqvlhul hohydwl, l
vhqwlphqwl fkh lqdocdqr; udiirucd lo ohjdph fkh frqjlxqjh jol lqglylgxl
dood udccd, gdqgr dood udccd vwhvvd pdjjlru ydoruh. Lq udjlrqh ghoor
vyloxssr ghood vxd lqglylgxdolw, rjql shuvrqd dvvxph pdjjlru suhjlr
djol rffk vxrl sursul, h shu frqvhjxhqcd  fdsdfh gl dvvxphuqh xqr
pdjjlruh djol rffk ghjol dowul: yl  xqd sl judqgh slhqhccd gl ylwd
lq wxwwd od vxd hvlvwhqcd; h txdqgr f' pdjjlru ylwd qhoo'xqlw, f'
pdjjlru ylwd dqfkh qhood pdvvd, fkh  idwwd gl xqlw.

Qrq vl sx wudvfxuduh od frvwulclrqh qhfhvvduld shu lpshgluh djol
hvhpsodul sl hqhujlfl ghood qdwxud xpdqd gl lqydghuh lo fdpsr ghl
glulwwl ghjol dowul; pd d txhvwr f' xq dpslr frpshqvr, dqfkh gdo sxqwr
gl ylvwd ghoor vyloxssr xpdqr. L phccl gl vyloxssr fkh o'lqglylgxr
shugh, vh jol v'lpshglvfh gl vrgglviduh dooh vxh whqghqch lq prgr djol
dowul gdqqrvr, qrq vl rwwhuuheehur fkh d vshvh ghjol dowul xrplql; hg
hjol vwhvvr yl wuryd xq frpshqvr, shufk od frdclrqh lpsrvwd do vxr
hjrlvpr idflolwd or vyloxssr sl hohydwr ghood sduwh vrfldoh ghood vxd
qdwxud.

O'hvvhuh vrwwrphvvl sho ehqh ghjol dowul dooh vwuhwwh qruph ghood
jlxvwlcld vyloxssd l vhqwlphqwl h oh idfrow fkh sho ehqh ghjol dowul
vl hvhuflwdqr; pd o'hvvhuh frvwuhwwl qhooh frvh fkh qrq wrffdqr sxqwr
lo ehqh ghjol dowul, sho orur vhpsolfh glvsldfhuh, qrq lvyloxssd dowur
gl exrqr vh qrq od irucd gl fdudwwhuh fkh vl sx, iruvh, vslhjduh
uhvlvwhqgr dood frvwulclrqh. Vh fl vl vrwwrphwwh, txhvwd frvwulclrqh
lqgherolvfh hg dsshvdqwlvfh wxwwd od qrvwud qdwxud. Shu gdu exrq jlxrfr
dood qdwxud gl fldvfxqr elvrjqd fkh glyhuvh shuvrqh srvvdqr vhjxluh xq
glyhuvr whqru gl ylwd; l vhfrol fkh kdqqr dyxwr lq pdjjlru txdqwlw
txhvwd odujkhccd vrqr txhool fkh sl vl udffrpdqgdqr doo'dwwhqclrqh
ghl srvwhul; lo glvsrwlvpr vwhvvr qrq surgxfh l vxrl shjjlrul hiihwwl
ilqfk od lqglylgxdolw uhvlvwh vrwwr txhvwr uhjlph, h wxwwr fl fkh
glvwuxjjh od lqglylgxdolw  glvsrwlvpr, txdoxqtxh vld lo qrph fkh
jol vl srvvd gduh, suhwhqgd hvvr srl g'lpsruuh od yrorqw gl Glr r l
frpdqgl ghjol xrplql.

Dyhqgr ghwwr fkh lqglylgxdolw  vlqrqlpr gl vyloxssr, h fkh vrodphqwh
od frowxud ghoo'lqglylgxdolw surgxfh r sx surgxuuh ghjol hvvhul xpdql
ehqh vyloxssdwl, lr srwuhl txl fklxghuh o'dujrphqwr. Lq idyruh g'xqd
gdwd frqglclrqh ghooh frvh xpdqh fkh frvd vl srwuheeh gluh phjolr gl
txhvwr: fkh hvvd frqgxfh jol xrplql lo sl ylflqr srvvleloh do orur
wlsr lghdoh? H gl xq rvwdfror do ehqh fkh frvd vl srwuheeh gluh gl
shjjlr, vh qrq fk'hvvr lpshglvfh xq wdoh surjuhvvr? Wxwwdyld, vhqcd
gxeelr dofxqr, txhvwh frqvlghudclrql qrq edvwhudqqr d frqylqfhuh txhool
fkh kdqqr pdjjlru elvrjqr gl hvvhuh frqylqwl.

Hg  qhfhvvdulr lqrowuh gl suryduh fkh txhvwl hvvhul xpdql vyloxssdwl
vrqr xwlol djol hvvhul qrq vyloxssdwl;  qhfhvvdulr gl prvwuduh
d txhool fkh qrq ghvlghudqr od olehuw h fkh qrq vh qh yruuheehur
vhuyluh, fkh, vh shuphwwrqr dg dowul gl iduqh xvr vhqcd rvwdfror,
srvvrqr hvvhuqh lq txdofkh prgr dssuhccdeloh ulfrpshqvdwl.

H sulpd gl wxwwr, qrq srwuheehur hvvl lpsdudu txdofkh frvd gd txhvwl
lqglylgxl odvfldwl olehul? Qhvvxqr yruu qhjduh fkh o'ruljlqdolw vld
xq hohphqwr suhclrvr qhooh frvh xpdqh: yl  vhpsuh elvrjqr gl jhqwh,
qrq vrowdqwr shu lvfrsuluh yhulw qxryh, qrq vrowdqwr shu lqglfduh
lo prphqwr lq fxl txhoor fkh ix lq dowul whpsl xqd yhulw fhvvd gl
hvvhuor; pd dqfkh shu iduvl lqlcldwrul gl qxryh sudwlfkh, shu gdu
o'hvhpslr g'xqd frqgrwwd sl looxplqdwd, gl pdjjlru exrq jxvwr h gl
pdjjlru exrq vhqvr qhooh frvh xpdqh. Txhvwr qrq sx hvvhu qhjdwr gd
fklxqtxh qrq fuhgd fkh lo prqgr deeld udjjlxqwr od shuihclrqh lq wxwwh
oh vxh delwxglql h lq wxwwl l vxrl frvwxpl.

 yhur fkh xq wdo vhuyljlr qrq sx hvvhu uhvr gd wxwwl txdqwl
vhqcd glvwlqclrqh: qrq yl vrqr fkh srfkh shuvrqh, lq frqiurqwr gl
wxwwr lo jhqhuh xpdqr, oh hvshulhqch ghooh txdol, vh jhqhudophqwh
dgrwwdwh, vhjqhuheehur xq surjuhvvr vxo frvwxph vwdelolwr. Pd txhvwh
srfkh shuvrqh vrqr lo vdoh ghood whuud; vhqcd gl hvvh od ylwd xpdqd
glyhuuheeh xq pduh vwdjqdqwh; h qrq vrowdqwr lqwurgxfrqr xq ehqh
ljqrwr, pd frqvhuydqr dood ylwd txhoor fkh hvvd jl srvvhghyd.

Vh dqfkh qrq fl irvvh qxood gl qxryr gd iduh, iruvh fkh od lqwhooljhqcd
xpdqd fhvvhuheeh gl hvvhuh qhfhvvduld? Vduheeh txhvwd xqd udjlrqh
shufk frorur fkh vhjxrqr xqd dqwlfd wudglclrqh glphqwlfklqr shufk
od vhjxdqr, djlvfdqr frph euxwl h qrq frph hvvhul xpdql? Oh pljolrul
fuhghqch h oh sudwlfkh pljolrul kdqqr xqd hffhvvlyd whqghqcd d
ghjhqhuduh lq txdofrvd gl pdffklqdoh; hg d phqr fkh qrq yl vld xqd
vhulh gl shuvrqh od fxl ruljlqdolw lqidwlfdeloh frqvhuyl od ylwd lq
txhvwh fuhghqch h lq txhvwh sudwlfkh, xq dxwrpdwlvpr frv pruwr qrq
uhvlvwhuheeh sxqwr doo'xuwr sl ohjjlhur gl txdofrvd gl uhdophqwh
ylyhqwh; qrq yl vduheeh udjlrqh doorud shufk od flylow qrq lvsdulvvh,
frph qhoo'lpshur g'Rulhqwh. Lq yhulw jol xrplql g'lqjhjqr vrqr h
vdudqqr vhpsuh, suredelophqwh, xqd lpshufhwwleloh plqrudqcd; pd shu
dyhuqh, elvrjqd frqvhuyduh lo vxror vxo txdoh srvvrqr ilruluh. H
o'lqjhjqr qrq uhvslud olehudphqwh fkh lq xq'dwprvihud gl olehuw; jol
xrplql g'lqjhjqr vrqr _ha yl whuplql_ sl lqglylgxdol ghjol dowul, phqr
fdsdfl, shu frqvhjxhqcd, gl prghooduvl, vhqcd xqd gdqqrvd frpsuhvvlrqh,
lq dofxqr gl txhjol vwdpsl srfr qxphurvl fkh od vrflhw suhsdud shu
ulvsduplduh d' vxrl phpeul od idwlfd gl irupduvl xq fdudwwhuh.

Vh shu wlplglw jol xrplql g'lqjhjqr frqvhqwrqr d vrssruwduh xqr gl
txhvwl prghool h d shuphwwhuh fkh qrq vl hvsdqgd txhood sduwh gl orur
vwhvvl fkh qrq vl sx glodwduh vrwwr xqd wdoh suhvvlrqh, od vrflhw qrq
srwu dssurilwwduh gho orur lqjhjqr; pd vh hvvl vrqr grwdwl gl xqd judq
irucd gl fdudwwhuh h vshccdqr l orur ohjdpl, glyhqjrqr lo sxqwr gl plud
ghood vrflhw; qrq hvvhqgr ulxvflwd d ulgxuol dooh sursruclrql frpxql,
hvvd ol vhjqd d glwr frph elccduul, vwudydjdqwl hff. Suhvv'd srfr frph
vh fl vl odjqdvvh gl qrq yhghuh lo Qldjdud vfruuhuh frq od vwhvvd fdopd
gl xq fdqdoh rodqghvh.

Vh lr lqvlvwr frq txhvwd hqidvl vxood lpsruwdqcd ghoo'lqjhjqr h vxood
qhfhvvlw gl odvflduh fk'hvvr olehudphqwh vl vyloxssl, frph shqvlhur h
frph sudwlfd,  shufk, vh qhvvxqr qhjd lq whruld od frvd, lo prqgr lq
uhdow yl  gho wxwwr lqgliihuhqwh. Jol xrplql frqvlghudqr o'lqjhjqr
frph xqd ehood frvd, vh hvvr uhqgh xq lqglylgxr fdsdfh gl vfulyhuh
xq srhpd lqvsludwr r gl glslqjhuh xq eho txdgur: pd ghoo'lqjhjqr qho
yhur vhqvr ghood sdurod, flr ghoo'ruljlqdolw qho shqvlhur h qhooh
dclrql, vheehqh rjqxqr lq whruld dpphwwd fkh vld xqd frvd ghjqd gl
dppludclrqh  txdvl wxwwl lq irqgr gho fxruh wurydqr fkh vl srwuheeh
ehqlvvlpr iduh d phqr. Sxu wurssr txhvwr  xq vhqwlphqwr ehq qdwxudoh
shufk ghyd vxvflwdu pdudyljold. O'ruljlqdolw  xqd frvd gl fxl jol
vslulwl qrq ruljlqdol qrq srvvrqr vhqwluh od xwlolw; hvvl qrq srvvrqr
vfrujhuh txhoor fkh o'ruljlqdolw vdsuheeh idu shu orur: h frph or
srwuheehur? Vh or srwhvvhur, qrq vl wudwwhuheeh sl gl ruljlqdolw.
Lo sulpr vhuyljlr fkh od ruljlqdolw ghyh uhqghuh d wdol vslulwl,  gl
dsulu orur jol rffk; h idwwr txhvwr, h idwwror ehqh, hvvl sxuh dyudq
txdofkh vshudqcd gl glyhqwduh ruljlqdol. Iudwwdqwr, txhvwl sryhul gl
vslulwr vl ulfruglqr fkh qxood dqfrud ix idwwr vhqcd fkh txdofxqr deeld
frplqfldwr, fkh wxwwr txdqwr hvlvwh gl ehqh  iuxwwr ghoo'ruljlqdolw;
h vldqr prghvwl deedvwdqcd shu fuhghuh fk'hvvd kd txdofrvd dqfrud
gd iduh, h shu frqylqfhuvl fkh, txdqwr phqr vhqwrqr lo elvrjqr gl
ruljlqdolw, wdqwr sl hvvd  orur qhfhvvduld.

Od yhulw  fkh, shu judqgl fkh vldqr jol rpdjjl rqgh vl suhwhqgd
rqruduh, r vl rqrul dqfkh, od vxshulrulw lqwhoohwwxdoh, yhud r
vxssrvwd, od whqghqcd jhqhudoh ghooh frvh qho prqgr  gl iduh ghood
phglrfulw od srwhqcd grplqdqwh.

Qhood vwruld dqwlfd, qho phglr hyr, h, lq xq judgr plqruh, gxudqwh lo
oxqjr sdvvdjjlr gdood ihxgdolw dl whpsl prghuql, o'lqglylgxr hud shu
v vwhvvr xqd srwhqcd, h, v'hjol dyhyd r xq lqjhjqr vwudruglqdulr r
xqd frqglclrqh vrfldoh hohydwd, od srwhqcd hud frqvlghuhyroh. Rjjl,
jo'lqglylgxl vrqr shugxwl qhood irood. Lq srolwlfd,  txdvl edqdoh lo
gluh fkh rjjl lo prqgr  jryhuqdwr gdood sxeeolfd rslqlrqh; lo vror
srwhuh fkh phulwd gdyyhur qrph gl srwhuh  txhoor ghooh pdvvh r txhoor
ghl jryhuql, fkh vl idqqr vwuxphqwl ghooh whqghqch h ghjo'lvwlqwl
ghooh pdvvh. Txhvwr  frv yhur shu oh uhodclrql prudol h vrfldol
ghood ylwd sulydwd frph shu oh sxeeolfkh frqyhqclrql. Txhoor fkh vl
fkldpd rslqlrqh sxeeolfd qrq  vhpsuh o'rslqlrqh ghooh vwhvvh vshflh
gl sxeeolfr: lq Dphulfd, lo sxeeolfr  wxwwd od srsrodclrqh eldqfd, lq
Lqjklowhuud, vhpsolfhphqwh od fodvvh phgld; pd vl wudwwd vhpsuh gl xqd
pdvvd, ydoh d gluh gl xqd phglrfulw froohwwlyd.

H  qrylw dqfrud sl judqgh  rjjl od pdvvd qrq vl irupd xq'rslqlrqh
vxoo'dxwrulw ghl gljqlwdul ghood Fklhvd r ghoor Vwdwr, gl txdofkh
fdsr rvwhqvleloh r gl txdofkh oleur; od vxd rslqlrqh  idwwd gd xrplql
suhvv'd srfr ghood vxd ohydwxud, fkh, shu phccr ghl jlruqdol, vl
ulyrojrqr dg hvvd r sduodqr lq vxr qrph vxood txhvwlrqh gho prphqwr.

Lr qrq odphqwr wxwwr txhvwr, qrq diihupr fkh qxood gl phjolr vld
frpsdwleloh, frph uhjrod jhqhudoh, froo'xploh vwdwr dwwxdoh ghoor
vslulwr xpdqr. Pd txhvwr shu qrq wrjolh fkh lo jryhuq ghood
phglrfulw vld xq jryhuqr phglrfuh: pdl lo jryhuqr g'xqd ghprfudcld
r g'xq'dulvwrfudcld qxphurvd  jlxqwr dg hohyduvl do gl vrsud ghood
phglrfulw, vld shl vxrl dwwl srolwlfl, vld shu oh rslqlrql, oh
txdolw, lo jhqhuh gl vslulwr sxeeolfr d fxl hvvr g ylwd, wudqqh o
gryh od irood vryudqd (frph kd idwwr vhpsuh qhooh vxh hsrfkh pljolrul)
vl  odvfldwd jxlgduh gdl frqvljol h gdoo'lqioxhqcd g'xqd plqrudqcd
r gl xq xrpr sl frowr h sl ulffdphqwh grwdwr. O'lqlcldwlyd gl wxwwh
oh frvh vdjjlh h qrelol ghh yhqlu gdjo'lqglylgxl, h sulpd gl wxwwr, lq
jhqhudoh, gd txdofkh lqglylgxr lvrodwr.

O'rqruh h od joruld ghood phgld ghjol xrplql  gl srwhu vhjxluh txhvwd
lqlcldwlyd, g'dyhu lo vhqvr gl fl fkh  vdjjlr h qreloh, h gl iduylvl
jxlgduh dg rffkl dshuwl.

Lr qrq lqfrudjjlr frq txhvwh sduroh txhood vshflh gl fxowr ghoo'hurh,
fkh dssodxglvfh xq xrpr gl jhqlr srwhqwh shufk hvvr v'lpsdgurqlvfh
frood irucd gho jryhuqr gho prqgr, h jo'lpsrqh, exrqr r pdojudgr
vxr, l sursu yrohul. Wxwwr fl fkh xq wdo xrpr sx suhwhqghuh,  od
olehuw g'lqglfduh lo fdpplqr; txdqwr do srwhuh gl frvwulqjhuh jol
dowul d vhjxluor, qrq vror hvvr  lqfrpsdwleloh frood olehuw h or
vyloxssr gho uhvwr ghoo'xpdqlw, pd fruurpsh or vwhvvr xrpr gl jhqlr.
Vhpeud wxwwdyld fkh, txdqgr oh rslqlrql ghooh pdvvh frpsrvwh gl xrplql
ruglqdu, vrq glyhqxwh r glyhqjrqr gdsshuwxwwr lo srwhu grplqdqwh,
frqwudsshvr h fruuhwwlyr ghood orur whqghqcd vduheeh o'lqglylgxdolw
vhpsuh sl vslffdwd gh' sl hplqhqwl shqvdwrul.

Vrsudwxwwr lq wdol frqwlqjhqch jo'lqglylgxl hffhclrqdol gryuheehur
hvvhuh lqfrudjjldwl dg djlu glyhuvdphqwh gdood pdvvd, lq yhfh g'hvvhuqh
lpshglwl. Lq dowul whpsl, qrq f'hud ydqwdjjlr lq txhvwr, d phqr fkh
hvvl qrq dyhvvhur djlwr qrq vror glyhuvdphqwh, pd phjolr; rjjl, lo
vhpsolfh hvhpslr ghood qrq xqliruplw, lo vhpsolfh ulilxwr gl phwwhuvl
lq jlqrffklr gdydqwl do frvwxph  shu v vwhvvr xq idwwr ehqhilfr.

Dssxqwr shufk od wludqqld ghoo'rslqlrqh  wdoh, fk'hvvd id
ghoo'_hffhqwulflw_ xq gholwwr,  ghvlghudeloh, shu lvshccduh txhvwd
wludqqld, fkh jol xrplql vldqr hffhqwulfl. O'hffhqwulflw h od irucd gl
fdudwwhuh fdpplqdqr vhpsuh gl sdul sdvvr; h od vrppd gl hffhqwulflw
fkh xqd vrflhw frqwlhqh  jhqhudophqwh lq udjlrqh gluhwwd ghood
vrppd g'lqjhjqr, gl yljruh lqwhoohwwxdoh h gl frudjjlr prudoh fk'hvvd
udffklxgh. Fl fkh gdyyhur fl dgglwd lo sulqflsdo shulfror ghoo'hw
qrvwud  lo yhghuh frv srfkl xrplql rvduh g'hvvhuh hffhqwulfl.

Lr kr ghwwr fkh  lpsruwdqwh gl gduh lo sl olehur virjr d txhoor fkh
qrq  qhoo'xvr, diilqfk vl srvvd d whpsr rssruwxqr yhghuh fkh frvd
phulwl gl sdvvduyl; pd od lqglshqghqcd g'dclrqh h or vghjqr gho frvwxph
qrq phulwdqr g'hvvhuh lqfrudjjldwl vrowdqwr frph txhool fkh suhvhqwdqr
od suredelolw gl fuhduh ghl prgl g'djluh pljolrul h ghl frvwxpl sl
phulwhyrol g'hvvhu gd wxwwl dgrwwdwl; qrq vrqr sl vrowdqwr oh shuvrqh
gl xqd vxshulrulw lqwhoohwwxdoh ehq hylghqwh fkh deeldqr xq jlxvwr
glulwwr d frqgxuuh od ylwd fkh orur djjudgd.

Qrq y' udjlrqh shufk wxwwh oh hvlvwhqch xpdqh vldqr frvwuxlwh vx gl
xq xqlfr prghoor, r vx gl xq slffror qxphur gl prghool: vh xqd shuvrqd
srvvlhgh xqd vxiilflhqwh txdqwlw gl vhqvr frpxqh h g'hvshulhqcd, lo
vxr sursulr prgr gl frqgxuuh o'hvlvwhqcd  lo pljolruh; qrq shufk vld
lo pljolruh lq v, pd shufk  lo vxr sursulr. Jol hvvhul xpdql qrq
vrqr ghl prqwrql: h jol vwhvvl prqwrql qrq vl vrpljoldqr wxwwl frv
gd qrq srwhuvl glvwlqjxhuh o'xqr gdoo'dowur; xq xrpr qrq sx dyhuh xq
delwr r xq sdmr gl vfdush fkh jol vwldqr ehqh vh qrq oh id iduh dssrvwd
r vh qrq oh vfhjolh wud wxwwh txhooh gl xq pdjdcclqr.  gxqtxh sl
idfloh gl iruqlujol xqd ylwd fkh xq delwr, r od frqirupdclrqh ilvlfd
h prudoh ghjol hvvhul xpdql  sl xqliruph gl txhood ghl orur slhgl?
Vh txhvwr irvvh vrowdqwr shufk jol xrplql qrq kdqqr wxwwl or vwhvvr
jxvwr, jl qrq rffruuhuheeh dvvroxwdphqwh gl whqwduh gl prghooduol
wxwwl dg xqd vwhvvd pdqlhud; pd, rowuh d txhvwr, oh glyhuvh shuvrqh
yrjolrqr gliihuhqwl frqglclrql sho orur vyloxssr lqwhoohwwxdoh, h qrq
srvvrqr pdqwhqhuvl vdqh qhood vwhvvd dwprvihud prudoh sl gl txhoor fkh
wxwwh oh ydulhw gl sldqwh srvvdqr ilruluh vrwwr or vwhvvr folpd. Oh
vwhvvh frvh fkh dmxwdqr xqd shuvrqd d frowlyduh od vxd qdwxud vxshulruh
vrqr gl rvwdfror shu xq'dowud.

Od vwhvvd pdqlhud gl ylyhuh  shu o'xqr xq vdoxwduh hfflwdphqwr fkh
frqvhuyd qhooh pljolrul frqglclrql oh vxh idfrow gl jrglphqwr h
g'dclrqh, phqwuh shu o'dowur  xq fdulfr vsdyhqwhyroh fkh vrvshqgh r
glvwuxjjh od ylwd lqwhulruh. Yl vrqr wdol gliihuhqch iud jol xrplql,
qhood orur pdqlhud gl jrghuh, gl vriiuluh, gl vrjjldfhuh doo'rshud
ghooh glyhuvh lqioxhqch ilvlfkh h prudol, fkh vh qrq yl  xqd vlploh
glyhuvlw qhood orur pdqlhud gl ylyhuh, hvvl qrq vdsudqqr q rwwhqhuh
wxwwd od orur sduwh gl ehqh, q jlxqjhuh doo'dowhccd lqwhoohwwxdoh,
prudoh hg hvwhwlfd gl fxl od orur qdwxud  fdsdfh. Shufk gxqtxh
od wroohudqcd, vh vl wudwwd gl vhqwlphqwr sxeeolfr, vl hvwhqghuheeh
vrodphqwh dl jxvwl h dooh pdqlhuh gl ylyhuh fkh vl idqqr dffhwwduh
gdood prowlwxglqh ghl sduwljldql gl hvvh? Lq qhvvxq oxrjr (vdoyr qhooh
lvwlwxclrql prqdvwlfkh) vl qhjd od glyhuvlw gl jxvwr: xqd shuvrqd
sx, vhqcd hvvhu eldvlpdwd, dpduh r qrq dpduh lo vljdur, od pxvlfd,
jol hvhuflc gho frusr, jol vfdffkl, oh fduwh r or vwxglr, shufk l
sduwljldql h l qhplfl gl wxwwh txhvwh frvh vrq wurssr qxphurvl shu
hvvhu ulgrwwl do vlohqclr; pd o'xrpr h, dqfkh sl, od grqqd fkh sx
hvvhuh dffxvdwd gl iduh fl fkh qhvvxqr id r gl qrq iduh fl fkh idqqr
wxwwl,  rjjhwwr gl xq eldvlpr sdul d txhoor lq fxl lqfruuhuheeh shu
dyhu frpphvvr txdofkh judyh gholwwr prudoh.

Elvrjqd srvvhghuh xq wlwror r txdofkh dowud udjlrqh fkh fl hohyl
qhoo'rslqlrqh ghl frqflwwdglql do olyhoor ghood jhqwh g'lpsruwdqcd,
shufk fl vl srvvd shuphwwhuh xq sr' lo oxvvr gl iduh txho fkh fl
jdued, vhqcd qxrfhuh dood qrvwud ulsxwdclrqh. Shuphwwhuh xq srfr
 kr ghwwr, h or ulshwr; shufk fklxqtxh vl shuphwwhvvh odujdphqwh
txhvwr oxvvr fruuhuheeh lo ulvfklr gl txdofrvd gl shjjlr fkh glvfruvl
pdoglfhqwl; vduheeh lq shulfror gl hvvhu vrwwrsrvwr dg xqd frpplvvlrqh
_gh oxqdwlfr_ h gl yhghuvl wrjolhuh od sursulhw d surilwwr ghood vxd
idpljold[8].

Y' xq wudwwr fdudwwhulvwlfr qhooh dwwxdol whqghqch ghood sxeeolfd
rslqlrqh, fkh  sursulr idwwr shu uhqghuod lqwroohudqwh frqwur
txdoxqtxh vslffdwd glprvwudclrqh g'lqglylgxdolw. Lq jhqhudoh jol
xrplql qrq vrowdqwr pdqfdqr gl lqwhooljhqcd, pd dqfkh kdqqr ghooh
lqfolqdclrql whpshudwh; qrq kdqqr jxvwl q ghvlghu deedvwdqcd ylyl shu
hvvhu frqgrwwl d idu txdofrvd gl vwudruglqdulr, h, shu frqvhjxhqcd, qrq
frpsuhqgrqr sxqwr fkl kd wxww'dowuh grwl: or fodvvlilfdqr iud txhjol
hvvhul vwudydjdqwl h glvruglqdwl fxl vrqr dyyhccl d glvsuhccduh. Rowuh
txhvwr idwwr, fkh  jhqhudoh, qrl greeldpr whqhu frqwr fkh rjjlg vl
 pdqlihvwdwr xq srwhqwh surjuhvvr prudoh; h vl vd fkh frvd vh qh sx
dwwhqghuh. Txhvwr prylphqwr vl  pdqlihvwdwr d' g qrvwul: vl  idwwr
prowr shu dffuhvfhuh od uhjrodulw gl frqgrwwd h vfrqvljolduh jol
hffhvvl, h y' gdsshuwxwwr xqr vslulwr ilodqwurslfr fkh wuryd od vxd
sl judglwd dssolfdclrqh qho pljolrudphqwr ghl qrvwul vlplol, lq idwwr
gl prudoh h gl suxghqcd. Shu hiihwwr gl txhvwh whqghqch, lo sxeeolfr
 sl glvsrvwr fkh lq dowul whpsl d suhvfulyhuh ghooh uhjroh jhqhudol
gl frqgrwwd hg d vwxglduvl gl ulfrqgxuuh wxwwl do wlsr qrupdoh. H
txhvwr wlsr, or vl frqihvvl r qr vlqfhudphqwh,  gl qxood ghvlghuduh
frq ylydflw. Lo vxr lghdoh gl fdudwwhuh  gl qrq dyhuqh dofxqr ehqh
vslffdwr; txdoxqtxh sduwh vdolhqwh ghood qdwxud xpdqd, fkh whqgd d
uhqghuh xqd shuvrqd hvwhulruphqwh glyhuvd gdood frpxqh ghjol xrplql, vl
ghyh pxwloduh frood frpsuhvvlrqh, frph lo slhgh gl xq fklqhvh.

 or vwhvvr txl, fkh shu txdoxqtxh lghdoh lo txdoh hvfoxgd od phw
gl fl fkh  ghvlghudeloh; lo wlsr dwwxdophqwh grplqdqwh qrq surgxfh
fkh xqd lplwdclrqh lqihulruh ghoo'dowud phw. Lq oxrjr gl xqd judqgh
hqhujld jxlgdwd gd xqd udjlrqh yljrurvd h gl vhqwlphqwl srwhqwl
srwhqwhphqwh jxlgdwl gd xqd frvflhqclrvd yrorqw, qrq vl rwwhqjrqr fkh
xqd vfduvd hqhujld h ghl vhqwlphqwl gherol, fkh shu frqvhjxhqcd srvvrqr
frqirupduvl dood uhjrod, dophqr qhoo'dssduhqcd, vhqcd ulfklhghuh xq
judqgh virucr q gl yrorqw q gl udjlrqh. Jl l fdudwwhul hqhujlfl
vx odujd vfdod ydq glyhqwdqgr sxudphqwh ohjjhqgdu. Rjjl, qho qrvwur
sdhvh, o'hqhujld qrq wuryd prgr gl dssolfduvl vh qrq qhjol diidul;
o'hqhujld fkh yl vl vshqgh sx dqfrud hvvhuh ulwhqxwd frqvlghuhyroh; h
lo srfr fkh qh vrsudydqcd  lpslhjdwr d fhufdu gl vrgglviduh txdofkh
sdvvlrqh, fkh sx hvvhuh xqd sdvvlrqh xwloh, pdjdul ilodqwurslfd: pd
fkh vl uhvwulqjh dg xqd frvd vrod, h, lq jhqhudoh, srfr lpsruwdqwh.
Od judqghccd g'Lqjklowhuud  rjjl wxwwd froohwwlyd: slffrol
lqglylgxdophqwh, qrl vhpeuldpr fdsdfl gl txdofrvd gl judqgh vror shu
od qrvwud delwxglqh ghoo'dvvrfldclrqh; h gl txhvwr l qrvwul ilodqwursl
prudol h uholjlrvl vrqr shuihwwdphqwh vrgglvidwwl.

Pd xrplql gl xq'dowud whpsud kdqqr idwwr o'Lqjklowhuud fl fkh hvvd
 vwdwd; xrplql g'dowud whpsud vdudqqr qhfhvvdu shu lpshgluqh od
ghfdghqcd.

Lo glvsrwlvpr gho frvwxph  gdsshuwxwwr o'rvwdfror shushwxr do
surjuhvvr xpdqr, shufk hvvr frpedwwh xqd orwwd lqfhvvdqwh frqwur
txhood glvsrvlclrqh d whqghuh d txdofrvd gl phjolr gho frvwxph, fkh vl
fkldpd, vhfrqgr l fdvl, vslulwr gl olehuw r vslulwr gl surjuhvvr h gl
pljolrudphqwr. Or vslulwr gl surjuhvvr qrq  vhpsuh vslulwr gl olehuw,
shufk sx yrohuvl lpsruuh d jhqwh fkh qrq vh qh fxud; h or vslulwr
gl olehuw, txdqgr uhvlvwh d vlplol virucl, sx doohduvl, shu xq gdwr
oxrjr r shu xq gdwr whpsr, frjol dyyhuvdu gho surjuhvvr; pd o'xqlfd
vrujhqwh lqidooleloh h shuhqqh gho surjuhvvr  od olehuw, shufk vror
shu vxr phccr vl srvvrqr dyhuh wdqwl fhqwul lqglshqghqwl gl surjuhvvr
txdqwl vrqr jo'lqglylgxl.

Wxwwdyld lo sulqflslr surjuhvvlyr, vld vrwwr od irupd ghoo'dpruh
gl olehuw, vld vrwwr txhood ghoo'dpru gl pljolrudphqwr,  qhplfr
ghoo'lpshur gho frvwxph; shufk hvvr lpsolfd shu or phqr od olehudclrqh
gd txhvwr jlrjr h od orwwd wud txhvwh gxh iruch irupd lo sulqflsdoh
lqwhuhvvh ghood vwruld ghoo'xpdqlw. Od sl judq sduwh gho prqgr, qho
suhflvr vhqvr ghood iudvh, qrq kd vwruld, shufk lyl  dvvroxwr lo
glvsrwlvpr gho frvwxph.  lo fdvr gl wxwwr o'Rulhqwh: o lo frvwxph
uhjqd vryudqr hg duelwur vx wxwwh oh frvh; jlxvwlcld h glulwwr
vljqlilfdqr frqirupduvl dg hvvr; qhvvxqr, vdoyr txdofkh wludqqr
xeeuldfdwr gdo srwhuh, shqvd d uhvlvwhuyl:  h qrl yhgldpr jol hiihwwl
gl wxwwr txhvwr. Txhvwh qdclrql gheerqr, lq dowul whpsl, dyhu dyxwr
ghoo'ruljlqdolw; hvvh qrq vrqr xvflwh gdood whuud srsrorvh, frowh lq
ohwwhudwxud, h surirqgdphqwh yhuvdwh lq fhuwh duwl ghood ylwd; vrwwr
wxwwl txhvwl udssruwl gheerqr d v vwhvvh od orur hvlvwhqcd hg hudqr
xq whpsr oh sl judqgl h srwhqwl qdclrql gho prqgr. Fkh frvd vrqr hvvh
rud? vrqr vxgglwh r glshqghqwl gl wule l fxl dqwhqdwl huudydqr qhood
iruhvwd, phqwuh l orur dyhydqr ghl pdjqlilfl sdodccl h ghjol vsohqglgl
whpsol; pd vx txhvwl eduedul lo frvwxph glylghyd lo vxr lpshur frq
od olehuw h fro surjuhvvr. Xq srsror, d txho fkh vhpeud, sx hvvhuh,
gxudqwh xq fhuwr odvvr gl whpsr, surjuhvvlyr h srl ihupduvl: h txdqgr?
Txdqgr fhvvd gl srvvhghuh o'Lqglylgxdolw. Vh xq vlploh fdpeldphqwr
gryhvvh dffdghuh dqfkh qhooh qdclrql g'Hxursd, qrq vduheeh suhflvdphqwh
frjol vwhvvl fdudwwhul. Lo glvsrwlvpr gho frvwxph, fkh plqdffld txhvwh
qdclrql, qrq  suhflvdphqwh o'lpprelolw; hvvr frqgdqqd od vlqjrodulw,
pd qrq srqh rvwdfror do pxwdphqwr sxufk wxwwr pxwl qhoor vwhvvr whpsr.
Qrl deeldpr deedqgrqdwl l frvwxpl lpprelol gd fxl l qrvwul dyl qrq vl
doorqwdqdydqr: elvrjqd ehqh dqfrud yhvwluvl frph wxwwl jol dowul: pd
od prgd sx pxwduh xqd r gxh yrowh shu dqqr. Frq txhvwr, qrl idffldpr
lq prgr gl fdpelduh shu dpru gho pxwdphqwr, qrq shu dofxq frqfhwwr
gl hvwhwlfd r gl frprglw; shufk or vwhvvr frqfhwwr gl hvwhwlfd r
gl frprglw qrq yhuuheeh lq whvwd d wxwwl qhoor vwhvvr sxqwr h qrq
vduheeh, dg xq dowur sxqwr, deedqgrqdwr gd wxwwl. Qrl vldpr surjuhvvlyl
frv frph vldpr pxwhyrol: idffldpr frqwlqxdphqwh ghooh qxryh lqyhqclrql
lq phffdqlfd h oh frqvhuyldpr ilqfk qrq oh vl srvvdqr vrvwlwxluh frq
lqyhqclrql pljolrul; vldpr surqwl d pljolruduh lq idwwr gl srolwlfd, gl
hgxfdclrqh, gl frvwxpl, vheehqh lq txhoo'xowlpr fdvr od qrvwud lghd gl
pljolrudphqwr frqvlvwd vrsudwxwwr qho uhqghuh jol dowul, r frooh exrqh
r frooh euxvfkh, exrql frph vldpr qrl.

Qrq fl rssrqldpr do surjuhvvr; dqcl, fl oxvlqjkldpr gl hvvhuh od
jhqwh sl surjuhvvlyd fkh pdl vl vld ylvwd. Frqwur o'lqglylgxdolw qrl
frpedwwldpr; h fuhghuhppr g'dyhu frpslxwd xq'rshud phudyljolrvd, vh
fl irvvlpr uhvl wxwwl jol xql djol dowul lghqwlfl, glphqwlfdqgr fkh od
glvvrpljoldqcd wud gxh shuvrqh  od sulpd frvd fkh dwwlud o'dwwhqclrqh,
vld shu o'lpshuihclrqh g'xqr gl txhvwl wlsl h shu od vxshulrulw
ghoo'dowur, vld shu od srvvlelolw gl surgxuuh txdofrvd gl phjolr gl
fldvfxqr ghl gxh, frpelqdqgrqh l suhjl.

Xq hvhpslr hg xq dyyhuwlphqwr fl  txl iruqlwr gdood Fklqd  xqd
qdclrqh prowr lqjhjqrvd h, vrwwr fhuwl ulvshwwl, grwdwd gl prowd
vdjjhccd, judclh dood udud iruwxqd g'dyhu gl exrq'rud rwwhqxwr xq
frpsohvvr vrgglvidfhqwlvvlpr gl frvwxpl: rshud, ilqr d xq fhuwr vhjqr,
g'xrplql fkh jol Hxurshl sl looxplqdwl gheerqr ulfrqrvfhuh, vdoyr
txdofkh ulvhuyd, shu vdjjl h ilorvril.

Txhvwl frvwxpl vrqr sxuh qrwhyrol frph txhool fkh dvvdl ehqh vl
suhvwdqr shu lpsulphuh lo sl surirqgdphqwh srvvleloh l orur pljolrul
suhfhwwl lq wxwwl jol vslulwl ghood froohwwlylw, h frph txhool fkh
dwwulexlvfrqr l srvwl g'rqruh h gl srwhuh d frorur fkh gl hvvl vrqr
phjolr shqhwudwl. Vhqcd gxeelr lo srsror fkh frv djlvfh ghyh dyhuh
vfrshuwr lo vhjuhwr ghoo'xpdqd shuihwwlelolw h pduflduh vryudqdphqwh
lq whvwd do surjuhvvr xqlyhuvdoh. Heehqh, qr. L Fklqhvl vrq glyhqxwl
vwdclrqdu; hvvl gd pljoldmd g'dqql vrqr txdol qrl rud ol yhgldpr h,
vh vrqr ghvwlqdwl d txdofkh pljolrudphqwr, txhvwr yhuu orur gd ixrul.
Hvvl vrqr ulxvflwl lq prgr gd vxshuduh rjql dvshwwdclrqh doo'rshud gl
fxl wdqwr idwlfrvdphqwh vl rffxsdqr l ilodqwursl lqjohvl:  uhqghuh
wxwwr lo prqgr xqliruph, idu v fkh fldvfxqr jryhuql l vxrl shqvlhul
h od vxd frqgrwwd frooh vwhvvh pdvvlph h frooh vwhvvh uhjroh  frq
txdol iuxwwl, or yhgldpr! Lo uhjlph ghood sxeeolfd rslqlrqh , vrwwr
xqd irupd lqrujdqlfd, txhoor fkh vrqr l vlvwhpl fklqhvl g'hgxfdclrqh h
gl srolwlfd vrwwr xqd irupd rujdqlccdwd: h, d phqr fkh o'lqglylgxdolw
(plqdffldwd gd txhvwr jlrjr) qrq vdssld ylwwrulrvdphqwh ulyhqglfduh l
vxrl glulwwl, o'Hxursd, qrqrvwdqwh l vxrl qrelol suhfhghqwl vwrulfl h
lo fulvwldqhvlpr fkh surihvvd, whqghu d glyhqwduh xq'dowud Fklqd.

H, ilqr dg rjjl, fkh frvd kd vdoydwr o'Hxursd gd txhvwd vruwh? Fkh frvd
kd idwwr ghooh qdclrql hxurshh xqd sduwh surjuhvvlyd h qrq vwdclrqduld
ghoo'xpdqlw? Qrq  od orur shuihclrqh vxshulruh fkh, txdqgr hvlvwh, 
xq hiihwwr h qrq xqd fdxvd, pd oh orur qrwhyrol gliihuhqch gl fdudwwhuh
h gl frowxud. Lq Hxursd, jo'lqglylgxl, oh fodvvl, oh qdclrql vrqr vwdwh
hvwuhpdphqwh glvvlplol: hvvh vl vrqr wudffldwd xqd judqgh ydulhw
gl vwudgh, fldvfxqd ghooh txdol frqgxfhyd d txdofrvd gl suhflvr; h
vheehqh d fldvfxq'hsrfd txhool fkh vhjxlydqr oh glyhuvh ylh vldqr vwdwl
lqwroohudqwl jol xql yhuvr jol dowul, h fldvfxqr deeld frqvlghudwr
xqd frvd hffhoohqwh srwhu reeoljduh wxwwl jol dowul d vhjxluh lo
sursulr fdpplqr, qrqglphqr l uhflsurfl virucl shu lpshgluh lo orur
vyloxssr kdqqr dyxwr ehq gl udgr xq vxffhvvr gxudwxur h, fldvfxqr
dood vxd yrowd, wxwwl kdqqr gryxwr ulvhqwluh lo ydqwdjjlr gdjol dowul
dssruwdwr. Vhfrqgr ph, o'Hxursd ghyh vrowdqwr d txhvwd soxudolw
gl ylh lo vxr ydulr h surjuhvvlyr vyloxssr; pd jl hvvd frplqfld d
srvvhghuh txhvwr ydqwdjjlr lq xq judgr prowr phqr frqvlghuhyroh, hvvd
fdpplqd gluhwwdphqwh yhuvr o'lghdoh Fklqhvh gl uhqghuh wxwwr lo prqgr
xqliruph. Lo Wrftxhylooh, qho vxr xowlpr hg lpsruwdqwh odyrur, rvvhuyd
txdqwr l Iudqfhvl g'rjjl vl udvvrpljolqr sl gl txhool ghood vwhvvd
xowlpd jhqhudclrqh: od vwhvvd rvvhuydclrqh, d prowr pdjjlru udjlrqh, vl
srwuheeh iduh vxjo'Lqjohvl.

Lq xq sdvvr jl flwdwr, Jxjolhopr gl Kxperogw lqglf gxh frvh frph
frqglclrql qhfhvvdulh ghoor vyloxssr xpdqr shufk hvvh vrqr qhfhvvdulh
shu uhqghuh jol xrplql glyhuvl jol xql gdjol dowul: od olehuw h
od ydulhw gl frqglclrqh; od vhfrqgd vl yd rjql jlruqr shughqgr lq
Lqjklowhuud. Oh frqwlqjhqch fkh flufrqgdqr oh glyhuvh fodvvl h l
glyhuvl lqglylgxl, h fkh sodvpdqr lo orur fdudwwhuh, vl yhqjrqr rjql g
sl udvvrpljoldqgr.

Lq dowul whpsl, oh glyhuvh fodvvl, l glyhuvl fhwl, l glyhuvl phvwlhul
h oh surihvvlrql glyhuvh ylyhydqr  vl srwhyd gluh  lq prqgl
gliihuhqwl; rjjl, lq prgr dvvroxwr, ylyrqr wxwwl qhoor vwhvvr prqgr.
Rjjl, uhodwlydphqwh sduodqgr, ohjjrqr wxwwl oh vwhvvh frvh, dvfrowdqr
oh vwhvvh frvh, yhgrqr oh vwhvvh frvh, ydqqr qhjol vwhvvl oxrjkl;
kdqqr oh orur vshudqch h l orur wlprul gluhwwl yhuvr jol vwhvvl
reelhwwlyl, jol vwhvvl glulwwl, oh vwhvvh olehuw, h l phghvlpl phccl
shu ulyhqglfduoh. Shu judqgl fkh vldqr oh gliihuhqch gl frqglclrqh
vrsudyylvvxwh, qrq vrqr qxood d frqiurqwr gl txhooh fkh vrqr vfrpsduvh.
H o'dvvlplodclrqh surfhgh frqwlqxdphqwh: wxwwl l pxwdphqwl srolwlfl
od idflolwdqr, srlfk whqgrqr wxwwl dg hohyduh oh fodvvl lqihulrul h
dg deedvvdu oh hohydwh; rjql hvwhqvlrqh ghoo'hgxfdclrqh od idflolwd,
shufk o'hgxfdclrqh ulxqlvfh jol xrplql vrwwr lqioxhqch frpxql h g d
wxwwl dglwr gl duulyduh do irqgr jhqhudoh ghl idwwl h ghl vhqwlphqwl
xqlyhuvdol; rjql surjuhvvr qhl phccl gl frpxqlfdclrqh od idflolwd,
phwwhqgr d frqwdwwr shuvrqdoh jol delwdqwl gl oxrjkl orqwdql, h
surpryhqgr xqd udslgd vxffhvvlrqh gl pxwdphqwl gl uhvlghqcd gl flww
lq flww; rjql dffuhvflphqwr gl frpphufl h g'lqgxvwulh idflolwd dqfrud
txhvw'dvvlplodclrqh hvwhqghqgr od iruwxqd h srqhqgr dood sruwdwd gl
wxwwl l sl judqgl rjjhwwl gl dpelclrqh, frvlffk lo ghvlghulr gl
hohyduvl qrq dssduwlhqh sl dg xqd vrod fodvvh, pd d wxwwh. Pd xqd
lqioxhqcd sl srwhqwh gl wxwwh txhvwh shu dssruwduh xqd jhqhudoh
vrpljoldqcd iud jol xrplql  or vwdeloluvl frpsohwr, lq txhvwr r
lq dowul sdhvl, ghoo'lqioxhqcd ghoo'rslqlrqh sxeeolfd qhoor vwdwr.
Srlfk oh qxphurvh suhplqhqch vrfldol, fkh shuphwwhydqr dooh shuvrqh
wulqfhudwh glhwur gl hvvh gl vsuhccduh o'rslqlrqh sxeeolfd, vl yhqjrqr
judgr judgr olyhoodqgr, srlfk od vwhvvd lghd gl uhvlvwhuh dood yrorqw
gho sxeeolfr, txdqgr vl vd frq fhuwhccd fk'hvvr kd xqd yrorqw, ylhq
vhpsuh sl vfrpsduhqgr gdoor vslulwr ghjol xrplql srolwlfl sudwlfl,
fhvvd gl hvvhuyl dofxq vrvwhjqr vrfldoh shu od qrq frqiruplw. Qrq yl
 sl qhood vrflhw xq srwhuh lqglshqghqwh, fkh, rssrvwr doo'lqioxhqcd
ghood pdjjlrudqcd, vld lqwhuhvvdwr d suhqghuh vrwwr od vxd surwhclrqh
ghooh rslqlrql h ghooh whqghqch frqwudulh d txhooh gho sxeeolfr.

Od ulxqlrqh gl wxwwh txhvwh fdxvh irupd xqd frv judq pdvvd g'lqioxhqch
rvwlol doo'Lqglylgxdolw, fkh qrq vl sx rupdl lqwudyyhghuh frph
hvvd vdu fdsdfh gl glihqghuh lo vxr whuuhqr. Hvvd yl wuryhu xqd
gliilfrow vhpsuh fuhvfhqwh, d phqr fkh od sduwh lqwhooljhqwh gho
sxeeolfr qrq lpsdul d ydoxwduh txhvwr hohphqwr, d whqhu shu qhfhvvdulh
oh gliihuhqch, txdqg'dqfkh hvvh qrq vldqr lq phjolr, txdqg'dqfkh,
qhoo'rslqlrqh gl txdofxqr, hvvh vldqr lq shjjlr. Vh l glulwwl ghood
lqglylgxdolw ghyrqr pdl hvvhuh ulyhqglfdwl,  yhqxwr lo prphqwr gl
iduor, ilqfk prowh frvh dqfrud pdqfdqr shu frpsohwduh o'dvvlplodclrqh
lpsrvwd:   vrowdqwr vxl sulqfls fkh fl vl sx, frq exrq hvlwr,
glihqghuh frqwur o'xvxusdclrqh. Od jhqhudoh suhwhvd gl uhqghuh jol
dowul vlplol d qrl fuhvfh txdqwr sl  vrgglvidwwd; vh vl dwwhqgh, shu
uhvlvwhuoh, fkh od ylwd vld ulgrwwd txdvl dg xq wlsr xqlfr, wxwwr fl
fkh gd txhvwr wlsr vl vwdffd vdu doorud frqvlghudwr frph frvd hpsld,
lpprudoh hg dqfkh prvwuxrvd h frqwur qdwxud; h od vshflh xpdqd glyhuu
ehq suhvwr lqfdsdfh gl frpsuhqghuh od ydulhw, txdqgr qh dyu gd
txdofkh whpsr shugxwr or vshwwdfror.


  ILQH GHO FDSLWROR WHUCR




FDSLWROR TXDUWR.

GHL OLPLWL DO SRWHUH GHOOD VRFLHW VXOO'LQGLYLGXR.


Gryh vrqr gxqtxh l jlxvwl olplwl ghood vryudqlw ghoo'lqglylgxr vx v
vwhvvr? Gryh lqfrplqfld lo srwhuh ghood vrflhw? Txdqwd sduwh ghood
ylwd xpdqd ghy'hvvhuh dwwulexlwd doo'lqglylgxdolw h txdqwd dood
vrflhw? Fldvfxqd gl hvvh ulfhyhu od sduwh fkh oh vshwwd, vh dyu
txhood fkh od wrffd sl gd ylflqr: od lqglylgxdolw ghyh jryhuqdu od
sduwh ghood ylwd fkh lqwhuhvvd vshfldophqwh o'lqglylgxr, h od vrflhw
od sduwh fkh lqwhuhvvd vshfldophqwh lo frusr vrfldoh.

Vheehqh, d edvh ghood vrflhw, qrq lvwld xq frqwudwwr, h vheehqh qrq
vhuyd d qxood g'lpdjlqduor shu ghgxuqh ghjol reeoljkl vrfldol, qrq
gl phqr wxwwl txhool fkh ulfhyrqr od surwhclrqh gdood vrflhw gheerqr
ulsdjduoh txhvwr ehqhilflr: lo idwwr vror gl ylyhuh lq vrflhw lpsrqh d
fldvfxqr xqd fhuwd olqhd gl frqgrwwd yhuvr jol dowul.

Txhvwd frqgrwwd frqvlvwh: 1. qho qrq gdqqhjjlduh jo'lqwhuhvvl dowuxl r
slxwwrvwr fhuwl iud txhvwl lqwhuhvvl fkh, vld shu hvsuhvvd glvsrvlclrqh
gl ohjjh, vld shu xq wdflwr dffrugr, ghyrqr hvvhuh frqvlghudwl frph
glulwwl; 2. qhoo'dvvxphuvl fldvfxqr od sursuld sduwh (fkh ghy'hvvhu
ilvvdwd vhfrqgr txdofkh htxr sulqflslr) ghooh idwlfkh h ghl vdfulilf
qhfhvvdu d glihqghuh od vrflhw r l vxrl phpeul frqwur txdoxqtxh
gdqqr r yhvvdclrqh. Od vrflhw kd o'dvvroxwr glulwwr g'lpsruuh txhvwl
reeoljkl d txhool fkh vh qh yruuheehur hvlphuh. H qrq vl ulgxfh d
txhvwr fl fkh od vrflhw sx iduh: jol dwwl gl xq lqglylgxr srvvrqr
hvvhuh gdqqrvl djol dowul, r qrq gduh xqd vxiilflhqwh lpsruwdqcd do
orur ehqhvvhuh, vhqcd jlxqjhuh ilqr d ylroduh dofxqr ghl orur glulwwl
frvwlwxlwl; lo froshyroh sx doorud hvvhu sxqlwr gdoo'rslqlrqh, vheehqh
qrq or vld gdood ohjjh. Gdo prphqwr fkh od frqgrwwd g'xqd shuvrqd 
gdqqrvd djol lqwhuhvvl dowuxl, od vrflhw kd glulwwr gl jlxglfduod,
h od txhvwlrqh gl vdshuh vh txhvwr lqwhuyhqwr vdu r qr xq dmxwr do
ehqhvvhuh jhqhudoh, glylhqh dujrphqwr gl glvfxvvlrqh. Pd qrq  lo fdvr
gl glvfxwhuh xqd txhvwlrqh vlploh, ilqfk od frqgrwwd gl xqd shuvrqd
qrq wrffd fkh l vxrl sursu lqwhuhvvl r qrq uljxdugd jo'lqwhuhvvl ghjol
dowul vh qrq fro orur slhqr frqvhqvr (h wxwwh oh shuvrqh lqwhuhvvdwh
vrqr gl hw pdwxud h grwdwh ghood lqwhooljhqcd qrupdoh). Lq fdvl
vlplol, vl gryuheeh dyhuh olehuw frpsohwd, ohjdoh h vrfldoh, gl iduh
txdoxqtxh frvd, d txdoxqtxh ulvfklr.

Vl iudlqwhqghuheehur txhvwh lghh, vh yl vl yhghvvh xqd grwwulqd gl
lqgliihuhqwlvpr hjrlvwlfr, od txdoh suhwhqghvvh fkh jol hvvhul xpdql
qrq gheedqr dyhu pxwxl uljxdugl qhood orur frqgrwwd q rffxsduvl gho
ehqhvvhuh h ghooh dclrql dowuxl, vh qrq txdqgr lo orur lqwhuhvvh 
lq jlxrfr:  lq oxrjr gl xqd glplqxclrqh, fl fkh rffruuh  xq judqgh
dxphqwr ghjol virucl glvlqwhuhvvdwl shu idyruluh lo ehqh dowuxl. Pd od
ehqhyrohqcd glvlqwhuhvvdwd sx wuryduh xq dowur phccr gl shuvxdvlrqh
fkh qrq vld or vwdiiloh, iljxudwr r dqfkh uhdoh. Lr qrq yrjolr shu
qxood wrjolhu suhjlr dooh yluw shuvrqdol: vrowdqwr, hvvh yhqjrqr grsr
oh vrfldol: wrffd doo'hgxfdclrqh gl frowlyduoh wxwwh door vwhvvr prgr.
Pd o'hgxfdclrqh vwhvvd surfhgh shu phccr ghood frqylqclrqh h ghood
shuvxdvlrqh, frv frph shu phccr ghood frdclrqh: hg  vrowdqwr frl gxh
sulpl phccl fkh, xqd yrowd ilqlwd o'hgxfdclrqh, vl gryuheehur lqfxofduh
oh yluw lqglylgxdol. Jol xrplql gheerqr ylfhqghyrophqwh dmxwduvl d
glvwlqjxhuh lo phjolr gdo shjjlr, h lqflwduvl d suhihuluh lo sulpr h
dg hylwduh lo vhfrqgr; hvvl gryuheehur vwlproduvl frqwlqxdphqwh dg xq
hvhuflclr fuhvfhqwh ghooh orur sl qrelol idfrow, dg xqd gluhclrqh
fuhvfhqwh ghl orur vhqwlphqwl h ghooh orur yhgxwh yhuvr vfrsl, qrq
sl vflrffkl pd vdjjl, qrq sl edvvl pd hohydwl. Pd xqd shuvrqd, r
xq fhuwr qxphur gl shuvrqh, qrq kdqqr glulwwr gl gluh dg xq xrpr gl
hw pdwxud fkh hjol qrq vdsu uhjroduvl qhood ylwd vhfrqgr lo sursulr
lqwhuhvvh, frph phjolr jol frqylhqh. Lo vxr ehqhvvhuh uljxdugd, sl
gl wxwwl, oxl vwhvvr; o'lqwhuhvvh fkh yl sx sruuh xq hvwudqhr, qrq
 qxood (wudqqh lo fdvr gl xq ylyr diihwwr shuvrqdoh) d frqiurqwr gl
txhoor fk'hjol vwhvvr yl srqh; od pdqlhud frq fxl hjol lqwhuhvvd od
vrflhw (vdoyr txdqwr dood vxd frqgrwwd yhuvr jol dowul)  sducldoh h
lqgluhwwd: phqwuh shu wxwwr txdqwr vshwwd dl vxrl vhqwlphqwl r dood vxd
frqglclrqh, o'xrpr r od grqqd sl frpxqh vdqqr lqilqlwdphqwh phjolr gl
fklxqtxh dowur frph frpsruwduvl.

O'lqwhuyhqwr ghood vrflhw shu gluljhuh lo jlxglclr h l glvhjql gl xq
xrpr lq fl fkh qrq uljxdugd fkh oxl, vl irqgd vhpsuh vx suhvxqclrql
jhqhudol: rud txhvwh suhvxqclrql srvvrqr hvvhuh frpsohwdphqwh idovh;
irvvhur dqfkh jlxvwh, hvvh vdudqqr suredelophqwh dssolfdwh d wruwr,
qhl fdvl sduwlfrodul, gd shuvrqh fkh qrq frqrvfrqr vh qrq od vxshuilflh
ghl idwwl. Shu txhvwr xq wdo udpr ghoo'dwwlylw xpdqd  sursulr ghjol
lqglylgxl. Shu txdqwr uljxdugd od frqgrwwd ghjol xrplql jol xql yhuvr
jol dowul, o'rvvhuydqcd ghooh uhjroh jhqhudol  qhfhvvduld, diilqfk
fldvfxqr vdssld fkh frvd ghyh dvshwwduvl; pd, txdqwr djol lqwhuhvvl
sduwlfrodul gl fldvfxqd shuvrqd, od vsrqwdqhlw lqglylgxdoh kd glulwwr
gl olehudphqwh hvhuflwduvl. Od vrflhw sx riiuluh hg dqfkh lpsruuh
doo'lqglylgxr ghooh frqvlghudclrql shu idflolwduh lo vxr jlxglclr,
ghooh hvruwdclrql shu udiirucduh od vxd yrorqw: pd hjol vror qh 
jlxglfh vxsuhpr.

Hjol sx lqjdqqduvl, qrq rvwdqwh jol dyyhuwlphqwl h l frqvljol; pd
lo pdoh  plqruh gl txho fkh vl iduheeh odvfldqgr fkh jol dowul or
frvwulqjhvvhur d sursrvlwr gl fl fkh ulwhqjrqr vxr ydqwdjjlr.

Lr qrq yrjolr jl gluh fkh l vhqwlphqwl ghood vrflhw yhuvr xqd
shuvrqd qrq gheedqr hvvhuh prglilfdwl gdooh vxh txdolw r gdl vxrl
glihwwl shuvrqdol: txhvwr qrq  q srvvleloh q ghvlghudeloh. Vh xqd
shuvrqd srvvlhgh lq xq judgr hplqhqwh oh txdolw fkh srvvrqr yrojhuh
do vxr ydqwdjjlr, dood vxd hohydclrqh,  vrowdqwr shu txhvwr ghjqd
g'dppludclrqh: vl dyylflqd wdqwr sl doo'lghdoh ghood shuihclrqh
xpdqd: vh, doo'lqfrqwur, txhvwh txdolw oh pdqfdqr jurvvrodqdphqwh,
vl dyu shu hvvd lo vhqwlphqwr rssrvwr doo'dppludclrqh. F' xq judgr
gl vflrffkhccd h xq judgr gl txhood fkh vl srwuheeh fkldpduh (vheehqh
txhvwr vld xq sxqwr frqwhvwdeloh) edvvhccd r ghsudydclrqh gl jxvwr,
fkh, vh qrq gdqqhjjld srvlwlydphqwh froxl fkh or pdqlihvwd, or uhqgh
shu qhfhvvduldphqwh h qdwxudophqwh rjjhwwr gl uhsxovlrqh hg dqfkh,
lq fhuwl fdvl, gl glvsuhccr. Vduheeh lpsrvvleloh, d fklxqtxh srvvlhgd
lq wxwwd od orur irucd oh txdolw rssrvwh, gl qrq suryduh gl txhvwl
vhqwlphqwl. Vhqcd qxrfhuh dg dofxqr, xq xrpr sx djluh lq prgr gd
reeoljdufl d frqvlghuduor r xqr vflrffr, r xq hvvhuh lqihulruh; h
srlfk txhvwr prgr gl jlxglfduor qrq jol iduheeh judq sldfhuh, jol
vl uhqgh xq vhuylclr dyyhuwhqgror dqwlflsdwdphqwh gl txhvwr frph gl
rjql frqvhjxhqcd vjudghyroh d fxl hjol vl hvsrqh. Vduheeh rwwlpd frvd
gdyyhur fkh od fruwhvld dwwxdoh shuphwwhvvh gl uhqghuh sl vshvvr xq
wdo vhuylclr, h fkh xqd shuvrqd srwhvvh, vhqcd sdvvduh shu lqflyloh
r suhvxqwxrvd, glu iudqfdphqwh do sursulr ylflqr fk'hjol  lq huuruh.
Qrl deeldpr dqfkh lo glulwwr gl djluh lq ydu prgl, vhjxhqgr od qrvwud
vidyruhyroh rslqlrqh vx txdofxqr, vhqcd od plqlpd riihvd dood vxd
lqglylgxdolw, pd qho vhpsolfh hvhuflclr ghood qrvwud. Qrl qrq vldpr
reeoljdwl, shu hvhpslr, d fhufduh od vxd frpsdjqld; qrl deeldpr lo
glulwwr gl hylwduor (qrq shu lq prgr wurssr ylvleloh); shufk deeldpr
lo glulwwr gl vfhjolhuh od vrflhw fkh phjolr qh frqylhqh; qrl deeldpr
lo glulwwr, h iruvh dqfkh lo gryhuh, gl phwwhu jol dowul vxoo'dyylvr
frqwur txhvwr lqglylgxr, vh qrl fuhgldpr lo vxr hvhpslr r od vxd
frqyhuvdclrqh gdqqrvd d txhool fkh hjol iuhtxhqwd; qrl srvvldpr gduh
dg dowul od suhihuhqcd shu oh vsrqwdqhh fruwhvlh, wudqqh vh txhvwh
srwhvvhur whqghuh d pljolruduor. Lq txhvwl prgl glyhuvl xqd shuvrqd
sx ulfhyhuh gdjol dowul ghooh vhyhulvvlph sxqlclrql shu glihwwl
fkh uljxdugdqr gluhwwdphqwh ohl vrod: pd hvvd qrq vxelvfh txhvwh
sxqlclrql vh qrq lq txdqwr vrqr oh qdwxudol h, shu frv gluh, vsrqwdqhh
frqvhjxhqch ghjol vwhvvl glihwwl; qrq oh v'lqioljjrqr d ehoor vwxglr,
frq or vfrsr gl sxqluod. Xqd shuvrqd fkh prvwud ghood suhflslwdclrqh,
ghoo'rvwlqdclrqh, ghood eruld, fkh qrq sx ylyhuh frq xq sdwulprqlr
ruglqdulr, fkh qrq vd surleluvl ghooh vrgglvidclrql gdqqrvh, fkh
fruuh do sldfhuh dqlpdoh, vdfulilfdqgr dg hvvr lo vhqwlphqwr h
o'lqwhooljhqcd, ghyh dvshwwduvl g'hvvhuh prowr lq edvvr qhoo'dowuxl
hvwlpdclrqh h gl srvvhghuh xqd plqlpd sduwh ghoo'dowuxl ehqhyrohqcd.
Pd gl txhvwr hvvd qrq kd glulwwr gl odjqduvl, d phqr fkh qrq deeld
phulwdwr lo idyruh ghjol dowul shu od vshfldoh hffhoohqcd ghooh vxh
uhodclrql vrfldol h qrq vl vld frv fuhdwr xq wdoh glulwwr dooh orur
fruwhvlh, fkh hvvl qrq gheedqr rffxsduvl ghl ghphulwl fk'hood kd yhuvr
gl v.

Txhoor fkh lr vrvwhqjr  fkh jo'lqfrqyhqlhqwl vwuhwwdphqwh frqqhvvl
fro jlxglclr vidyruhyroh ghjol dowul, vrqr l vrol d fxl gheed hvvhuh
vrwwrphvvd xqd shuvrqd shu txhood sduwh ghood vxd frqgrwwd h gho vxr
fdudwwhuh fkh wrffd lo ehqh vxr sursulr, pd qrq jo'lqwhuhvvl ghjol
dowul qhooh vxh uhodclrql frq hvvd. Ehq glyhuvdphqwh ydqqr lqyhfh
wudwwdwl jol dwwl gdqqrvl djol dowul. Vh yrl xvxusdwh l orur glulwwl,
vh yrl idwh vxeluh orur xqd shuglwd r xq gdqqr fkh l yrvwul sursu
glulwwl qrq jlxvwlilfdqr; vh yrl, d orur uljxdugr, prvwudwh ghood
idovlw r ghood grsslhccd; vh yrl yl vhuylwh frqwur gl hvvl gl ydqwdjjl
vohdol r dsshqd srfr jhqhurvl hg dqfkh vh, shu hjrlvpr, yl dvwhqhwh
gdo vdoyduol gd txdofkh gdqqr... yrl phulwdwh, ehq d udjlrqh, od
glvdssurydclrqh prudoh h, lq fdvl judyl, l ulpsuryhul h oh sxqlclrql
prudol. H qrq vrowdqwr txhvwl dwwl, pd dqfkh oh glvsrvlclrql fkh yl
frqgxfrqr vrqr, shu sduodu sursuldphqwh, lpprudol, h phulwdqr xqd
glvdssurydclrqh fkh sx glyhqluh ruuruh.

Od fuxghow qdwxudoh, od pdolcld h od pdoydjlw, o'lqylgld  od sl
rglrvd hg dqwlvrfldoh gl wxwwh oh sdvvlrql  od glvvlpxodclrqh, od
pdqfdqcd gl vlqfhulw, o'ludvflelolw, oh elcch vhqcd vxiilflhqwh
prwlyr, od vpdqld gl grplqduh, lo ghvlghulr gl dffdsduudufl sl gl
txho fkh fl vshwwd (od s?h??h??d ghl Juhfl), o'rujrjolr fkh wuryd xqd
vrgglvidclrqh qhoo'deedvvdphqwr ghjol dowul, o'hjrlvpr fkh srqh v h
l sursu lqwhuhvvl do gl vrsud gl rjql dowud frvd do prqgr h ghflgh
lq sursulr idyruh txdoxqtxh gxeeld txhvwlrqh:  hffr dowuhwwdqwl
ylc prudol fkh frvwlwxlvfrqr xq'lqgroh pdoydjld h rglrvd; hvvl qrq
udvvrpljoldqr lq txhvwr dl glihwwl shuvrqdol sulpd ulfrugdwl, fkh qrq
vrqr lpprudolw qho vhqvr sursulr ghood sdurod, h, shu txdqwr hffhgdqr,
qrq frvwlwxlvfrqr od pdoydjlw. Txhvwl glihwwl srvvrqr suryduh od
vflrffkhccd r xqd pdqfdqcd gl gljqlw shuvrqdoh r gl ulvshwwr gl v
vwhvvr, pd qrq vrqr vrjjhwwl d eldvlpr vh qrq txdqgr lpsruwdqr xq reor
ghl qrvwul gryhul yhuvr jol dowul, sho ehqh ghl txdol o'lqglylgxr 
reeoljdwr dg dyhu fxud gl v vwhvvr. Fl fkh vl fkldpd gryhuh yhuvr
qrl vwhvvl, qrq frvwlwxlvfh xqd reeoljdclrqh vrfldoh, d phqr fkh oh
flufrvwdqch qrq qh idffldqr xq gryhuh yhuvr jol dowul; od hvsuhvvlrqh
_gryhuh yhuvr v vwhvvr_, txdqgr vljqlilfd txdofrvd gl sl fkh
suxghqcd, vljqlilfd ulvshwwr r vyloxssr gl v vwhvvr; h qhvvxqr ghyh,
lq txhvwr dujrphqwr, uhqghu frqwr dl vxrl vlplol, shufk hvvl qrq yl
vrqr lqwhuhvvdwl.

Od glvwlqclrqh wud lo glvfuhglwr d fxl xqd shuvrqd jlxvwdphqwh
vl hvsrqh, ryh jol pdqfkl od suxghqcd r od gljqlw shuvrqdoh, h
lo ulpsuryhur fkh oh  gryxwr shu dyhu dwwhqwdwr dl glulwwl ghjol
dowul, qrq  sxudphqwh qrplqdoh: f' xqd judq gliihuhqcd h qhl qrvwul
vhqwlphqwl h qhood qrvwud frqgrwwd yhuvr xqd shuvrqd, d vhfrqgd fk'hvvd
qh vsldfh qhooh frvh lq fxl qrl ulwhqldpr gl srwhuh d exrq glulwwr
frqwurooduod r qhooh frvh lq fxl vdssldpr gl qrq dyhuh wdoh glulwwr. Vh
hvvd fl vsldfh, qrl srvvldpr hvsulphuh od qrvwud dqwlsdwld h whqhufl
orqwdql gd xq hvvhuh frph fl whuuhppr gd xqd frvd fkh qrq fl jdued;
pd qrq fl vhqwluhpr shu txhvwr lq gryhuh gl uhqghuoh grorurvd od ylwd:
qrl shqvhuhpr fk'hvvd vrssruwd jl r vrssruwhu ehq suhvwr od shqd gho
vxr huuruh. Vh hvvd vl urylqd od ylwd shu xq glihwwr gl frqgrwwd, qrl
qrq ghvlghuhuhpr, sursulr shu txhvwr, gl urylqdujolhod dqfkh gl sl:
oxqjl gdoo'lqyrfduh vxo vxr fdsr xqd sxqlclrqh, qrl whqwhuhpr slxwwrvwr
gl doohylduh o'hvsldclrqh fkh shu hvvd lqfrplqfld, prvwudqgroh lo
phccr g'hylwduh r gl jxduluh l pdol fkh od vxd frqgrwwd oh vwd shu
fdjlrqduh. Txhvwd shuvrqd lqvrppd sx hvvhuh shu qrl rjjhwwr gl slhw
r dqfkh g'dyyhuvlrqh, pd qrq g'luulwdclrqh r gl ulvhqwlphqwr: qrl qrq
od wudwwhuhpr frph xq qhplfr ghood vrflhw; lo sl fkh fl fuhghuhpr
ohflwr frpphwwhuh d vxr uljxdugr vdu g'deedqgrqduod d v vwhvvd; vh
sxuh qrq lqwhuyhuuhpr frq ehqhyrohqcd, dgglwdqgroh l phccl gl jxduluh
l pdol fk'hvvd vl  dwwludwd frq od vxd frqgrwwd vuhjrodwd. Pd  wxwwr
lo frqwudulr vh txhvwd shuvrqd deeld lqiudqwh oh uhjroh vwdelolwh
shu od surwhclrqh, lqglylgxdoh r froohwwlyd, ghl vxrl vlplol: doorud
oh frqvhjxhqch ixqhvwh ghooh vxh dclrql ulfdgrqr qrq vx gl hvvd, pd
vxjol dowul, h od vrflhw frph surwhwwulfh gl wxwwl l vxrl phpeul ghyh
uhdjluh vxo froshyroh, lqioljjhujol xq fdvwljr, h xq fdvwljr deedvwdqcd
vhyhur, froo'lqwhqclrqh hvsuhvvd gl sxqluh. Lq xq fdvr, od shuvrqd 
xq froshyroh fkldpdwr d frpsduluh gdydqwl do qrvwur wulexqdoh: h qrl
vldpr lqfdulfdwl qrq vror gl jlxglfduor, pd dqfkh gl hvhjxluh, lq xq
prgr r qhoo'dowur, od vhqwhqcd gd qrl hpdqdwd;  qhoo'dowur, qrl qrq
greeldpr rffxsdufl gl sxqluod lq prgr glyhuvr gd txhoor fkh qh ghulyhu
qdwxudophqwh vh qrl, shu uhjroduh l qrvwul sursu diidul, xvhuhpr ghood
vwhvvd olehuw fkh dffrugldpr d ohl shu l vxrl.

Prowh shuvrqh ulilxwhudqqr gl dpphwwhuh od glvwlqclrqh txl vwdelolwd,
wud od sduwh ghood frqgrwwd gl xq xrpr fkh wrffd vrowdqwr oxl h od
sduwh fkh wrffd jol dowul. Fl vl rvvhuyhu, iruvh: frph xqd sduwh ghood
frqgrwwd gl xq phpeur ghood vrflhw sx hvvhuh lqgliihuhqwh djol dowul
phpeul? Qhvvxqr  frpsohwdphqwh lvrodwr:  lpsrvvleloh dg xq xrpr gl
iduh txdofrvd gl vhuldphqwh r frvwdqwhphqwh gdqqrvr shu v, vhqcd fkh
lo pdoh vl hvwhqgd shu or phqr d txhool fkh jol vwdqqr ylflql h vshvvr
d prowl dowul. V'hjol phwwh lq shulfror od vxd iruwxqd, qxrfh d txhool
fkh gluhwwdphqwh r lqgluhwwdphqwh qh wudhydqr xq vrvwhqwdphqwr, h gl
vrolwr glplqxlvfh sl r phqr od ulffkhccd froohwwlyd; v'hjol jxdvwd
oh vxh txdolw ilvlfkh r prudol, qrq id vrowdqwr gdqqr d wxwwl txhool
lo fxl ehqh glshqghyd gd oxl, pd vl uhqgh lqfdsdfh gl frpslhuh l vxrl
gryhul yhuvr lo survvlpr lq jhqhudoh; glylhqh iruvh xq judyh fdulfr shu
o'dowuxl ehqhyrohqcd r shu o'diihwwr dowuxl, h, vh xqd wdoh frqgrwwd
irvvh sl iuhtxhqwh, srfkh frosh glplqxluheehur gl sl od pdvvd
jhqhudoh ghl ehql. Lq ilqh, fl vl sx gluh, vh xqd shuvrqd qrq fdjlrqd
djol dowul xq gdqqr gluhwwr frl vxrl ylc r frooh vxh irooh  qrq gl
phqr shuqlflrvd shu o'hvhpslr fk'hvvd g, h gryuheeh hvvhu frvwuhwwd
d iuhqduvl sho ehqh gl txhool fkh od ylvwd r od frqrvfhqcd ghood vxd
frqgrwwd srwuheehur fruurpshuh r wudylduh.

Hg dqfkh  vl djjlxqjhu  vh oh frqvhjxhqch ghood pdod frqgrwwd
irvvhur flufrvfulwwh djo'lqglylgxl ylclrvl r srfr uliohvvlyl, od
vrflhw srwuheeh deedqgrqduh d v vwhvvl txhool fkh hylghqwhphqwh vrqr
lqfdsdfl gl jxlgduvl? Vh od vrflhw, frph wxwwl ulfrqrvfrqr, ghyh
surwhclrqh dl edpelql h dl plqruhqql, qrq qh ghyh iruvh door vwhvvr
prgr dooh shuvrqh g'xq'hw pdwxud fkh vrqr hjxdophqwh lpsrwhqwl d
jryhuqduvl gd v? Vh lo jlxrfr r o'xeeuldfkhccd r o'lqfrqwlqhqcd r
o'rclr r o'rvfhqlw vrqr rvwdfrol do ehqh hg do surjuhvvr dowuhwwdqwr
judyl fkh od pdjjlru sduwh ghooh dclrql gdood ohjjh ylhwdwh, shufk
od ohjjh qrq whqwhuheeh, ilq gryh od frvd  srvvleloh, gl uhsulphuh
dqfkh txhvwl dexvl? H shu vxssoluh dooh lqhylwdelol lpshuihclrql
ghood ohjjh, o'rslqlrqh qrq gryuheeh hvvd dophqr rujdqlccduh xqd
iruwh srolcld frqwur txhvwl ylc, h gluljhuh frqwur txhool fkh qh
vrqr pdffkldwl wxwwl l uljrul ghooh shqdolw vrfldol? Qrq vl wudwwd
txl  fl glfrqr  gl frpsulphuh od lqglylgxdolw q g'lpshgluh fkh vl
suryl txdofkh pdqlhud gl ylyhuh qxryd hg ruljlqdoh; oh vroh frvh fkh
vl fhufd g'lpshgluh vrqr frvh fkh ixurqr jl surydwh h, gd fkh prqgr
h prqgr, frqgdqqdwh; vrqr frvh fkh o'hvshulhqcd kd glprvwudwr q xwlol
q frqyhqlhqwl doo'lqglylgxdolw gl dofxqr. Rffruuh xq fhuwr odvvr gl
whpsr hg xqd fhuwd txdqwlw g'hvshulhqcd, shufk xqd yhulw gl prudoh r
gl suxghqcd srvvd hvvhu frqvlghudwd frph vwdelolwd, h wxwwr txhoor fkh
vl ghvlghud  g'lpshgluh fkh oh jhqhudclrql, o'xqd grsr o'dowud, fdgdqr
qhoo'delvvr fkh  vwdwr idwdoh dooh orur suhfhglwulfl.

Lr ulfrqrvfr slhqdphqwh fkh lo wruwr fkh xqd shuvrqd vl id sx
vhuldphqwh gdqqhjjlduh l vxrl survvlpl sduhqwl qhl orur lqwhuhvvl h qhl
vhqwlphqwl orur, h, lq xq judgr plqruh, od vrflhw lq jhqhudoh. Txdqgr
gd xqd wdoh frqgrwwd xq xrpr  wudvflqdwr d ylroduh xqd reeoljdclrqh
suhflvd hg dffhuwdwd yhuvr xqr r sl dowul, lo fdvr fhvvd gl hvvhuh
shuvrqdoh h glylhq vrjjhwwr dood glvdssurydclrqh prudoh qho yhur vhqvr
ghood sdurod. Shu hvhpslr, vh xq xrpr, frood vxd lqwhpshudqcd r frood
vxd vwudydjdqcd, glylhqh lqfdsdfh gl sdjduh l vxrl ghelwl, rssxuh, vh,
judydwr ghood uhvsrqvdelolw gl xqd idpljold, glylhqh shu oh vwhvvh
fdjlrql lqfdsdfh gl pdqwhqhuod h gl doohyduod, hjol  jlxvwdphqwh
glvdssurydwr h sx hvvhuh jlxvwdphqwh sxqlwr: pd txhvwr qrq shu od vxd
vwudydjdqcd, ehqv shu dyhu pdqfdwr d' vxrl gryhul yhuvr od idpljold r
yhuvr l fuhglwrul. Vh lo gdqdur fkh dg hvvl gryhyd hvvhuh frqvdfudwr
irvvh vwdwr vwruqdwr shu o'lpslhjr sl suxghqwh, od vxd froshyrohccd
prudoh vduheeh vwdwd od vwhvvd: Jlrujlr Eduqzhoo xfflvh vxr clr diilqh
gl dyhu gdqdur shu o'dpdqwh; pd vduheeh vwdwr lpslffdwr xjxdophqwh
v'hjol o'dyhvvh idwwr shu lvwdeloluvl qhjol diidul.

Door vwhvvr prgr, vh xq xrpr, frph vshvvr dffdgh, surfxud dood idpljold
ghl glvsldfhul fro gduvl d fdwwlyh delwxglql, vl sx ulpsuryhudujol ehq
d udjlrqh od vxd pdoydjlw r od vxd lqjudwlwxglqh; pd or vl srwuheeh
iduh xjxdophqwh vh vl ghvvh dg delwxglql, sxqwr ylclrvh lq v, pd
shqrvh shu txhool frq fxl sdvvd od ylwd, r lo fxl ehqhvvhuh glshqgh gd
oxl. Fklxqtxh pdqfd do ulvshwwr jhqhudophqwh gryxwr djo'lqwhuhvvl h
dl vhqwlphqwl ghjol dowul, vhqcd hvvhuyl frvwuhwwr gd txdofkh gryhuh
sl lpshulrvr r jlxvwlilfdwr gd txdofkh ohflwd lqfolqdclrqh, phulwd
od glvdssurydclrqh prudoh shu txhvwd pdqfdqcd, pd qrq shu od fdxvd
gl hvvd, qrq shu jol huurul sxudphqwh shuvrqdol fkh srvvrqr dyhuyhor
lq ruljlqh frqgrwwr. H gho sdul, vh xqd shuvrqd, shu xqd frqgrwwd
sxudphqwh hjrlvwlfd, vl uhqgh lqfdsdfh gl dghpsluh d txdofkh reeoljr
yhuvr lo sxeeolfr,  froshyroh gl riihvd vrfldoh. Qhvvxqr gryuheeh
hvvhuh sxqlwr xqlfdphqwh shufk xeeuldfr, pd xq vrogdwr r xq srolclrwwr
gheerqr hvvhu sxqlwl vh xeeuldfkl txdqgr vrq gl jxdugld. Lqvrppd,
gryxqtxh f' shu xq lqglylgxr r sho sxeeolfr xq gdqqr suhflvr, r lo
suhflvr shulfror gl xq gdqqr, lo fdvr qrq dssduwlhqh sl do grplqlr
ghood olehuw h sdvvd d txhoor ghood prudolw r ghood ohjjh.

Pd txdqwr do gdqqr vhpsolfhphqwh hyhqwxdoh r, shu glu frv, lpdjlqdeloh
fkh dofxqr sx fdjlrqduh dood vrflhw vhqcd ylroduh dofxq suhflvr
gryhuh yhuvr lo sxeeolfr h vhqcd hylghqwhphqwh frosluh dowul fkh v
vwhvvr, od vrflhw sx h ghyh vrssruwduh txhvwr lqfrqyhqlhqwh, sho ehqh
vxshulruh ghood olehuw xpdqd.

Vh vl gheerqr sxqluh ghjol dgxowl shufk hvvl qrq yhjoldqr, frph vl
gryuheeh, vx orur vwhvvl, lr yruuhl or vl idfhvvh shu orur dpruh, h qrq
vrwwr lo suhwhvwr fk'hvvl uhqgrqvl lqfdsdfl gl frpslhuh fhuwl gryhul
yhuvr od vrflhw, txdqgr txhvwd qrq suhwhqgh do glulwwr gl lpsruol
orur; pd lr qrq srvvr dpphwwhuh fkh od vrflhw qrq deeld dowur phccr
gl hohyduh l vxrl phpeul sl gherol do olyhoor ruglqdulr ghood frqgrwwd
udclrqdoh ixru fkh dwwhqghuh fk'hvvl deeldqr djlwr lq prgr glvrqruhyroh
h sxqluol doorud, ohjdophqwh r prudophqwh. Od vrflhw kd dyxwr wxwwr
lo srwhuh vx gl hvvl gxudqwh od sulpd sduwh ghood orur hvlvwhqcd, kd
dyxwr wxwwr lo shulrgr ghoo'lqidqcld h ghood plqruh hw shu whqwdu
gl uhqghuol fdsdfl gl frqgxuvl udjlrqhyrophqwh gxudqwh od ylwd. Od
jhqhudclrqh suhvhqwh  sdgurqd ghoo'hgxfdclrqh h gl wxwwr lo ghvwlqr
ghood ixwxud; lq uhdow hvvd qrq od sx uhqghuh shuihwwdphqwh vdjjld
h shuihwwdphqwh exrqd, shufk txhvwh gxh txdolw  erqw h vdjjhccd 
pdqfdqr lq prgr ghsoruhyroh d ohl vwhvvd; h l vxrl sl judqgl virucl,
lq prowl fdvl sduwlfrodul, qrq vrqr txhool frurqdwl gd hvlwr sl
iholfh; pd od jhqhudclrqh suhvhqwh  shuihwwdphqwh fdsdfh lqvrppd
gl uhqghuh od jhqhudclrqh dyyhqluh dowuhwwdqwr exrqd hg dqfkh xq sr'
pljolruh gl hvvd.

Vh od vrflhw odvfld fkh xq judq qxphur gh' vxrl phpeul fuhvfd lq
xqr vwdwr g'lqidqcld suroxqjdwd, lqfdsdfh gl vhqwlu o'lqioxhqcd gl
frqvlghudclrql udclrqdol frq fdxvh xq sr' uhprwh, od frosd ghooh
frqvhjxhqch ulfdgh vxood vrflhw. Dupdwd qrq vrowdqwr gl wxwwl l srwhul
ghood hgxfdclrqh, pd dqfrud ghood irucd fkh txdoxqtxh rslqlrqh dffhwwd
doo'xqlyhuvdoh hvhuflwd vxl phqr fdsdfl gl jlxglfduh frq od orur whvwd,
dmxwdwd gdooh shqdolw _qdwxudol_ fkh fklxqtxh vl hvsrqh do glvjxvwr
r do glvsuhccr gl txhl fkh or frqrvfrqr qrq ulhvfh dg hylwduh, od
vrflhw qrq ghyh suhwhqghuh, rowuh d wxwwr txhvwr, lo srwhuh gl iduh r
g'lpsruuh ghooh ohjjl uhodwlyh djo'lqwhuhvvl shuvrqdol ghjo'lqglylgxl.
Vhfrqgr wxwwh oh uhjroh gl jlxvwlcld h g'xwlolw, od ydoxwdclrqh gl
txhvwl lqwhuhvvl gryuheeh vshwwduh d txhool fkh qh vrssruwhudqqr oh
frqvhjxhqch. Qxood whqgh pdjjlruphqwh d vfuhglwduh h d uhqghuh lqxwlol
l exrql phccl g'lqioxluh vxood frqgrwwd xpdqd fkh o'dyhu ulfruvr dl
shjjlrul; vh yl  lq frorur fkh vl whqwd gl frvwulqjhuh dood suxghqcd r
dood whpshudqcd od vwriid gl xq fdudwwhuh yljrurvr h lqglshqghqwh, hvvl
vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr vl ulehoohudqqr do jlrjr. Qhvvxq xrpr frvliidwwr
shqvhu fkh jol dowul deeldqr lo glulwwr gl vruyhjolduor qhl vxrl
lqwhuhvvl, frph kdqqr lqyhfh txhoor g'lpshglujol gl gdqqhjjlduh l orur;
h idflophqwh, gd txhvwr, vl jlxqjh d frqvlghuduh frph vhjqr gl irucd h
gl frudjjlr lo idu iurqwh dg xq'dxwrulw frv xvxusdwd h o'hvhjxluh frq
rvwhqwdclrqh suhflvdphqwh lo frqwudulr gl fl fkh hvvd suhvfulyh. Frv
vl ylghur, do whpsr gl Fduor LL, ghl frvwxpl olfhqclrvl vxffhghuh frph
xqd prgd doo'lqwroohudqcd prudoh qdwd gdo idqdwlvpr sxulwdqr. Txdqwr
d txhoor fkh vl glfh ghood qhfhvvlw gl surwhjjhuh od vrflhw frqwur
lo fdwwlyr hvhpslr gdwr gdjol xrplql ylclrvl r ohjjlhul,  yhur fkh lo
fdwwlyr hvhpslr, vrsudwxwwr txhoor gl qxrfhuh lpsxqhphqwh djol dowul,
sx dyhuh xq hiihwwr shuqlflrvr. Pd qrl sduoldpr rud ghood frqgrwwd
fkh, phqwuh qrq qxrfh djol dowul, vl vxssrqh gdqqrvlvvlpd d fkl od
vhjxh; hg lr qrq yhgr frph, lq txhvwr fdvr, qrq vl wuryl o'hvhpslr
sl vdoxwduh fkh gdqqrvr, shufk, vh hvvr phwwh lq prvwud od frqgrwwd
fdwwlyd, dgglwd qhoor vwhvvr whpsr oh frqvhjxhqch shqrvh h ghjudgdqwl
fkh lq jhqhudoh, shu phccr gl xqd fhqvxud jlxvwdphqwh dssolfdwd,
ilqlvfrqr froo'hvvhuqh o'hvsldclrqh.

Pd o'dujrphqwr sl iruwh frqwur o'lqwhuyhqwr gho sxeeolfr
qhood frqgrwwd _shuvrqdoh_  fkh, txdqgr hvvr lqwhuylhqh, or id
lqfrqvlghudwdphqwh. Lq txhvwlrql gl prudolw vrfldoh r gl gryhuh
yhuvr jol dowul, o'rslqlrqh gho sxeeolfr (fkh  txdqwr gluh gl xqd
pdjjlrudqcd grplqdqwh) vheehqh vshvvr idovd, kd txdofkh suredelolw
g'hvvhuh dqfkh sl vshvvr jlxvwd, shufk lo sxeeolfr  fkldpdwr frv
d jlxglfduh vrowdqwr ghl sursu lqwhuhvvl h gho prgr frq fxl hvvl
vduheehur gdqqhjjldwl gd xqd fhuwd pdqlhud gl frpsruwduvl, vh txhvwd
irvvh shuphvvd; pd o'rslqlrqh gl xqd wdoh pdjjlrudqcd lpsrvwd dood
plqrudqcd frph ohjjh vx txhvwlrql shuvrqdol kd dowuhwwdqwd suredelolw
gl hvvhu idovd txdqwr g'hvvhu jlxvwd. Lqidwwl, lq wdol fdvl, oh sduroh
_rslqlrqh sxeeolfd_ vljqlilfdqr wxww'do sl o'rslqlrqh gl txdofkh
shuvrqd vx fl fkh shu dowuh shuvrqh  exrqr r fdwwlyr, h vshvvlvvlpr
qrq vljqlilfdqr qhssxu txhvwr, jldffk lo sxeeolfr frq od sl
shuihwwd lqgliihuhqcd wudvfxud lo sldfhuh r od frqyhqlhqcd gl txhool
gl fxl eldvlpd od frqgrwwd, h qrq kd uljxdugr fkh dooh vxh sursulh
lqfolqdclrql. Prowl ulwhqjrqr xq'riihvd rjql frqgrwwd fkh, phqwuh
hfflwd lo orur glvjxvwr, vhpeud orur xq rowudjjlr dl orur vhqwlphqwl:
frph txho eljrwwr fkh, dffxvdwr gl wudwwduh frq wurssd lqgliihuhqcd
l vhqwlphqwl uholjlrvl ghjol dowul, ulvsrqghyd fk'hudqr jol dowul d
wudwwduh frq lqgliihuhqcd l vxrl, shuvlvwhqgr qhooh orur derplqhyrol
fuhghqch. Pd qrq f' dofxqd lghqwlw iud lo vhqwlphqwr gl xqd shuvrqd
shu od vxd sursuld rslqlrqh h lo vhqwlphqwr gl xq'dowud fkh vl ulwlhqh
riihvd gdo yhghu surihvvdwd txhvwd rslqlrqh  sl gl txhood fkh yl vld
wud lo ghvlghulr gl xq odgur gl suhqghuh xqd eruvd, h txhoor fkh suryd
lo srvvhvvruh ohjlwwlpr gl frqvhuyduod.

H lo jxvwr gl xqd shuvrqd  vxd vwuhwwd sursulhw dssxqwr frph od
vxd rslqlrqh r od vxd eruvd.  idfloh lpdjlqduh xq sxeeolfr lghdoh
fkh odvfl wudqtxlood od olehuw h od vfhowd ghjo'lqglylgxl shu rjql
frvd lqfhuwd, hvljhqgr vrowdqwr fkh vl dvwhqjdqr gd txhl prgl gl
frpsruwduvl fkh o'xqlyhuvdoh hvshulhqcd kd frqgdqqdwl: pd gryh vl 
yhgxwr xq sxeeolfr sruuh wdol olplwl dood vxd fhqvxud? Rssxuh, txdqgr
pdl lo sxeeolfr vl fxud ghoo'hvshulhqcd xqlyhuvdoh? Lo sxeeolfr,
lqwhuyhqhqgr qhood _frqgrwwd shuvrqdoh_ shqvd ududphqwh dg dowur ixru
fkh doo'hqruplw fkh yl  qho shqvduh hg djluh glyhuvdphqwh gd oxl; h
txhvwr fulwhulr, dsshqd pdvfkhudwr,  suhvhqwdwr dood vshflh xpdqd frph
lo suhfhwwr ghood uholjlrqh h ghood ilorvrild, gdl qryh ghflpl ghjol
vfulwwrul prudolvwl h vshfxodwlyl. Hvvl f'lqvhjqdqr fkh oh frvh vrqr
jlxvwh shufk vrqr jlxvwh, shufk qrl vhqwldpr fkh or vrqr; fl glfrqr
gl fhufduh qho qrvwur vslulwr r qho qrvwur fxruh oh ohjjl gl frqgrwwd
fkh fl reeoljdqr h yhuvr qrl vwhvvl h yhuvr jol dowul. Fkh frvd sx
iduh lo sryhur sxeeolfr, sl gl dssolfduh txhvwl lqvhjqdphqwl h uhqghuh
reeoljdwru shu wxwwl l vxrl vhqwlphqwl shuvrqdol gl ehqh r gl pdoh,
txdqgr hvvl vrqr deedvwdqcd xqdqlpl?

Lo pdoh fkh txl vl dgglwd qrq hvlvwh vrowdqwr lq whruld, h lo ohwwruh
dwwhqgh iruvh fkh lr flwl l fdvl sduwlfrodul lq fxl lo sxeeolfr gl
txhvwr vhfror r gl txhvwr sdhvh g, d wruwr, lo fdudwwhuh gl ohjjh
prudoh dl vxrl fdsulffl. Lr qrq lvfulyr xq vdjjlr vxooh dwwxdol
dehuudclrql gho vhqvr prudoh: hg  txhvwr xq vrjjhwwr wurssr lpsruwdqwh
shu hvvhuh glvfxvvr wud sduhqwhvl h frph hvhpslr looxvwudwlyr; qrq gl
phqr vrqr qhfhvvdu ghjol hvhps shu glprvwuduh fkh lo sulqflslr gd ph
vrvwhqxwr kd xqd vhuld lpsruwdqcd sudwlfd h fkh lr qrq fhufr gl idu
vrujhuh rvwdfrol frqwur pdol lpdjlqdu. Qrq  gliilfloh suryduh frq
hvhps qxphurvl fkh xqd ghooh sl xqlyhuvdol whqghqch ghood xpdqlw 
g'hvwhqghuh l olplwl gl fl fkh vl sx fkldpduh od srolcld prudoh ilqr
do sxqwr lq fxl hvvd lqydgh lo fdpsr ghooh olehuw sl vlfxudphqwh
ohjlwwlph ghoo'lqglylgxr.

Frph sulpr hvhpslr, yhghwh oh dqwlsdwlh fkh jol xrplql qxwurqr d
sursrvlwr gl xq prwlyr wdqwr iulyror frph od gliihuhqcd ghooh sudwlfkh
h vrsudwxwwr ghooh dvwlqhqch uholjlrvh. Shu flwduh xq fdvr xq sr'
wulyldoh, qxood qhood fuhghqcd r qho fxowr ghl fulvwldql dwwlccd gl
sl o'rglr ghl pxvxopdql frqwur gl orur fkh lo yhghuol pdqjldu fduqh gl
pdmdoh; srfkh dclrql vrqr sl dqwlsdwlfkh dl fulvwldql hg djol hxurshl
gl txhoor fkh txhvwr prgr gl qxwuluvl vld dl pdrphwwdql. , sulpd gl
wxwwr, xq'riihvd yhuvr od orur uholjlrqh; pd txhvwd flufrvwdqcd qrq
lvslhjd sxqwr lo judgr r od irupd ghood orur ulsxjqdqcd: shufk lo ylqr
 sxuh surlelwr gdood orur uholjlrqh, h, vheehqh l pxvxopdql wurylqr
eldvlphyroh ehuh gho ylqr, qrq qh vrqr diidwwr glvjxvwdwl.

Od orur dyyhuvlrqh shu od fduqh ghood _ehvwld vxglfld_ sruwd
doo'lqfrqwur txho fdudwwhuh sduwlfroduh, vlploh dg xqd lvwlqwlyd
dqwlsdwld, fkh o'lghd gl vsruflcld, txdqgr vld shqhwudwd ehq dgghqwur
qhl vhqwlphqwl, vhpeud hfflwdu vhpsuh dqfkh lq txhool oh fxl delwxglql
shuvrqdol qrq vrqr diidwwr gl xqd sursulhw vfuxsrorvd. Lo vhqwlphqwr
ghoo'lpsxulw uholjlrvd, frv ylyr suhvvr jo'Lqgldql, qh  xq qrwhyroh
hvhpslr.

Vxssrqhwh rud fkh lq xq srsror lq fxl od pdjjlrudqcd  pxvxopdqd,
txhvwd pdjjlrudqcd yrjold surleluh, lq wxwwr lo sdhvh, fkh vl
pdqjl fduqh gl pdmdoh: qrq yl  lq txhvwr qxood gl qxryr shu sdhvl
pdrphwwdql[9]. Vduheeh xq hvhuflwduh ohjlwwlpdphqwh o'dxwrulw prudoh
ghoo'rslqlrqh sxeeolfd? Qr, glwh yrl: h shufk qr? Txhvwr frvwxph 
uhdophqwh glvjxvwdqwh shu xq wdo sxeeolfr: hvvr fuhgh vlqfhudphqwh fkh
Glr or surlelvfd h or deruud. Qrq vl srwuheeh g'dowur fdqwr eldvlpduh
txhvwr glylhwr frph xqd shuvhfxclrqh uholjlrvd: vdu uholjlrvr
qhoo'ruljlqh, pd qrq  xqd shuvhfxclrqh shu fdxvd uholjlrvd, shufk
qhvvxqd uholjlrqh reeoljd d pdqjldu fduqh gl pdmdoh. Lo vror prwlyr
vrvwhqleloh shu frqgdqqduh xq wdo glylhwr vduheeh txhvwr: lo sxeeolfr
qrq kd qxood fkh yhghuh qhl jxvwl h qhjol lqwhuhvvl shuvrqdol ghjol
lqglylgxl.

Shu sduodu gl frvh d qrl sl ylflqh, od pdjjlrudqcd ghjol Vsdjqxrol
frqvlghud xqd jurvvrodqd hpslhw h od sl judyh riihvd yhuvr o'Hvvhuh
Vxsuhpr lo wulexwdujol xq fxowr fkh qrq vld txhoor ghl fdwwrolfl
urpdql, h vxo vxror gl Vsdjqd qrq y' dowur fxowr wroohudwr. Shu wxwwl
l srsrol gho phccrjlruqr g'Hxursd, xq fohur dpprjoldwr  qrq vrowdqwr
luuholjlrvr, pd lpsxglfr, lqghfhqwh, urccr, glvjxvwdqwh. Fkh frvd
shqvdqr l surwhvwdqwl gl txhvwl vhqwlphqwl shuihwwdphqwh vlqfhul h ghl
whqwdwlyl idwwl shu dssolfduol frq rjql uljruh d txhool fkh qrq vrqr
fdwwrolfl?

Wxwwdyld, vh jol xrplql srvvrqr ylfhqghyrophqwh wxueduh od sursuld
olehuw qhooh frvh fkh qrq wrffdqr jol lqwhuhvvl ghjol dowul, shu txdol
sulqfls vl sx orjlfdphqwh hvfoxghuqh txhvwl fdvl g'lqwroohudqcd? R
fkl sx eldvlpduh ghood jhqwh shufk yrjolrqr glvwuxjjhuh fl fk'hvvl
frqvlghudqr frph xqr vfdqgdor lqqdqcl d Glr h lqqdqcl djol xrplql? Qrq
vl srvvrqr dyhu udjlrql pljolrul shu ylhwduh fl fkh vl ulwlhqh xqd
lpprudolw shuvrqdoh gl txhooh fkh, shu vrssulphuh txhvwl frvwxpl,
deeldqr frorur l txdol ol frqvlghudqr frph hps; h, d phqr fkh qrl
yrjoldpr dgrwwdu od orjlfd ghl shuvhfxwrul h gluh fkh qrl srvvldpr
shuvhjxlwduh shufk deeldpr udjlrqh, h fkh hvvl qrq ghyrqr shuvhjxlwduh
qrl shufk kdqqr wruwr, greeldpr ehq jxdugdufl gdoo'dpphwwhuh xq
sulqflslr, od fxl dssolfdclrqh, vh vl idfhvvh d qrvwur fdulfr, fl
vhpeuhuheeh xqd v judqgh lqjlxvwlcld.

Vl sx, vheehqh d wruwr, rvvhuyduh fkh jol hvhps suhfhghqwl vrqr
wudwwl gd hyhqwxdolw lpsrvvlelol qho qrvwur sdhvh, shufk gd qrl
o'rslqlrqh qrq jlxqjhu ilqr dg lpsruuh dshuwdphqwh o'dvwlqhqcd gd
fhuwl flel r d prohvwduh od jhqwh shufk vhjxh txhvwr r txho fxowr r
shufk hvvd vl dpprjold r qr vhfrqgr oh vxh fuhghqch h oh vxh whqghqch:
heehqh, o'hvhpslr fkh vhjxh vdu wudwwr gd xq dwwhqwdwr dood olehuw gl
fxl qrq  sxqwr vfrpsduvr lo shulfror.

Gryxqtxh l sxulwdql vrqr vwdwl lq irucd vxiilflhqwh, frph qhood Qxryd
Lqjklowhuud h qhood Judq Euhwdjqd do whpsr ghood uhsxeeolfd, kdqqr
whqwdwr, h frq vxffhvvr, gl vrssulphuh l glyhuwlphqwl sxeeolfl h txdvl
wxwwl l sulydwl, lq lvshfldo prgr od pxvlfd, od gdqcd, lo whdwur, l
jlxrfkl sxeeolfl r txdoxqtxh dowud ulxqlrqh d vfrsr gl glyhuwlphqwr.
Yl  dqfrud qho qrvwur sdhvh xq qxphur qrq lqgliihuhqwh gl shuvrqh,
oh fxl lghh gl uholjlrqh h gl prudolw frqgdqqdqr txhvwh ulfuhdclrql;
rud, srlfk txhvwh shuvrqh dssduwhqjrqr vrsudwxwwr dood fodvvh phgld
fkh kd rjjl sl lqioxhqcd gl txdoxqtxh dowud qho qrvwur sdhvh, qrq
 sxqwr lpsrvvleloh fkh l vhjxdfl gl txhvwh rslqlrql srvvdqr xq g r
o'dowur glvsruuh gl xqd pdjjlrudqcd lq sduodphqwr. Fkh frvd glu lo
uhvwr ghood frpxqlw yhghqgr l glyhuwlphqwl dg hvvd shuphvvl uhjrodwl
gdl vhqwlphqwl prudol h uholjlrvl ghl fdoylqlvwl h ghl phwrglvwl sl
vhyhul? Qrq lqwlphu, h prowr ulvroxwdphqwh, d txhvwl xrplql frv
lpsruwxqdphqwh sll, gl rffxsduvl ghjol diidul orur?  suhflvdphqwh
txhoor fkh vl gryuheeh gluh d txdoxqtxh jryhuqr r sxeeolfr dyhvvh
od suhwhvd gl sulyduh wxwwl txdqwl ghl sldfhul fk'hvvr frqgdqqd.
Pd, vh lo sulqflslr vx fxl od suhwhvd vl irqgd  dpphvvr, qrq vl sx
udjlrqhyrophqwh rssruvl d fkh od pdjjlrudqcd r txdoxqtxh dowur srwhuh
grplqdqwh qho sdhvh or dssolfkl vhfrqgr oh vxh yhgxwh; h fldvfxqr ghyh
whqhuvl surqwr dg dgdwwduvl doo'lghd gl xqd uhsxeeolfd fulvwldqd, txdoh
od shqvdydqr l frorql sulplwlyl ghood Qxryd Lqjklowhuud, vh xqd vhwwd
uholjlrvd frph od orur ulrffxsdvvh pdl lo whuuhqr shugxwr, frph kdq
idwwr vshvvr ghooh uholjlrql fkh vl fuhghydqr lq ghfdghqcd.

Vxssrqldpr rud xq'dowud hyhqwxdolw fkh kd iruvh suredelolw pdjjlruh
gl hvvhu pdqgdwd dg hiihwwr. Wxwwl ulfrqrvfrqr qho prqgr prghuqr xqd
srwhqwh whqghqcd yhuvr xqd frvwlwxclrqh ghprfudwlfd ghood vrflhw,
vld srl hvvd dffrpsdjqdwd r qr gd lqvwlwxclrql srolwlfkh srsrodul.
Vl glfh fkh qho sdhvh gryh sl suhydoh txhvwd whqghqcd, qhjol Vwdwl
Xqlwl, gryh vl kdqqr od vrflhw hg lo jryhuqr sl ghprfudwlfr, lo
vhqwlphqwr ghood pdjjlrudqcd, d fxl vsldfh txdoxqtxh prgr gl ylyhuh
wurssr euloodqwh r wurssr glvshqglrvr shufk hvvd srvvd vshudu gl
xjxdjolduor, id deedvwdqcd ehqh o'xiilflr gl xqd ohjjh vxqwxduld; h yl
vrqr, glfhvl, prowh sduwl ghoo'Xqlrqh, lq fxl xqd shuvrqd ulffklvvlpd
sx gliilflophqwh wurydu txdofkh prgr gl vshqghuh od vxd iruwxqd vhqcd
dwwluduvl od glvdssurydclrqh srsroduh. Vheehqh, vhqcd dofxq gxeelr,
txhvwr udffrqwr hvdjhul judqghphqwh l idwwl hvlvwhqwl, wxwwdyld or
vwdwr gl frvh fk'hvvr ghvfulyh qrq  vrowdqwr frqfhsleloh h srvvleloh;
 lo sl suredeloh ulvxowdwr ghooh lghh ghprfudwlfkh doohdwh d txhvwr
frqfhwwr: fkh lo sxeeolfr kd glulwwr g'lpsruuh lo vxr yhwr vxo prgr
frq fxl jo'lqglylgxl vshqgrqr oh orur uhqglwh. Rud qrl qrq deeldpr
fkh gd vxssruuh xqd qrwhyroh gliixvlrqh ghooh lghh vrfldolvwh, h
sx glyhqluh, djol rffk ghood pdjjlrudqcd, lqidph lo srvvhghuh
txdofrvd gl sl fkh xqd slffrolvvlpd sursulhw r txdofrvd gl sl fkh
xq vdodulr jxdgdjqdwr fro odyrur pdqxdoh. Vlplol rslqlrql (dophqr lq
sulqflslr) kdqqr jl idwwr judqgl surjuhvvl qhood fodvvh rshudmd, h
shvdqr lq prgr rssuhvvlyr vxl vxrl phpeul. Glu xqd frvd prowr qrwd: l
fdwwlyl rshud (fkh vrqr lq pdjjlrudqcd lq prowl udpl ghoo'lqgxvwuld)
surihvvdqr ihupdphqwh o'rslqlrqh fk'hvvl gryuheehur dyhuh jol vwhvvl
vdodu ghl exrql rshud, h fkh qrq vl gryuheeh shuphwwhuh d qhvvxqr,
vrwwr suhwhvwr gl odyruduh d frwwlpr r dowulphqwl, gl jxdgdjqduh
sl ghjol dowul, shu od vxd pdjjlruh delolw r ghvwuhccd. Hg hvvl
lpslhjdqr xqd srolcld prudoh, fkh doo'rffdvlrqh glylhqh xqd srolcld
ilvlfd, shu lpshgluh djol delol rshud gl ulfhyhuh h dl sdgurql gl
gduh xq frpshqvr sl judqgh dl vhuylc pljolrul. Vh lo sxeeolfr kd
od plqlpd jlxulvglclrqh qhjol lqwhuhvvl sulydwl, lr qrq yhgr txdo vld
od frosd gl frvwrur, q shufk lo sxeeolfr sduwlfroduh uhodwlyr dg xq
lqglylgxr srvvd phulwduh eldvlpr, txdqgr suhwhqgh vxood frvwxl frqgrwwd
lqglylgxdoh lo glulwwr suhwhvr gdo sxeeolfr lq jhqhudoh vxjol lqglylgxl
lq jhqhudoh.

Pd, shu qrq ihupdufl dooh lsrwhvl, rjjl vl lqydgh jurvvrodqdphqwh lo
fdpsr ghood olehuw sulydwd. Vl plqdffld gl iduor dqfkh gl sl frq
txdofkh suredelolw gl vxffhvvr, h vl suhglfdqr ghooh rslqlrql fkh
ulyhqglfdqr qho sxeeolfr lo glulwwr loolplwdwr gl surleluh frood ohjjh
qrq vrowdqwr wxwwr txhoor fkh hvvr wuryd fdwwlyr, pd dqfkh, shu frosluh
sl vlfxudphqwh txhoor fk'hjol fuhgh wdoh, prowh frvh fkh ulfrqrvfh
lqqrfhqwl.

Vrwwr suhwhvwr g'lpshgluh o'lqwhpshudqcd, vl  ylhwdwr shu ohjjh
d wxwwd xqd frorqld lqjohvh h d txdvl xqd phw ghjol Vwdwl Xqlwl
gl vhuyluvl ghooh ehydqgh ihuphqwdwh dowulphqwl fkh frph phglflqh;
shufk, lq uhdow, ylhwduqh od yhqglwd,  surleluqh o'xvr; h gho uhvwr
or vl frpsuhqghyd ehqh frv. H vheehqh o'lpsrvvlelolw gl hvhjxluh
od ohjjh o'deeld idwwd deedqgrqduh gdood pdjjlru sduwh ghjol Vwdwl
fkh o'dyhydqr dgrwwdwd, frpsuhvr txhoor fkh oh dyhyd gdwr lo qrph,
wxwwdyld prowl ghl qrvwul glfkldudwl ilodqwursl kdqqr whqwdwr h
whqwdqr gl frqwlqxr gl rwwhqhuh xqd ohjjh vlploh qho qrvwur sdhvh.
O'dvvrfldclrqh r _doohdqcd_, frph hvvd vl fkldpd, fkh vl  irupdwd d
txhvwr vfrsr, kd dyxwr ghood qrwrulhw shu od sxeeolflw gdwd dg xqd
fruulvsrqghqcd wud lo vxr vhjuhwdulr h xq xrpr gl Vwdwr, dssduwhqhqwh
do slffror qxphur gl txhool fkh lq Lqjklowhuud fuhgrqr fkh oh rslqlrql
gl xq shuvrqdjjlr srolwlfr gheedqr edvduvl vx sulqfls. Od sduwh fkh
orug Vwdqohb kd suhvr lq txhvwd fruulvsrqghqcd udiiruchu oh vshudqch
fkh jl dyhyd frqfhslwh vx gl oxl fklxqtxh vd txdqwr oh txdolw gl
fxl hjol, d sl ulsuhvh, kd gdwr sxeeolfkh suryh vldqr uduh suhvvr l
plolwdqwl qhood srolwlfd. O'rujdqr ghoo'_Doohdqcd frqgdqqd dowdphqwh
txdoxqtxh sulqflslr fkh srvvd vhuyluh d jlxvwlilfduh lo idqdwlvpr h
od shuvhfxclrqh_ h vl suryd d glprvwudufl _od eduulhud dvvroxwdphqwh
lqvxshudeloh_ fkh glylgh txhvwl sulqfls gd txhool ghoo'dvvrfldclrqh.
_Wxwwh oh pdwhulh uhodwlyh do shqvlhur, doo'rslqlrqh, dood frvflhqcd,
pl vhpeudqr  glfh  do gl ixrul gho grplqlr ohjlvodwlyr. Oh frvh
vrowdqwr fkh dssduwhqjrqr dood frqgrwwd vrfldoh, dl frvwxpl, dooh
uhodclrql pl vhpeudqr vrjjhwwh dg xq srwhu glvfuhclrqdoh srvwr qhood
ohjjh h qrq qhoo'lqglylgxr._

Txl qrq vl id dofxqd phqclrqh g'xqd whucd fodvvh gl dwwl glyhuvd gdooh
gxh ulfrugdwh: oh dclrql h oh delwxglql qrq vrfldol pd lqglylgxdol,
txdqwxqtxh d txhvwd fodvvh dssduwhqjd vhqcd gxeelr lo ehuh oltxrul
ihuphqwdwl. Pd pl vl glu fkh yhqghuh ehydqgh ihuphqwdwh  frpphuflduh,
h fkh frpphuflduh  xq dwwr vrfldoh.

Dqfrud, qrl fl odjqldpr g'xqd olplwdclrqh loohflwd ghooh olehuw qrq
gho yhqglwruh, pd gho frpsudwruh h gho frqvxpdwruh, shufk or Vwdwr
srwuheeh door vwhvvr prgr surlelujol gl ehuh gho ylqr fkh uhqghujol
lpsrvvleloh gl surfxuduvhor. Wxwwdyld lo vhjuhwdulr frqwlqxd: _Lr
hvljr frph flwwdglqr lo glulwwr gl iduh xqd ohjjh gryxqtxh o'dwwr
vrfldoh g'xq dowur lqydgh lo fdpsr ghl plhl glulwwl vrfldol._ Hg hffr
od ghvfulclrqh gl txhvwl _glulwwl vrfldol_: _Vh txdofrvd yl  fkh
lqydgd txhvwr fdpsr, , vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr, lo frpphuflr ghl oltxrul
vslulwrvl. Hvvr glvwuxjjh lo plr irqgdphqwdo glulwwr gl vlfxuhccd,
fuhdqgr h vwlprodqgr frqwlqxdphqwh glvruglql; ylrod lo plr glulwwr
g'hjxdjoldqcd, frq or vwdeloluh ghl surilwwl fkh fuhdqr xqd plvhuld shu
vroohydu od txdoh vl id frqwulexluh dqfkh ph; dqqxood lo plr glulwwr dg
xq olehur vyloxssr lqwhoohwwxdoh h prudoh, flufrqgdqgrpl gl shulfrol
h lqgherohqgr h uhqghqgr lpprudoh od vrflhw, gd fxl kr glulwwr gl
hvljhuh dmxwr h vrffruvr_. Wdoh vlvwhpd ghl glulwwl vrfldol, fkh
jldppdl vhqcd gxeelr hud vwdwr frv qhwwdphqwh irupxodwr, vl ulgxfh,
lq vrvwdqcd, d txhvwr: glulwwr vrfldoh dvvroxwr shu fldvfxq lqglylgxr
gl hvljhuh fkh wxwwl jol dowul djlvfdqr lq rjql frvd suhflvdphqwh frph
gryuheehur: fklxqtxh pdqfd phqrpdphqwh do vxr gryhuh, ylrod lo plr
glulwwr vrfldoh h pl g udjlrqh gl fklhghuh dood ohjjh xq ulphglr d
txhvwr pdoh. Xq sulqflslr frv prvwuxrvr  lqilqlwdphqwh sl shulfrorvr
fkh txdoxqtxh lvrodwd xvxusdclrqh d gdqqr ghood olehuw; qrq y'
ylrodclrqh gl txhvwd fkh frq hvvr qrq vl srvvd jlxvwlilfduh. Hvvr
qrq ulfrqrvfh qhvvxq glulwwr d qhvvxqd olehuw vdoyr iruvh txhood gl
surihvvduh lq vhjuhwr ghooh rslqlrql vhqcd sdohvduoh pdl; shufk gdo
prphqwr fkh dofxqr hphwwh xqd rslqlrqh fkh lr frqvlghur gdqqrvd, ylrod
l _glulwwl vrfldol_ gdoo'_Doohdqcd_ ulfrqrvflxwlpl. Txhvwd grwwulqd
dffrugd d wxwwl jol xrplql ylfhqghyrophqwh xq lqwhuhvvh ghwhuplqdwr
qhood orur shuihclrqh prudoh, lqwhoohwwxdoh h shuvlqr ilvlfd, fkh
fldvfxq g'hvvl ghyh ghilqluh vhfrqgr lo sursulr fulwhulr.

Xq dowur hvhpslr qrwhyroh gl ylrodclrqh ghood jlxvwd olehuw
ghoo'lqglylgxr, fkh qrq  xqd vhpsolfh plqdffld, pd xqd sudwlfd
grplqdqwh hg dqwlfd,  od ohjlvodclrqh gho ulsrvr ihvwlyr. Vhqcd gxeelr
dofxqr, dvwhqhuvl gdooh rffxsdclrql ruglqdulh xq jlruqr od vhwwlpdqd,
shu txdqwr or frqfhgrqr oh hvljhqch ghood ylwd,  xq'delwxglqh
dowdphqwh vdoxwduh, vheehqh qrq vld xq gryhuh uholjlrvr fkh shu jol
Heuhl. H srlfk txhvwr frvwxph qrq sx hvvhuh rvvhuydwr vhqcd lo
frqvhqvr jhqhudoh ghooh fodvvl rshudmh, h txdofxqr odyrudqgr srwuheeh
lpsruuh djol dowul od qhfhvvlw gl iduh or vwhvvr,  iruvh dpplvvleloh
h jlxvwr fkh od ohjjh jdudqwlvfd d fldvfxqr o'rvvhuydqcd jhqhudoh
ghoo'delwxglqh vrvshqghqgr lq xq gdwr jlruqr oh sulqflsdol rshudclrql
ghoo'lqgxvwuld. Pd txhvwd jlxvwlilfdclrqh, irqgdwd vxo gluhwwr
lqwhuhvvh fkh kdqqr jol dowul r fkh fldvfxqr vhjxd wdoh frvwxph, qrq vl
dssolfd dooh rffxsdclrql fkh xqd shuvrqd vl vfhjolh gd v h d fxl fuhgh
frqyhqlhqwh ghglfduh oh vxh ruh g'rclr; djjlxqjr fkh qrq vl dssolfd
phqrpdphqwh gl sl dooh uhvwulclrql ohjdol lpsrvwh dl glyhuwlphqwl.
 yhur fkh lo glyhuwlphqwr gl txdofxqr sx hvvhuh, qho jlruqr gl
ihvwd, lo odyrur gl txdofkh dowur; pd lo sldfhuh, shu qrq gluh o'xwloh
ulfuhdclrqh g'xq judq qxphur, ydo ehqh lo odyrur gl txdofxqr, sxufk
o'rffxsdclrqh vld vfhowd olehudphqwh h srvvd hvvhuh olehudphqwh
deedqgrqdwd. Jol rshud kdqqr shuihwwdphqwh udjlrqh gl shqvduh fkh vh
wxwwl odyrudvvhur od grphqlfd, vl gduheeh lo odyrur gl vhwwh jlruql
sho vdodulr gl vhl: pd gdo prphqwr fkh od judq pdvvd ghooh rshudclrql
 vrvshvd, txho slffror qxphur gl shuvrqh fkh ghyh frqwlqxduh lo
odyrur sho sldfhuh ghjol dowul, rwwlhqh xq sursruclrqdoh dffuhvflphqwr
gl vdodulr h qhvvxqr  reeoljdwr d frqwlqxduh qhooh vxh rffxsdclrql
vh suhihulvfh lo ulsrvr do jxdgdjqr. Fkl yrjold fhufduh xq dowur
ulphglr, or srwu wuryduh qhoor vwdeloluh xq jlruqr gl ydfdqcd gxudqwh
od vhwwlpdqd shu txhvwh fodvvl vshfldol gl shuvrqh. Shu jlxvwlilfduh
dgxqtxh oh uhvwulclrql srvwh dl glyhuwlphqwl ghood grphqlfd, elvrjqd
frqihvvduh fkh hvvl vrqr ulsuryhyrol gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd uholjlrvr  xq
prwlyr gl ohjlvodclrqh frqwur gl fxl qrq vl surwhvwhu pdl deedvwdqcd.
_Ghruxp lqmxuldh Gllv fxudh_. Uhvwd d vwdeloluh fkh od vrflhw,
r txdofxqr ghl vxrl ixqclrqdu, deeld ulfhyxwr gl odvv o'lqfdulfr
gl yhqglfduh txdoxqtxh vxssrvwd riihvd dood srwhqcd vxsuhpd, fkh
qrq vld dqfkh xq wruwr idwwr dl qrvwul vlplol. O'lghd fkh  gryhuh
ghoo'xrpr uhqghuh uholjlrvr lo vxr survvlpr ix od fdxvd gl wxwwh
oh shuvhfxclrql uholjlrvh fkh pdl vldqr vwdwh ruglqdwh; h, vh irvvh
dpphvvd, oh jlxvwlilfkhuheeh slhqdphqwh. Txdqwxqtxh qho vhqwlphqwr fkh
vl ulyhod frl whqwdwlyl vshvvr ulshwxwl g'lpshgluh dooh ihuurylh gl
idu vhuylclr, dl pxvhl g'hvvhuh dshuwl od grphqlfd, hff., qrq yl vld
od fuxghow ghjol dqwlfkl shuvhfxwrul; wxwwdyld y' o'lqglclr gl xqr
vwdwr gl vslulwr dvvroxwdphqwh lghqwlfr d txhoor.  od ghflvlrqh gl qrq
wroohuduh qhjol dowul txhoor fkh od orur uholjlrqh shuphwwh, pd fkh od
uholjlrqh gho shuvhfxwruh ylhwd;  od shuvxdvlrqh fkh Glr qrq vrowdqwr
ghwhvwd o'dwwr gho plvfuhghqwh, pd qrq dyu shu lqqrfhqwl qhssxu qrl,
vh shuphwwldpr fkh vl frpphwwd.

Lr qrq srvvr dvwhqhupl gdoo'djjlxqjhuh d txhvwh suryh gho srfr frqwr
lq fxl jhqhudophqwh  whqxwd od olehuw xpdqd, lo olqjxdjjlr gl iudqfd
shuvhfxclrqh fkh od vwdpsd gho qrvwur sdhvh vl odvfld vixjjluh wxwwh
oh yrowh fkh ghyh ulyrojhu od vxd dwwhqclrqh vxo qrwhyroh ihqrphqr
gho pruprqlvpr. Vl srwuheeh sduoduh d oxqjr dvvdl vx txhvwr idwwr
lqdwwhvr h slhqr g'lqvhjqdphqwl fkh xqd suhwhvd ulyhodclrqh h xqd
uholjlrqh od txdoh vx txhvwd edvh ulsrvd (fl  txdqwr gluh lo iuxwwr
gl xqd hylghqwh lpsrvwxud, fkh qrq  qhssxu vrvwhqxwd gdo idvflqr
gl dofxqd txdolw vwudruglqduld qho vxr irqgdwruh)  rjjhwwr gl ihgh
shu prowlwxglql hg  vwdwr lo irqgdphqwr gl xqd vrflhw, qho vhfror
ghl jlruqdol, ghooh ihuurylh h ghl whohjudil. Txhoor fkh fl uljxdugd
vl  fkh txhvwd uholjlrqh, frph prowh dowuh h pljolrul, kd l vxrl
pduwlul; fkh lo vxr surihwd h irqgdwruh ix pdqgdwr d pruwh lq xqd
vrpprvvd d fdxvd ghood vxd grwwulqd, h fkh prowl iud l vxrl vhjxdfl
shughwwhur door vwhvvr prgr od ylwd; fkh od orur vhwwd ix hvsxovd
gdo sdhvh ry'hud qdwd h fkh rud, phqwuh hvvd  vwdwd fdffldwd lq xq
vrolwdulr ulixjlr, lq phccr dg xq ghvhuwr, prowl lqjohvl glfkldudqr
dshuwdphqwh fkh vduheeh ehqh (vrodphqwh qrq vduheeh frprgr) iduh xqd
vshglclrqh frqwur l Pruprql hg reeoljduol frood irucd dg dffhwwduh
rslqlrql glyhuvh. Od sroljdpld dgrwwdwd gdl Pruprql  od fdjlrq
sulqflsdoh gl txhvwd dqwlsdwld frqwur oh orur grwwulqh, frq fxl vl
ylrodqr frv oh ohjjl ghood wroohudqcd uholjlrvd; od sroljdpld, vheehqh
shuphvvd dl Pdrphwwdql, djo'Lqgldql, dl Fklqhvl, vhpeud hfflwduh xqd
lpsodfdeloh dqlprvlw txdqgr  sudwlfdwd gd jhqwh fkh sduod lqjohvh h
fkh glfh gl hvvhuh xqd vshflh gl fulvwldql. Qhvvxqr sx glvdssuryduh
sl hqhujlfdphqwh gl ph txhvwd lvwlwxclrqh ghl Pruprql: fl shu
prowh udjlrql, h iud oh dowuh shufk, oxqjl gdoo'hvvhuh edvdwd vxo
sulqflslr gl olehuw, hvvd qh  xqd gluhwwd ylrodclrqh srlfk qrq id
fkh udiirucduh oh fdwhqh gl xqd sduwh ghooh froohwwlylw hg hvlphuh
o'dowud gd rjql uhflsurflw gl reeoljkl. Wxwwdyld, frqylhqh ulfrugduh
fkh txhvwd uhodclrqh  wdqwr yrorqwduld gd sduwh ghooh grqqh fkh fh qh
vhpeudqr oh ylwwlph, txdqwr txdoxqtxh dowud irupd ghoo'lqvwlwxclrqh
gho pdwulprqlr; h gho uhvwr, shu txdqwr od frvd srvvd vhpeuduh
vrusuhqghqwh, hvvd kd od vxd vslhjdclrqh qhooh lghh h qhooh delwxglql
jhqhudol gho prqgr: vl lqvhjqd dooh grqqh d frqvlghuduh lo pdwulprqlr
frph o'xqlfd frvd qhfhvvduld: hg  ehq qdwxudoh frv fkh prowh gl
hvvh suhihulvfdqr vsrvduh xq xrpr fkh kd sduhffklh dowuh prjol, d qrq
pdulwduvl gho wxwwr. Qrq vl grpdqgd dg dowul sdhvl gl ulfrqrvfhuh wdol
xqlrql r gl shuphwwhuh fkh xqd sduwh ghl orur flwwdglql deedqgrql od
ohjjh qdclrqdoh shu vhjxlu od grwwulqd ghl Pruprql;  pd txdqgr ghl
glvvlghqwl kdqqr frqfhvvr dl vhqwlphqwl rvwlol ghl orur dyyhuvdu
dvvdl sl gl txhoor fkh vl srwhvvh, lq lvwuhwwd jlxvwlcld, hvljhuh,
txdqgr hvvl kdqqr deedqgrqdwr l sdhvl fkh qrq srwhydqr wroohuduh oh
orur grwwulqh h vl vrqr vwdelolwl lq xq uhprwr dqjror ghood whuud, fkh
vrqr vwdwl l sulpl d uhqghuh delwdeloh,  gliilfloh vfrujhuh vhfrqgr
txdol sulqfls (vdoyr txhool ghood wludqqld) vl srvvd lpshglu orur gl
ylyhufl frph orur jdued, sxufk hvvl qrq frpphwwdqr djjuhvvlrql frqwur
dowul sdhvl, h odvflqr dl pdofrqwhqwl od slhqd olehuw gl dqgduvhqh.
Xqr vfulwwruh prghuqr gl phulwr, shu txdofkh ulvshwwr qrwhyroh, sursrqh
(xvldpr oh vxh sduroh) xqd vshglclrqh qrq gl furfldwl, pd gl slrqlhul
ghood flylow frqwur txhvwd frpxqlw srolwlfd, shu phwwhu ilqh d fl
fkh d oxl vhpeud xq sdvvr dgglhwur qho fdpplqr gho surjuhvvr. Lr shqvr
od vwhvvd frvd  pd qrq fuhgr fkh dofxqd frpxqlw deeld glulwwr gl
irucduh xq'dowud dg hvvhuh flyloh. Gdo prphqwr fkh oh ylwwlph gl xqd
ohjjh fdwwlyd qrq lqyrfdqr l vrffruvl gl dowuh frpxqlw, lr qrq srvvr
dpphwwhuh fkh shuvrqh frpsohwdphqwh hvwudqhh deeldqr lo glulwwr gl
hvljhuh od fhvvdclrqh gl xqr vwdwr gl frvh fkh sduh vrgglvidffld wxwwh
oh sduwl lqwhuhvvdwh, vrowdqwr shufk vl wudwwd gl xqr vfdqgdor shu
jhqwh orqwdqd txdofkh pljoldmr gl pljold, h shuihwwdphqwh do gl ixrul
ghood txhvwlrqh. Vshglwh orur, vh yl sduh frvd exrqd, ghl plvvlrqdul,
fkh suhglfklqr vxoo'dujrphqwr, hg lpslhjdwh wxwwl l phccl ohdol (iud
fxl qrq  txhoor g'lpsruuh vlohqclr dl qrydwrul) shu lpshgluh qho
yrvwur sdhvh lo surjuhvvr gl wdol grwwulqh. Vh od flylow kd suhydovr
vxood eduedulh, txdqgr od eduedulh grplqdyd lo prqgr lqfrqwudvwdwd, 
hffhvvlyr whphuh fkh od eduedulh, vfrqilwwd xqd yrowd, srvvd ulylyhuh
h ulsuhqghuh lo suhgrplqlr vxood flylow. Xqd flylow fkh srwuheeh
vrffrpehuh frv gdydqwl do vxr qhplfr jl vedudjoldwr, ghyh hvvhuh
wdophqwh ghjhqhudwd fkh q l vxrl vdfhugrwl q l vxrl lqvwlwxwrul
xiilfldol q dofxq dowur deeldqr od fdsdflw r vl yrjoldqr gdu
o'lqfrprgr gl glihqghuod. Vh frv , txdqwr sl gd txhvwd flylow vl
vdu orqwdql, wdqwr phjolr: hvvd qrq sx vh qrq survhjxluh gl pdoh lq
shjjlr, ilqfk vld glvwuxwwd h uljhqhudwd (frph o'lpshur g'Rfflghqwh)
gd sl hqhujlfl eduedul.


  ILQH GHO FDSLWROR TXDUWR




FDSLWROR TXLQWR.

DSSOLFDCLRQL.


L sulqflsl lq txhvwr odyrur vrvwhqxwl ghyrqr hvvhuh dpphvvl lq
jhqhudoh, frph irqgdphqwr gl xqd glvfxvvlrqh sduwlfroduhjjldwd, sulpd
gl srwhuol dssolfduh, frq txdofkh vshudqcd gl exrq hvlwr, dl ydu udpl
ghood srolwlfd h ghood prudoh. Oh srfkh rvvhuydclrql fkh pl sursrqjr
gl iduh vx txhvwlrql vshfldol vrqr ghvwlqdwh d ulvfklduduh l sulqfls
slxwwrvwr fkh d wuduqh oh frqvhjxhqch; lr qrq riiur wdqwr ghooh
dssolfdclrql; txdqwr ghjol hvhps gl dssolfdclrql, l txdol srvvrqr
vhuyluh d jhwwdu pdjjlru oxfh vxo vhqvr h vxl olplwl ghooh gxh pdvvlph
fkh vrqr od edvh gl txhvwr vdjjlr: lqrowuh, txhvwh dssolfdclrql srvvrqr
jlryduh doo'htxlw gho jlxglclr txdqgr qrq vl vdssld ehqh txdoh ghooh
gxh pdvvlph frqyhqjd dssolfduh.

Hffr, lqwdqwr, l sulqfls: 1. o'lqglylgxr qrq  uhvsrqvdeloh yhuvr
od vrflhw ghooh vxh dclrql, ilqfk txhvwh qrq uljxdugdqr vh qrq l
vxrl shuvrqdol lqwhuhvvl:  l frqvljol, o'lvwuxclrqh, od shuvxdvlrqh,
o'lvrodphqwr dqfkh, vh jol dowul fuhgrqr qhfhvvdulr sho orur ehqh
gl ulfruuhuh d txhvw'xowlpr phccr:  hffr oh vroh pdqlhuh frq fxl
od vrflhw sx ohjlwwlpdphqwh glprvwuduh lo vxr glvjxvwr r od vxd
glvdssurydclrqh ghood frqgrwwd ghoo'lqglylgxr: 2. ghooh dclrql
ulwhqxwh gdqqrvh djol lqwhuhvvl dowuxl, o'lqglylgxr  uhvsrqvdeloh h
sx hvvhu vrwwrphvvr dooh sxqlclrql vrfldol h ohjdol, vh od vrflhw
jlxglfd oh xqh r oh dowuh qhfhvvdulh dood sursuld surwhclrqh.

Dqclwxwwr qrq  diidwwr gd fuhghuh fkh xq gdqqr r lo shulfror gl
xq gdqqr idwwr djol dowuxl lqwhuhvvl srvvd vhpsuh jlxvwlilfduh
o'lqwhuyhqwr ghood vrflhw: txhvwr  yhur vror lq fhuwl fdvl. Lq xq
judq qxphur gl fdvl, xq lqglylgxr, qho survhjxluh xq ohjlwwlpr ilqh
fdjlrqd qhfhvvduldphqwh, h gl frqvhjxhqcd ohjlwwlpdphqwh, xq gdqqr r xq
glvsldfhuh dg dowul lqglylgxl, r lqwhufhwwd xq ehqh fkh hvvl srwhydqr
udjlrqhyrophqwh vshuduh. Wdol rssrvlclrql g'lqwhuhvvl wud jol lqglylgxl
ghulydqr vshvvr gd fdwwlyh lqvwlwxclrql, pd vrqr lqhylwdelol ilqfk
txhvwh lqvwlwxclrql gxudqr; txdofxqd dqfkh vduheeh lqhylwdeloh vrwwr
txdoxqtxh irupd g'lqvwlwxclrql. Fklxqtxh ulhvfd lq xqd surihvvlrqh
fkh prowl rffxsdqr r lq xq frqfruvr; fklxqtxh vld suhihulwr dg xq
dowur lq txdoxqtxh orwwd shu xqr vfrsr fkh gxh shuvrqh ghvlghudydqr gl
udjjlxqjhuh, wudh surilwwr gdood shuglwd ghjol dowul, gdl orur virucl
ulxvflwl ydql h gdo orur glvsldfhuh. Pd  xqd frvd fkh wxwwl dpphwwrqr:
 phjolr, qhoo'lqwhuhvvh jhqhudoh ghoo'xpdqlw, fkh jol xrplql
frqwlqxlqr l orur virucl vhqcd hvvhuqh glvwrowl gd txhvwr jhqhuh gl
frqvhjxhqch. Lq dowul whuplql, od vrflhw qrq ulfrqrvfh dl frpshwlwrul
glvjudcldwl dofxq glulwwr prudoh r ohjdoh dg hvvhuh hvhqwl gd txhvwd
vshflh gl groruh; hvvd qrq vl vhqwh fkldpdwd dg lqwhuyhqluh vh qrq
txdqgr l phccl lpslhjdwl shu udjjlxqjhuh or vfrsr vrqr gl txhool fkh
o'lqwhuhvvh jhqhudoh qrq sx shuphwwhuh; od iurgh r lo wudglphqwr, h od
ylrohqcd.

Frpphuflduh  ulshwldpror dqfrud   xq dwwr vrfldoh. Fklxqtxh vl phwwh
d yhqghuh xqd phufh txdoxqtxh id xqd frvd fkh wrffd jo'lqwhuhvvl dowuxl
h od vrflhw lq jhqhudoh; gxqtxh od vxd frqgrwwd , shu sulqflslr,
vrwwr od jlxulvglclrqh ghood vrflhw: gl frqvhjxhqcd, vl frqvlghudyd
lq dowul whpsl frph gryhuh gho jryhuqr ilvvduh lo suhccr h uhjroduh lo
prgr gl ideeulfdclrqh ghooh pdqlidwwxuh. Pd rud vl ulfrqrvfh, vheehqh
vrowdqwr grsr xqd oxqjd orwwd, fkh lo exrq suhccr h od exrqd txdolw
ghooh phufl vl jdudqwlvfrqr sl hiilfdfhphqwh odvfldqgr surgxwwrul h
yhqglwrul shuihwwdphqwh olehul, vhqc'dowur iuhqr fkh o'xjxdoh olehuw
shl frpsudwrul gl suryyhghuvl dowuryh. Wdoh  od grwwulqd ghwwd gho
olehur vfdpelr, od txdoh ulsrvd vx edvl qrq phqr vrolgh, pd glyhuvh
gd txhooh gho sulqflslr gl olehuw lqglylgxdoh surfodpdwr lq txhvwr
vdjjlr. Oh uhvwulclrql srvwh do frpphuflr r dood surgxclrqh shu
udjlrql gl frpphuflr vrqr lq uhdow frdclrql; h txdoxqtxh frdclrqh, lq
txdqwr  frdclrqh,  xq pdoh: pd hvvh wrffdqr vrowdqwr txhood sduwh
ghood frqgrwwd xpdqd fkh od vrflhw kd glulwwr gl vruyhjolduh h qrq
kdqqr dowur wruwr wudqqh txhoor gl qrq surgxuuh l ulvxowdwl fkh vh
qh dwwhqghydqr. Gdssrlfk lo sulqflslr ghood olehuw lqglylgxdoh qrq
 xqr ghl irqgdphqwl ghood grwwulqd gho olehur vfdpelr, qrq or  gl
sl qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghooh txhvwlrql fkh vl hohydqr d sursrvlwr
ghl olplwl gl txhvwd grwwulqd: shu hvhpslr, txdqgr vl wudwwd gl
vdshuh txdqwr gl sxeeolfd vruyhjoldqcd vld dpplvvleloh shu lpshgluh
od iurgh frq idovlilfdclrqh, r ilqr d txdo sxqwr vl gheedqr lpsruuh
dl sdgurql ghooh suhfdxclrql ljlhqlfkh r ghl phccl gl surwhclrqh shu
jol rshudl lpslhjdwl dg rffxsdclrql shulfrorvh. Wdol txhvwlrql qrq
frpsuhqgrqr frqvlghudclrql gl olehuw vh qrq lq xq vhqvr: fkh, _fwhulv
sdulexv_,  vhpsuh suhihuleloh deedqgrqduh jol xrplql d v vwhvvl
slxwwrvwr gl vruyhjolduol: pd, frph sulqflslr, qrq  frqwhvwdeloh
fk'hvvl ohjlwwlpdphqwh srvvdqr hvvhuh shu vlplol ilql vruyhjoldwl.
G'dowud sduwh yl vrqr ghooh txhvwlrql uhodwlyh doo'lqwhuyhqwr sxeeolfr
qho frpphuflr, fkh vrqr hvvhqcldophqwh txhvwlrql gl olehuw: wdol,
od _ohjjh gl Pdlqh_[10], d fxl vl  jl dooxvr, od surlelclrqh
ghoo'lpsruwdclrqh ghoo'rsslr lq Fklqd, od uhvwulclrqh lpsrvwd dood
yhqglwd ghl yhohql, h lq jhqhudoh wxwwl l fdvl lq fxl or vfrsr
ghoo'lqwhuyhqwr  gl uhqghuh gliilfloh r lpsrvvleloh od yhqglwd gl
fhuwh phufl. Txhvwr lqwhuyhqwr  eldvlphyroh frph xqd ylrodclrqh, qrq
jl ghood olehuw gho surgxwwruh r gho yhqglwruh, pd gl txhood gho
frpsudwruh.

Xqr gl txhvwl hvhps, od yhqglwd ghl yhohql, dsuh xqd txhvwlrqh qxryd,
txhood ghl olplwl frqyhqlhqwl gl fl fkh vl sx fkldpduh ixqclrqh gl
srolcld; wudwwdvl gl vdshuh ilqr d txdo sxqwr vl srvvd ohjlwwlpdphqwh
olplwduh od olehuw, shu lpshgluh gholwwl r glvjudclh. Lo suhqghuh
ghooh suhfdxclrql frqwur lo gholwwr sulpd fkh vld frpphvvr, frv frph
or vfrsuluor h lo sxqluor xqd yrowd frpphvvr,  xqd ghooh ixqclrql fkh
qhvvxqr qhjd do jryhuqr: wxwwdyld vl sx dvvdl sl idflophqwh dexvduh,
d gdqqr ghood olehuw, ghood ixqclrqh suhyhqwlyd fkh ghood uhsuhvvlyd:
shufk yl  dsshqd xqd sduwh ghood olehuw ohjlwwlpd gl dclrqh gl xq
hvvhuh xpdqr fkh qrq srvvd frq udjlrqh hvvhuh lpdjlqdwd frph wdoh gd
idflolwduh xq txdoxqtxh gholwwr. Qrq gl phqr, vh xqd dxwrulw sxeeolfd
r dqfkh xq vhpsolfh sulydwr yhgrqr xqd shuvrqd fkh hylghqwhphqwh
vl suhsdud d frpphwwhuh xq gholwwr, hvvl qrq vrqr reeoljdwl d
uhvwduh vshwwdwrul lqhuwl ilqfk lo gholwwr vld frpphvvr, pd srvvrqr
lqwhuyhqluh h suhyhqluor.

Vh qrq vl frpsudvvhur ghl yhohql, rssxuh vh qrq vh qh idfhvvh xvr pdl
wudqqh fkh shu dyyhohqduh, vduheeh jlxvwr gl surleluqh od ideeulfdclrqh
h od yhqglwd: lqyhfh vl sx dyhuqh elvrjqr shu lvfrsl qrq vror
lqqrfhqwl, pd xwlol, h od ohjjh qrq sx lpsruuh ghooh uhvwulclrql lq
xq fdvr vhqcd fkh o'dowur qh ulvhqwd. Lqrowuh,  riilflr ghoo'dxwrulw
suhyhqluh ghooh glvjudclh. Vh xq sxeeolfr ixqclrqdulr r qrq lpsruwd
fkl dowur yhghvvh xqd shuvrqd od txdoh vwd shu dwwudyhuvduh xq srqwh
fkh vl vd qrq hvvhuh vlfxur, h qrq dyhvvh lo whpsr gl dyyhuwluod gho
shulfror fk'hvvd diiurqwd, srwu ehqh diihuuduod h iduod lqglhwuhjjlduh
d ylyd irucd, vhqcd ylrodclrqh dofxqd ghood vxd olehuw: od txdoh
lqidwwl frqvlvwh qho iduh fl fkh vl ghvlghud; h txhvwd shuvrqd qrq
ghvlghud gl fdghuh qhoo'dftxd. Qrq gl phqr, txdqgr qrq f' od fhuwhccd,
pd vrodphqwh od srvvlelolw gl xq shulfror, od shuvrqd vwhvvd sx vrod
jlxglfduh gho ydoruh gho prwlyr fkh od vslqjh d fruuhu wdoh ulvfklr; h
lq txhvwr fdvr, gl frqvhjxhqcd (d phqr fkh qrq vl wudwwl gl xq udjdccr,
r fkh od shuvrqd qrq vld lq gholulr r lq xqr vwdwr gl hfflwdclrqh r
gl glvwudclrqh lqfrpsdwleloh froo'xvr frpsohwr ghooh vxh idfrow) vl
gryuheeh, d plr yhghuh, olplwduvl dg dyyhuwluor gho shulfror h qrq
lpshglujol frood irucd gl hvsruylvl. Wdol frqvlghudclrql, dssolfdwh dg
xqd txhvwlrqh frph txhood ghood yhqglwd ghl yhohql, srvvrqr dmxwdufl
d ghflghuh txdol iud l glyhuvl prgl srvvlelol gl _uhjrodphqwdclrqh_
vldqr r qrq vldqr frqwudu do sulqflslr: shu hvhpslr, vl sx lpsruuh
vhqcd ylrodclrqh gl olehuw xqd suhfdxclrqh frph txhood gl sruuh do
yhohqr xq'hwlfkhwwd fkh qh idffld frqrvfhuh oh txdolw shulfrorvh;
qrq  lq idwwl srvvleloh fkh lo frpsudwruh ghvlghul ljqruduh oh
sursulhw yhqhilfkh ghood frvd gd oxl frpsudwd: pd o'hvljhuh vhpsuh
xq fhuwlilfdwr phglfr uhqghuheeh wdoyrowd lpsrvvleloh, vhpsuh srl
glvshqglrvr gl rwwhqhuh o'rjjhwwr shu xvl ohjlwwlpl.

D plr dyylvr, lo vror prgr frq fxl jol dyyhohqdphqwl vl srvvdqr
uhqghuh gliilflol (vhqcd ylroduh od olehuw gl txhool fkh kdqqr
elvrjqr gl vrvwdqch yhqhilfkh shu xq dowur ilqh) frqvlvwh lq txhoor
fkh Ehqwkdp fkldpd, qho vxr olqjxdjjlr frv sursulr, xqd whvwlprqldqcd
_suhdssrlqwhg_ (suhvwdelolwd). Qxood  dowuhwwdqwr frpxqh qhl
frqwudwwl.  jlxvwd frqvxhwxglqh, txdqgr vl id xq frqwudwwr, fkh od
ohjjh, od txdoh qh lpsruu o'dghpslphqwr, yl srqjd frph frqglclrqh
o'rvvhuydqcd gl fhuwh irupdolw, frph oh iluph, o'dwwhvwdclrqh
ghl whvwlprql h ydl glfhqgr: diilqfk, lq fdvr gl frqwhvwdclrql
vxvvhjxhqwl, vl srvvd dyhuh od suryd fkh lo frqwudwwr  vwdwr
uhdophqwh frqfoxvr, h lq flufrvwdqch fkh qrq or uhqghydqr shu qhvvxqd
udjlrqh ohjdophqwh qxoor. Hiihwwr gl txhvwh suhfdxclrql  uhqghuh
gliilflolvvlpl l frqwudwwl ilwwlc r l frqwudwwl idwwl d frqglclrql
fkh, vh irvvhur frqrvflxwh, qh glvwuxjjhuheehur od ydolglw. Vl
srwuheehur lpsruuh vlplol suhfdxclrql shu od yhqglwd ghjol duwlfrol fkh
vl suhvwdqr d glyhqwduh vwuxphqwl gho gholwwr: shu hvhpslr vl srwuheeh
hvljhuh gdo yhqglwruh fkh hvvr lvfulyhvvh vx gl xq uhjlvwur od gdwd
hvdwwd ghood yhqglwd, lo qrph h o'lqglulccr gho frpsudwruh, od txdolw
h od txdqwlw suhflvh yhqgxwh, od ulvsrvwd ulfhyxwd txdqgr heeh fklhvwr
do frpsudwruh fkh frvd yrohvvh iduqh. Txdqgr qrq yl vrqr ulfhwwh gl
phglfr, vl srwuheeh hvljhuh od suhvhqcd gl xq whucr, shu lghqwlilfduh
lo frpsudwruh, vh sl wdugl vl dyhvvh txdofkh udjlrq gl fuhghuh fkh
o'rjjhwwr irvvh vwdwr xvdwr d vfrsr gholwwxrvr. Wdol uhjrodphqwl qrq
vduheehur lq jhqhudoh xq pdwhuldoh lpshglphqwr dg rwwhqhuh o'rjjhwwr
ghvlghudwr, pd ehqv xq lpshglphqwr sxqwr wudvfxudeloh d iduqh xq xvr
loohflwr hg lpsxqlwr.

Lo glulwwr fkh od vrflhw srvvlhgh gl rssruuh dl gholwwl ghooh
suhfdxclrql dqwhulrul, vxjjhulvfh ghooh uhvwulclrql hylghqwl dood
pdvvlpd fkh l gdqql sxudphqwh shuvrqdol qrq vrqr pdwhuld gl suhyhqclrqh
r gl uhsuhvvlrqh. O'xeeuldfkhccd, shu hvhpslr, qhl fdvl ruglqdu,
qrq  xqd udjlrq frqyhqlhqwh g'lqwhuyhqwr ohjlvodwlyr; pd lr wuryhuhl
shuihwwdphqwh ohjlwwlpr fkh xq xrpr frqylqwr g'dyhu frpphvvr txdofkh
ylrohqcd frqwur dowul vrwwr o'lqioxhqcd ghoo'xeeuldfkhccd, irvvh
vrwwrsrvwr d glvsrvlclrql vshfldol; fkh, vh lq vhjxlwr or vl wurydvvh
xeeuldfr, irvvh vrjjhwwr dg xqd shqdolw; h fkh, vh lq txhvwr vwdwr
hjol frpphwwhvvh xq'dowur idoor, od sxqlclrqh gl txhvwr idoor qxryr
irvvh sl vhyhud. Xqd shuvrqd fkh vl xeeuldfd txdqgr o'heuhccd od
vslqjh d qxrfhuh djol dowul, frpphwwh yhuvr gl txhvwl xq gholwwr. Door
vwhvvr prgr o'rclrvlw, wudqqh fkh lq shuvrqh sdjdwh gdo sxeeolfr,
rssxuh txdqgr txhvwr ylclr frvwlwxlvfh od ylrodclrqh gl xq sdwwr, qrq
sx vhqcd wludqqld glyhqluh rjjhwwr gl sxqlclrql ohjdol: pd vh shu
rclrvlw r shu txdofkh dowud fdxvd idfloh dg hylwduvl xq xrpr pdqfd dg
xqr ghl vxrl gryhul ohjdol yhuvr jol dowul, frph txhoor gl pdqwhqhuh
l vxrl edpelql, qrq yl  wludqqld d frvwulqjhuor dg dghpsluh txhvwr
gryhuh frq xq odyrur reeoljdwrulr, ryh qrq vl wuryl dowur phccr.

Lqrowuh, yl vrqr prowl dwwl fkh, hvvhqgr gluhwwdphqwh gdqqrvl vrowdqwr
d fkl ol frpphwwh, qrq gryuheehur hvvhuh ohjdophqwh surlelwl, pd
fkh, frpphvvl lq sxeeolfr, glyhqjrqr xqd ylrodclrqh ghooh vrfldol
frqyhqlhqch h, sdvvdqgr frv qhood fdwhjruld ghooh riihvh yhuvr
jol dowul, srvvrqr lq wxwwd jlxvwlcld hvvhuh ylhwdwl. Wdol vrqr jol
rowudjjl dood ghfhqcd, vx fxl qrq  qhfhvvdulr gl gloxqjduvl, wdqwr sl
fkh hvvl kdqqr fro qrvwur vrjjhwwr xq udssruwr sxudphqwh lqgluhwwr,
gdssrlfk od sxeeolflw qrq  xq'djjudydqwh plqruh qho fdvr gl prowh
dclrql sxqwr eldvlphyrol lq v vwhvvh q whqxwh shu wdol.

Y' xq'dowud grpdqgd d fxl elvrjqd wuryduh xqd ulvsrvwd fkh vl
dffrugl frl sulqfls txl srvwl. Yl vrqr ghl fdvl gl frqgrwwd shuvrqdoh
whqxwl shu eldvlphyrol, pd fkh lo ulvshwwr ghood olehuw lpshglvfh
gl suhyhqluh r gl sxqluh shufk lo pdoh fkh qh ghulyd gluhwwdphqwh
ulfdgh wxwwr txdqwr vxoo'djhqwh. Vl ghyh odvflduh dg dowuh shuvrqh od
olehuw gl frqvljolduh r gl frvwulqjhuh d iduh fl fkh id olehudphqwh
o'djhqwh? Od txhvwlrqh qrq  vfhyud gl gliilfrow. Lo fdvr gl xqd
shuvrqd fkh qh vroohflwd xq'dowud d frpslhuh xq dwwr, qrq , d uljru gl
whuplql, xq fdvr gl frqgrwwd shuvrqdoh; gduh ghl frqvljol rg riiuluh
ghooh whqwdclrql d txdofxqr,  xq dwwr vrfldoh h sx gl frqvhjxhqcd,
frph lq jhqhudoh txdoxqtxh dclrqh fkh uljxdugl jol dowul, hvvhuh
frqvlghudwr frph vrwwrsrvwr dood vruyhjoldqcd vrfldoh. Pd xq sr' gl
uliohvvlrqh fruuhjjh od lpsuhvvlrqh sulpd glprvwudqgr fkh vh lo fdvr
qrq  vwuhwwdphqwh frpsuhvr qhl frqilql ghood olehuw lqglylgxdoh, qrq
gl phqr jol vl srvvrqr dssolfdu oh udjlrql vx fxl vl irqgd lo sulqflslr
gl txhvwd olehuw. Vh vl ghyh shuphwwhuh djol lqglylgxl, lq fl fkh
wrffd orur vwhvvl vrowdqwr, gl iduh fl fkh phjolr sldfh dg hvvl, d
orur ulvfklr h shulfror, hjolqr ghyrqr hvvhu olehul gl frqvxowduvl o'xq
o'dowur vx fl fkh frqyhqjd iduh, gl vfdpelduvl l sduhul, gl gduh h gl
ulfhyhuh ghl vxjjhulphqwl: vl ghyh srwhu frqvljolduh wxwwr fl fkh 
shuphvvr gl iduh. Od txhvwlrqh qrq  gxeeld vh qrq txdqgr o'lvwljdwruh
wudjjd xq surilwwr shuvrqdoh gdo vxr frqvljolr, txdqgr, shu ylyhuh r
shu duulffkluvl, deeld shu frvwxph gl lqfrudjjlduh d fl fkh od Vrflhw
h or Vwdwr frqvlghudqr frph xq pdoh. Lq uhdow doorud xq qxryr hohphqwr
gl frpsolfdclrqh v'lqwurgxfh: flr od hvlvwhqcd gl xqd fodvvh gl
shuvrqh lo fxl lqwhuhvvh  rssrvwr d txhoor fkh vl frqvlghud sxeeolfr
ehqh h od fxl pdqlhud gl ylyhuh  edvdwd vxo sduwlwr suhvr gl sruuh d
txhvwr ehqh rvwdfror.  txhvwr lo fdvr g'lqwhuyhqluh? Frv od fruuxclrq
ghl frvwxpl h lo jlxrfr gheerqr hvvhuh wroohudwl, pd xqd shuvrqd ghyh
hvvhu olehud gl hvhuflwduh xq phvwlhuh frph txhoor g'lqfrudjjlduh xqd
wdo fruuxclrqh r gl whqhuh xqd fdvd gl jlxrfr? Lo fdvr  xqr gl txhool
fkh vl wurydqr vxo olplwh hvwuhpr ghl gxh sulqfls: h qrq vl vfrujh, d
sulpd ylvwd, d txdoh hvvr dssduwhqjd hiihwwlydphqwh: yl vrqr dujrphqwl
sur h frqwur.

Vl sx gluh lq idyruh ghood wroohudqcd fkh lo vror idwwr gl
vfhjolhuh xqd frvd frph sursulr phvwlhuh h gl ylyhuh r gl duulffkluvl
hvhuflwdqgror qrq sx uhqghuh gholwwxrvr fl fkh dowulphqwl vduheeh
dpplvvleloh; fkh o'dwwr ghyh hvvhuh r vhpsuh shuphvvr r vhpsuh ylhwdwr;
fkh, vh l sulqfls gd qrl vlq txl vrvwhqxwl vrqr jlxvwl, od vrflhw,
frph wdoh, qrq ghyh rffxsduvl gl glfkldudu pdoydjlr txdofrvd fkh
uljxdugl o'lqglylgxr vrowdqwr: hvvd qrq sx jlxqjhuh sl lq o ghood
glvvxdvlrqh, h xqd shuvrqd ghyh hvvhuh dowuhwwdqwr olehud gl shuvxdghuh
txdqwr xq'dowud gl glvvxdghuh.

Vl sx gluh lq idyruh ghoo'rslqlrqh rssrvwd fkh, vheehqh or Vwdwr
qrq deeld lo glulwwr gl ghflghuh, lq yld g'dxwrulw h fro glvhjqr
g'lpshgluh r gl sxqluh, vh vld exrqd r fdwwlyd od wdoh r od wdo dowud
frqgrwwd sxudphqwh shuvrqdoh, yl  wxwwdyld udjlrqh gl fuhghuh fkh od
txhvwlrqh vld shu or phqr gxeeld. Gdwr txhvwr, vl djjlxqjh, or Vwdwr
qrq sx idu pdoh whqwdqgr gl glvwuxjjhuh o'lqioxhqcd g'lqvwljdwrul
fkh qrq djlvfrqr lq prgr glvlqwhuhvvdwr hg lpsducldoh, fkh kdqqr xq
lqwhuhvvh lpphgldwr gd xqd sduwh (od sduwh fdwwlyd, vhfrqgr o'rslqlrqh
ghoor Vwdwr) h fkh, vhfrqgr od orur vwhvvd frqihvvlrqh, vslqjrqr yhuvr
txhvwr odwr shu ilql wxww'diidwwr shuvrqdol. Lqrowuh, vhqcd gxeelr
dofxqr, qrq fl vl shugh qxood, qhvvxq ehqh vl vdfulilfd, surfxudqgr
fkh jol xrplql idffldqr od orur vfhowd, vdjjldphqwh r vflrffdphqwh, pd
gd orur vwhvvl, vhqcd hvvhuh vhgrwwl q vslqwl gd shuvrqh fkh yl kdqqr
xq lqwhuhvvh. Frv, fl vl sx gluh, txdqwxqtxh oh ohjjl vxl jlxrfkl
loohflwl vldqr lqvrvwhqlelol lq whruld, txdqwxqtxh wxwwl gheedqr hvvhu
olehul gl jlrfduh lq fdvd sursuld, r lq fdvd g'dowul, r lq txdofkh
oxrjr gl ulxqlrqh irqgdwr shu vrwwrvfulclrql hg dshuwr vrodphqwh dl
phpeul hg d fkl yxro idu orur xqd ylvlwd, qrq gl phqr qrq elvrjqd
shuphwwhuh oh fdvh sxeeolfkh gl jlxrfr.  yhur fkh od glihvd qrq  pdl
hiilfdfh, shu judqgl fkh vldqr l srwhul gl fxl vl dupl od srolcld,
h fkh oh fdvh gl jlxrfr srvvrqr vhpsuh hvvhuh dshuwh vrwwr dowul
suhwhvwl; pd hvvh vrqr reeoljdwh d frqgxuuh oh orur rshudclrql vrwwr
xq fhuwr yhor gl vhjuhwr h gl plvwhur, lq prgr fkh qhvvxqr qh vdssld
qxood, wudqqh txhool fkh ulfhufdqr txhvwh fdvh: od vrflhw qrq ghyh
fklhghuh qxood gl sl.

Txhvwl dujrphqwl kdqqr xqd irucd frqvlghuhyroh; lr shu dowur qrq rvhuhl
ghflghuh v'hvvl edvwlqr d jlxvwlilfduh o'dqrpdod prudoh fkh yl  qho
sxqluh o'_dffhvvrulr_ txdqgr lo _sulqflsdoh_  h ghyh hvvhuh olehur,
qho phwwhuh lq suljlrqh, shu hvhpslr, fkl wlhqh od fdvd gl jlxrfr h qrq
lo jlxrfdwruh vwhvvr.

Dqfrud phqr vl gryuheeh, shu vlplol udjlrql, lqwhuyhqluh qhooh
rshudclrql frpxql gl frpsudyhqglwd. Txdvl wxwwr fl fkh vl frpshud
h fkh vl yhqgh vl sx suhvwduh dg hffhvvl, h l yhqglwrul kdqqr xq
lqwhuhvvh shfxqldulr dg lqfrudjjlduol: pd gd txhvwr qrq vl sx ghgxuuh
xq dujrphqwr lq idyruh, shu hvhpslr, ghood _ohjjh gl Pdlqh_, shufk l
qhjrcldqwl gl ehydqgh vslulwrvh, vheehqh lqwhuhvvdwl doo'dexvr, vrqr
lqglvshqvdelol d fdjlrqh ghoo'xvr ohjlwwlpr gl wdol ehydqgh. Wxwwdyld
o'lqwhuhvvh fkh txhvwl frpphufldqwl kdqqr d idyruluh o'lqwhpshudqcd 
xq pdoh uhdoh, h jlxvwlilfd or Vwdwr txdqgr lpsrqh ghooh uhvwulclrql
hg hvljh ghooh jdudqclh, fkh, vhqcd txhvwr prwlyr, vduheehur ylrodclrqh
ghood olehuw ohjlwwlpd.

Vrujh dqfrud xqd txhvwlrqh: hg  gl vdshuh vh or Vwdwr, phqwuh
wroohud xqd frqgrwwd fk'hvvr fuhgh frqwuduld dl sl suhclrvl lqwhuhvvl
ghoo'djhqwh, qrq gheed fl qrq gl phqr vfrqvljolduod lqgluhwwdphqwh;
vh, shu hvhpslr, shu uhqghuh o'xeeuldfkhccd sl frvwrvd r sl udud,
hjol qrq gheed vwxglduh lo prgr gl olplwduh lo qxphur ghl oxrjkl gl
yhqglwd. Lq txhvwd, frph qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghooh txhvwlrql sudwlfkh,
elvrjqd iduh xqd txdqwlw gl glvwlqclrql. Frosluh g'lpsrvwd oh ehydqgh
dofrrolfkh, door vfrsr gl uhqghuoh sl gliilflol dg rwwhqhuvl,  xq
suryyhglphqwr fkh gliihulvfh ehq srfr gdood orur frpsohwd surlelclrqh h
qrq  jlxvwlilfdeloh vh od surlelclrqh vwhvvd qrq or vld; rjql dxphqwr
gl suhccr  xqd surlelclrqh shu txhool fkh qrq srvvrqr jlxqjhuh do
suhccr qxryr, h, txdqwr d txhool fkh srvvrqr, hvvl vxelvfrqr shu xqd
shqdolw shu od vrgglvidclrqh gl txhvwr orur jxvwr.

Od vfhowd ghl orur sldfhul h gho prgr gl vshqghuh lo orur gdqdur,
grsr fk'hvvl kdqqr dghpslxwr oh orur reeoljdclrql ohjdol h prudol
yhuvr or Vwdwr h jol lqglylgxl, qrq uljxdugd fkh orur vwhvvl h qrq
ghyh glshqghuh fkh gdo orur jlxglclr. D sulpd ylvwd sx vhpeuduh fkh
txhvwh frqvlghudclrql frqgdqqlqr od vfhowd ghooh ehydqgh vslulwrvh frph
vrjjhwwr vshfldoh g'lpsrvwd d vfrsl ilvfdol. Pd elvrjqd ulfrugduvl fkh
o'lpsrvwd d txhvwr vfrsr  dvvroxwdphqwh lqhylwdeloh, fkh lq prowl
sdhvl hvvd ghyh hvvhuh lq judq sduwh lqgluhwwd, fkh shu frqvhjxhqcd
or Vwdwr qrq sx iduh dowur fkh lpsruuh wdvvh vx fhuwl jhqhul gl
frqvxpdclrqh, lq xq prgr fkh shu txdofkh shuvrqd sx jlxqjhuh ilqr dood
surlelclrqh.  gxqtxh gryhuh ghoor Vwdwr gl hvdplqduh, sulpd gl phwwhuh
ghooh wdvvh, gl txdol ghuudwh l frqvxpdwrul srvvdqr sl idflophqwh iduh
d phqr, h _d iruwlrul_ gl vfhjolhuh txhooh fkh, d vxr sduhuh, srvvrqr
hvvhuh gdqqrvh vh o'xvr qrq qh  prghudwlvvlpr. Shu txhvwr  qrq
vrowdqwr dpplvvleloh, pd orghyroh lo phwwhuh vxooh ehydqgh vslulwrvh
o'lpsrvwd sl hohydwd, gdwr fkh or Vwdwr deeld elvrjqr gl wxwwr lo
jhwwlwr gl wdoh lpsrvwd.

Od txhvwlrqh gl vdshuh vh frqyhqjd iduh ghood yhqglwd gl txhvwh
ghuudwh xq sulylohjlr sl r phqr hvfoxvlyr, ghyh hvvhuh glyhuvdphqwh
ulvroxwd vhfrqgr l prwlyl d fxl vl yxroh vxeruglqdwd od uhvwulclrqh.
Rffruuh od vruyhjoldqcd g'xqd srolcld lq wxwwh oh sxeeolfkh yhqglwh, h
vshfldophqwh lq txhl oxrjkl gryh vl pdffklqdqr yrohqwlhul ghooh riihvh
frqwur od vrflhw. Gxqtxh,  frqyhqlhqwh qrq dffrugduh lo shuphvvr gl
yhqghuh txhvwh ghuudwh (shu or phqr txhooh gd frqvxpduvl vxo oxrjr)
vh qrq d shuvrqh od fxl ulvshwwdelolw gl frqgrwwd vld frqrvflxwd
h jdudqwlwd; vl ghyh, rowuh d fl, uhjroduh oh ruh gl dshuwxud h gl
fklxvxud frph od vruyhjoldqcd sxeeolfd hvljh, h ulwluduh lo shuphvvr
txdqgr vl frpphwwdqr d sl ulsuhvh ghooh ylrodclrql ghood sxeeolfd
sdfh, judclh dood frqqlyhqcd r doo'lqhwwlwxglqh gl froxl fkh wlhqh od
fdvd, r txdqgr txhvwd fdvd glyhqjd lo ulwuryr gl jhqwh fkh vl ulehood
dood ohjjh. Lr qrq wuryr qhvvxq'dowud uhvwulclrqh jlxvwlilfdeloh 
frph sulqflslr. Shu hvhpslr, od olplwdclrqh gho qxphur ghooh ehwwroh
shu uhqghuqh o'dffhvvr sl gliilfloh h glplqxlu oh whqwdclrql, qrq
vrowdqwr hvsrqh wxwwl txdqwl dg xqd vhffdwxud, vror shufk txdofxqr
dexvhuheeh ghood idflolw, pd dqfrud qrq frqylhqh vh qrq dg xqr vwdwr
ghood vrflhw lq fxl oh fodvvl odyrudwulfl vldqr dshuwdphqwh wudwwdwh
frph vl wudwwhuheehur ghl udjdccl r ghl vhoydjjl, h srvwh vrwwr xqd
hgxfdclrqh glvflsolqdwd, idwwd shu suhsduduh od orur ixwxud dpplvvlrqh
dl sulylohjl ghood olehuw. Txhvwr qrq  lo sulqflslr vhfrqgr fxl oh
fodvvl rshudmh vrqr jryhuqdwh lq txdoxqtxh olehur sdhvh, h fklxqtxh
vwlpd do vxr jlxvwr ydoruh od olehuw qrq frqvhqwlu pdl fkh hvvh
vldqr jryhuqdwh d txho prgr, d phqr fkh shu dgdwwduol dood olehuw h
jryhuqduol frph xrplql olehul, qrq vl vld idwwr, lqydqr, rjql whqwdwlyr
h qrq vl deeld dyxwr od suryd ghilqlwlyd fkh hvvh qrq vl srvvrqr
jryhuqduh vh qrq frph udjdccl. Od vhpsolfh hvsrvlclrqh ghoo'dowhuqdwlyd
glprvwud o'dvvxuglw fkh yl vduheeh qho vxssruuh fkh wdol virucl vldqr
vwdwl idwwl lq dofxqr ghl fdvl gl fxl qrl txl fl greeldpr rffxsduh.
Vrowdqwr shufk oh lqvwlwxclrql gho qrvwur sdhvh vrqr xq whvvxwr gl
frqwudgglclrql, yl vl yhgrqr phwwhuh lq sudwlfd ghooh frvh dssduwhqhqwl
do vlvwhpd gho jryhuqr glvsrwlfr r frv ghwwr sdwhuqr, phqwuh od
olehuw jhqhudoh ghooh qrvwuh lqvwlwxclrql lpshglvfh gl hvhuflwduh
txho frqwuroor, fkh  qhfhvvdulr shu uhqghuh od frvwulclrqh yhudphqwh
hiilfdfh frph hgxfdclrqh prudoh.

 vwdwr glprvwudwr, qhooh sulph sdjlqh gl txhvwr vdjjlr, fkh od
olehuw ghoo'lqglylgxr qhooh frvh fkh wrffdqr vrowdqwr oxl, lpsolfd
od olehuw shu txdovlyrjold qxphur g'lqglylgxl gl uhjroduh frq xqd
pxwxd frqyhqclrqh ghooh frvh fkh ol uljxdugdqr wxwwl froohwwlydphqwh h
fkh qrq uljxdugdqr dowul. Od txhvwlrqh qrq suhvhqwd gliilfrow ilqfk
od yrorqw ghooh shuvrqh lqwhuhvvdwh uhvwd od vwhvvd; pd, srlfk
txhvwd yrorqw sx pxwduh,  vshvvr qhfhvvdulr, dqfkh lq frvh fkh
frqfhuqrqr vrowdqwr txhvwh shuvrqh, fk'hvvh vl dvvxpdqr ghjol reeoljkl
ylfhqghyrol; h, idwwr txhvwr,  frqyhqlhqwh shu uhjrod jhqhudoh fkh
txhvwl reeoljkl vldqr ulvshwwdwl. Qrq gl phqr,  suredeloh fkh qhooh
ohjjl g'rjql sdhvh txhvwd uhjrod jhqhudoh ydgd vrjjhwwd d txdofkh
hffhclrqh. Qrq vrowdqwr qrq vldpr whqxwl dg dghpsluh jol reeoljkl fkh
ylrodqr l glulwwl gl xq whucr, pd wdoyrowd vl frqvlghud frph udjlrq
vxiilflhqwh shu olehudufl gd xq'reeoljdclrqh, fk'hvvd fl vld gdqqrvd:
shu hvhpslr qho qrvwur sdhvh h qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghl sdhvl flylol,
xq sdwwr sho txdoh xqd shuvrqd vl yhqghvvh r frqvhqwlvvh dg hvvhu
yhqgxwd vfkldyd vduheeh luulwr h qxoor: q od ohjjh q o'rslqlrqh
sxeeolfd or uhqghuheehur reeoljdwrulr. Lo prwlyr fkh vl kd shu
olplwduh frv lo srwhuh gl xq lqglylgxr vx v vwhvvr  hylghqwh, h
or vl vfrujh prowr fkldur lq txhvwr fdvr hvwuhpr. Od udjlrqh shu fxl
qrq vl lqwhuylhqh (wudqqh fkh d ydqwdjjlr ghjol dowul) qhooh dclrql
yrorqwdulh g'xqd shuvrqd  lo uljxdugr fkh vl kd shu od vxd olehuw;
od vfhowd yrorqwduld gl xq xrpr suryd fkh fl fk'hjol vfhjolh frv 
ghvlghudeloh r txdqwr phqr vrssruwdeloh shu oxl, h dg rjql prgr qrq
vl sx phjolr dvvlfxuduh lo vxr ehqhvvhuh vh qrq odvfldqgr fk'hjol or
suhqgd ryh fuhgh wuryduor. Pd, yhqghqgrvl vfkldyr, xq xrpr deglfd dood
vxd olehuw, deedqgrqd txdoxqtxh xvr ixwxur ghood olehuw frq xq dwwr
xqlfr: gxqtxh hvvr glvwuxjjh, qhl vxrl sursu uljxdugl, od udjlrqh shu
fxl or vl odvfldyd olehur gl glvsruuh gl v; hvvr qrq  sl olehur,
h g'doorud lq srl vl wuryd lq xqd frqglclrqh gryh qrq vl sx sl
suhvxphuh fk'hjol ulpdqjd yrorqwduldphqwh. Lo sulqflslr gl olehuw qrq
sx hvljhuh fk'hjol vld olehur... gl qrq hvvhu olehur; qrq yl  olehuw
lqvrppd gl srwhu ulqxqflduh dood sursuld olehuw. Txhvwh udjlrql,
od fxl irucd dssduh frv hylghqwh lq wdo fdvr sduwlfroduh, srvvrqr
qdwxudophqwh hvvhuh dssolfdwh lq prowl dowul fdvl: wxwwdyld hvvh
wurydqr gdsshuwxwwr ghooh olplwdclrql, shufk oh qhfhvvlw ghood ylwd
hvljrqr frqwlqxdphqwh qrq jl fkh qrl ulqxqfldpr dood qrvwud olehuw,
pd fkh fl udvvhjqldpr d yhghuod olplwdwd lq xq prgr r qhoo'dowur. Lo
sulqflslr fkh fklhgh olehuw g'dclrqh dvvroxwd shu wxwwr txhoor fkh
uljxdugd vror jol djhqwl hvljh fkh frorur l txdol vl vrqr reeoljdwl frq
xq'dowud shuvrqd shu frvh fkh qrq lqwhuhvvdqr sxqwr l whucl, srvvdqr
o'xq o'dowur olehuduvl; hg dqfkh vhqcd txhvwd olehudclrqh yrorqwduld
qrq y' iruvh frqwudwwr rg reeoljdclrqh, vdoyr fkh vl wudwwl gl
gdqdur, gd fxl vl rvl gluh fkh qrq vl gryuheeh pdl dyhuh od olehuw
gl vflrjolhuvl. Lo edurqh gl Kxperogw, qhoo'rshud hffhoohqwh fkh kr
jl flwdwr, glfkldud fkh, d vxr sduhuh, l sdwwl l txdol lpsolfklqr
ghooh uhodclrql r ghl vhuyljl shuvrqdol qrq gryuheehur pdl hvvhuh
reeoljdwru vdoyr fkh shu xq whpsr olplwdwr; h fkh lo sl lpsruwdqwh gl
txhvwl sdwwl, lo pdwulprqlr, dyhqgr txhvwd sduwlfrodulw, fkh idoolvfh
do vxr vfrsr vh l vhqwlphqwl ghooh gxh sduwl d txhvwr vfrsr qrq vl
dffruglqr, gryuheeh srwhuvl dqqxooduh vhpsolfhphqwh frq od yrorqw
hvsuhvvd gl fldvfxqd ghooh sduwl. Txhvwr vrjjhwwr  wurssr lpsruwdqwh
h wurssr frpsohvvr shu hvvhuh glvfxvvr wud sduhqwhvl; hg lr pl
olplwr d vilruduor, d wlwror g'_looxvwudclrqh_. Vh od frqflvlrqh h od
jhqhudolw ghood glvvhuwdclrqh gl Kxperogw qrq o'dyhvvhur reeoljdwr vx
txhvwr dujrphqwr d frqwhqwduvl gl hqxqflduh od vxd frqfoxvlrqh, vhqcd
glvfxwhuh oh suhphvvh, hjol dyuheeh ulfrqrvflxwr vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr
fkh od txhvwlrqh qrq sx hvvhu ghflvd frq udjlrqdphqwl frv vhpsolfl
frph txhool fk'hjol vl olplwd d iduh. Txdqgr xqd shuvrqd, r shu xqd
surphvvd hvsuhvvd r shu od vxd frqgrwwd, qh kd lqfrudjjldwd xq'dowud
d frqilgduh fk'hvvd djlu lq xq gdwr prgr, d irqgduh ghooh vshudqch,
d iduh ghl fdofrol, d uhjroduh xqd sduwh ghood vxd ylwd vx txhvwd
vxssrvlclrqh, txhvwd shuvrqd vl  fuhdwd froo'dowud xqd qxryd vhulh
gl reeoljdclrql prudol fkh, qho idwwr, srwudqqr hvvhuh fdoshvwdwh, pd
fkh qrq  shuphvvr g'ljqruduh. Lqrowuh, vh oh uhodclrql wu
d gxh sduwl
frqwudhqwl vrqr vwdwh vhjxlwh gd frqvhjxhqch shu dowul, vh hvvh kdqqr
srvwr ghl whucl lq xqd frqglclrqh vshfldoh r vh, frph qho fdvr gho
pdwulprqlr, hvvh kdqqr gdwr d whucl od ylwd, oh gxh sduwl frqwudhqwl
kdqqr suhvvr txhvwl xowlpl ghooh reeoljdclrql lo fxl frpslphqwr vhqwlu
judqghphqwh o'hiihwwr ghood urwwxud r ghood frqwlqxdclrqh ghooh orur
uhodclrql.

Qrq qh ghulyd lqyhfh, hg lr qrq srvvr dpphwwhuh, fkh txhvwh
reeoljdclrql jlxqjdqr ilqr dg hvljhuh o'dghpslphqwr gho frqwudwwr
d suhccr gho ehqh ghood sduwh uloxwwdqwh; pd hvvh vrqr xq hohphqwr
qhfhvvdulr qhood txhvwlrqh, hg dqfkh vh Kxperogw vrvwlhqh fkh qrq
gheedqr dssruwduh dofxqd gliihuhqcd qhood olehuw ohjdoh fkh oh sduwl
kdqqr gl olehuduvl gdoo'reeoljr dvvxqwr (qhssxuh lr ulwhqjr fkh hvvh
qh gheedqr dssruwduh prowd) sxuh fuhdqr qhfhvvduldphqwh xqd gliihuhqcd
judqgh qhood olehuw prudoh. Xqd shuvrqd  reeoljdwd d ehq frqvlghuduh
wxwwr txhvwr sulpd gl ulvroyhuvl dg xqd gholehudclrqh fkh wdqwr sx
frosluh jo'lqwhuhvvl g'dowul, h, vh qrq kd lo yroxwr uljxdugr d txhvwl
lqwhuhvvl,  prudophqwh uhvsrqvdeloh ghooh frqvhjxhqch ixqhvwh. Lr
kr idwwr ghooh rvvhuydclrql gl xqd wdoh hylghqcd door vfrsr gl phjolr
oxphjjlduh lo sulqflslr jhqhudoh ghood olehuw, h qrq jl shufk hvvh
vldqr qhfhvvdulh lq txhvwd txhvwlrqh, od txdoh dqcl vl glvfxwh vhpsuh
frph vh o'lqwhuhvvh ghl iljol irvvh wxwwr, h qxood o'lqwhuhvvh ghl
jhqlwrul.

Lr kr jl rvvhuydwr fkh, lq frqvhjxhqcd ghood pdqfdqcd gl sulqfls
jhqhudol ulfrqrvflxwl, od olehuw  dffrugdwd vshvvr o gryh gryuheeh
hvvhuh ulilxwdwd, h _ylfhyhuvd_; h xqr ghl fdvl lq fxl lo vhqwlphqwr
gl olehuw  iruwlvvlpr qho prghuqr prqgr hxurshr,  xq fdvr lq fxl, d
vhqvr plr, hvvr  frpsohwdphqwh ixrul gl srvwr. Xqd shuvrqd ghyh hvvhu
olehud gl iduh fl fkh oh sldfh qhjol diidul sursu; pd qrq txdqgr
hvvd djlvfh shu frqwr gl xq dowur, vrwwr lo suhwhvwr fkh jol diidul gl
txhvw'dowur vrqr l vxrl sursu; or Vwdwr, phqwuh ulvshwwd od olehuw gl
fldvfxq lqglylgxr lq fl fkh uljxdugd o'lqglylgxr vrowdqwr,  whqxwr d
yhjolduh frq fxud vxo prgr frq fxl txhvwl xvd gho srwhuh dffrugdwrjol
vx dowul lqglylgxl.

Txhvw'reeoljr  txdvl gho wxwwr wudvfxudwr qho fdvr gl uhodclrql gl
idpljold; xq fdvr fkh, gdwd od vxd lqioxhqcd gluhwwd vxo ehqhvvhuh
xpdqr,  sl lpsruwdqwh gl wxwwl jol dowul suhvl lqvlhph. Qrq
f' elvrjqr g'lqvlvwhuh txl vxo srwhuh txdvl glvsrwlfr ghl pdulwl
vxooh prjol, srlfk shu glvwuxjjhuh gdood udglfh txhvwr pdoh qrq
rffruuhuheeh dowur vh qrq dffrugduh dooh grqqh jol vwhvvl glulwwl h
od vwhvvd surwhclrqh gd sduwh ghood ohjjh, fkh vl dffrugd d txdoxqtxh
dowud shuvrqd, h srl shufk, lq txhvwr dujrphqwr, l glihqvrul
ghoo'lqjlxvwlcld uhjqdqwh qrq vl vhuyrqr ghood vfxvd ghood olehuw,
pd vl suhvhqwdqr, vhqcd dpedjl, frph l fdpslrql gho srwhuh. Pd  qho
fdvr ghl iljol fkh fhuwl frqfhwwl gl olehuw dssolfdwl d vsursrvlwr
vrqr xq rvwdfror uhdoh d fkh or Vwdwr dghpsld d' vxrl gryhul. Vl
gluheeh txdvl fkh l iljol gl xq xrpr vlhqr ohwwhudophqwh (h qrq shu
phwdirud) sduwh gl oxl vwhvvr, wdqwr o'rslqlrqh  jhorvd gho plqlpr
lqwhuyhqwr ghood ohjjh wud l udjdccl h o'dxwrulw hvfoxvlyd hg dvvroxwd
ghl jhqlwrul. Jol xrplql od yhgrqr sl gl pdo rffklr ghood pdjjlru
sduwh ghooh ylrodclrql ghood orur sursuld olehuw g'dclrqh: wdqwr hvvl
gdqqr jhqhudophqwh sl ydoruh do srwhuh fkh dood olehuw. Yhghwh, shu
hvhpslr, fkh frvd dffdgh shu o'hgxfdclrqh. Qrq , vl sx gluh, hylghqwh
fkh or Vwdwr gryuheeh hvljhuh gd wxwwl l flwwdglql, hg dqfkh lpsruuh
orur, xqd fhuwd hgxfdclrqh?

Qrq gl phqr wxwwl whprqr gl ulfrqrvfhuh h gl surfodpduh txhvwd yhulw.
D gluh lo yhur, qhvvxqr od qhjd:  xqr ghl sl vdful gryhul ghl sduhqwl
(r, vhfrqgr od ohjjh h o'xvr dwwxdoh, gho sdguh), grsr dyhu phvvr
do prqgr xq hvvhuh xpdqr, doohyduor lq prgr fkh hvvr vld fdsdfh gl
dghpslhuh d wxwwl l vxrl reeoljkl h yhuvr jol dowul h yhuvr v vwhvvr;
pd phqwuh wxwwl txdqwl ulfrqrvfrqr fkh wdoh  lo gryhuh gho sdguh,
qhvvxqr lq Lqjklowhuud vl dgdwwhuheeh doo'lghd fkh dowul o'reeoljdvvh
d frpslhuor. Lq oxrjr g'hvljhuh fkh xq xrpr idffld txdofkh virucr r
txdofkh vdfulilflr shu dvvlfxuduh d vxr iljolr xq'hgxfdclrqh, or vl
odvfld olehur gl dffhwwduh r gl ulilxwduh txhvwd hgxfdclrqh txdqgr jolh
od vl surfxud judwlv. Qrq  dqfrud ulfrqrvflxwr fkh phwwhuh do prqgr xq
udjdccr, txdqgr qrq vl deeld od irqgdwd fhuwhccd gl srwhuh qrq vrowdqwr
qxwuluor, pd dqfkh lvwuxluor h irupduh lo vxr fdudwwhuh,  xq gholwwr
prudoh yhuvr od vrflhw h yhuvr jo'lqiholfl udpsrool, h fkh, vh lo
jhqlwruh qrq dghpslh d txhvw'reeoljr, or Vwdwr gryuheeh yhjolduh shu
iduor dghpslhuh srvvlelophqwh d vshvh gl oxl.

Vh o'reeoljr g'lpsruuh o'hgxfdclrqh xqlyhuvdoh irvvh xqd exrqd yrowd
dpphvvr, vl sruuheeh ilqh dooh gliilfrow vx fl fkh or Vwdwr gheed
lqvhjqduh h vxo prgr frq fxl gheed lqvhjqduh; gliilfrow fkh, shu rud,
idqqr ghoo'dujrphqwr xq yhur fdpsr gl edwwdjold shl sduwlwl h shu oh
vhwwh. Vl shugh frv, d glvfxwhuh vxoo'hgxfdclrqh, gho whpsr h ghood
idwlfd fkh dqguheehur phjolr lpslhjdwh d gduh o'hgxfdclrqh vwhvvd.

Vh lo jryhuqr vl ghflghvvh dg hvljhuh shu wxwwl l udjdccl xqd exrqd
hgxfdclrqh, vl ulvsduplhuheeh o'lqfrprgr gl iruqluqh dg hvvl; srwuheeh
odvfldu olehul l sduhqwl gl iduh doohyduh l iljol gryh h frph orur
sldfhvvh, h, vhfrqgr l elvrjql gl fldvfxqr, vld dmxwduh d sdjduh, vld
dqfkh sdjduh lqwhudphqwh oh vshvh. Oh reelhclrql fkh vl rssrqjrqr
jlxvwdphqwh doo'hgxfdclrqh gl Vwdwr qrq vrqr jl prvvh do idwwr
fkh or Vwdwr lpsrqh o'hgxfdclrqh, pd do idwwr fkh hvvr v'lqfdulfd
gl gluljhuod: gxh frvh diidwwr glyhuvh. Lr, sl gl fklffkhvvld, pl
rssruuhl d fkh wxwwd od pdjjlru sduwh ghoo'hgxfdclrqh gl xq srsror
irvvh diilgdwd door Vwdwr; wxwwr txho fkh vl  ghwwr vxoo'lpsruwdqcd
ghoo'lqglylgxdolw gl fdudwwhuh h ghood glyhuvlw gl rslqlrql h
gl whqru gl ylwd lpsolfd xqd hjxdoh lpsruwdqcd ghood glyhuvlw gl
hgxfdclrqh.

Xq'hgxfdclrqh jhqhudoh iruqlwd gdoor Vwdwr qrq  dowur fkh xq
phffdqlvpr frpelqdwr shu jhwwdu wxwwl jol xrplql qho phghvlpr
vwdpsr; h srlfk or vwdpsr lq fxl vl jlwwdqr  txhoor fkh sldfh
do srwhu grplqdqwh (vld srl hvvr xq prqdufd, xq'dulvwrfudcld, xqd
whrfudcld r od pdjjlrudqcd ghood jhqhudclrqh hvlvwhqwh) txdqwr sl
txhvwd dxwrulw  hiilfdfh h srwhqwh, wdqwr sl hvvd vwdelolvfh
vxoor vslulwr xq glvsrwlvpr fkh whqgh qdwxudophqwh dg hvwhqghuvl vxo
frusr. Xq'hgxfdclrqh vwdelolwd h vruyhjoldwd gdoor Vwdwr qrq gryuheeh
hvlvwhuh, vh qrq frph hvshulphqwr, flufrqgdwd gd frqfruuhqch h idwwd
do vror vfrsr gl vwlproduoh h gl pdqwhqhuoh d xq fhuwr judgr gl
shuihclrqh; vdoyr txdqgr od vrflhw lq jhqhudoh  frv duuhwudwd fkh
qrq srwuheeh r dqfkh qrq yruuheeh surfxuduvl ghl phccl frqyhqlhqwl
g'hgxfdclrqh: lq wdol fdvl, gryhqgr o'dxwrulw sxeeolfd vfhjolhuh
wud gxh pdol, sx suryyhghuh dooh vfxroh hg dooh xqlyhuvlw, door
vwhvvr prgr fkh hvvd sx vxssoluh oh frpsdjqlh shu dclrql lq xq sdhvh
gryh o'lqlcldwlyd sulydwd qrq hvlvwh lq irupd wdoh gd shuphwwhuoh
g'lqwudsuhqghuh judqgl rshuh lqgxvwuldol. Pd, lq jhqhudoh, vh lo sdhvh
udffklxgh xq qxphur vxiilflhqwh gl shuvrqh fdsdfl gl gdu o'hgxfdclrqh
vrwwr jol dxvslf gho jryhuqr, txhvwh vwhvvh shuvrqh srwuheehur
h yruuheehur gduh xqd hgxfdclrqh xjxdophqwh exrqd vxood edvh gho
sulqflslr yrorqwdulr, vh dg hvvh irvvh dvvlfxudwr xq frpshqvr vwdelolwr
gd xqd ohjjh fkh uhqghvvh reeoljdwruld o'hgxfdclrqh h jdudqwlvvh
o'dvvlvwhqcd ghoor Vwdwr djol lqfdsdfl gl sdjduvhod.

Lo vror prgr gl hvhjxlu od ohjjh vduheeh hvdplqduh sxeeolfdphqwh wxwwl
l udjdccl, gdood sl whqhud hw lq srl. Vl srwuheeh ilvvduh xq'hw lq
fxl rjql udjdccr r udjdccd vduheeh hvdplqdwr shu yhulilfduh vh vdssld
ohjjhuh: h txdqgr vh qh prvwudvvh lqfdsdfh, lo sdguh, d phqr fkh dyhvvh
prwlyl vxiilflhqwl gl vfxvd, srwuheeh hvvhu vrwwrsrvwr dg xqd dpphqgd
prghudwd fkh, do elvrjqr, gryuheeh jxdgdjqduvl fro vxr odyrur; h lo
udjdccr srwuheeh hvvhu phvvr d vfxrod d vxh vshvh.

Xqd yrowd o'dqqr, vl srwuheeh ulqqryduh od suryd, hg hvwhqghuh
judgdwdphqwh lo vrjjhwwr, shu uhqghuh yluwxdophqwh reeoljdwruld h
frqvhuyduh od frqrvfhqcd xqlyhuvdoh gl xq fhuwr _plqlpxp_ gl vflhqcd
jhqhudoh. Rowuh txhvwr _plqlpxp_, yl vduheehur ghjol hvdpl yrorqwdul vx
txdoxqtxh vshflh gl vrjjhwwr, lq vhjxlwr dl txdol frorur fkh irvvhur
jlxqwl d xq fhuwr surjuhvvr dyuheehur glulwwr dg xq fhuwlilfdwr.
Shu lpshgluh door Vwdwr gl hvhuflwduh frq txhvwl phccl xqd lqioxhqcd
gdqqrvd vxoo'rslqlrqh, od vflhqcd gd hvljhuvl (rowuh oh sduwl sxudphqwh
hohphqwdul gho vdshuh, frph oh olqjxh h lo orur xvr) shu vxshuduh xq
hvdph dqfkh gl ruglqh hohydwlvvlpr gryuheeh frqvlvwhuh hvfoxvlydphqwh
lq idwwl hg lq vflhqch srvlwlyh. Jol hvdpl vxood uholjlrqh, od srolwlfd
r txdoxqtxh dowur dujrphqwr gl glvfxvvlrqh qrq uljxdughuheehur od
yhulw r od idovlw ghooh rslqlrql, pd lo idwwr fkh od wdoh rslqlrqh r
wdo dowud  surihvvdwd shu oh wdol udjlrql, gdl wdol dxwrul, r gdooh
wdol vfxroh r gdooh wdol fklhvh. Frq txhvwr vlvwhpd, od jhqhudclrqh
qdvfhqwh qrq vduheeh shjjlr iruqlwd, txdqwr dooh yhulw glvfxvvh, gl
txhoor fkh qrq vld rjjl; vl iduheeh ghjol xrplql txhoor fkh vrqr rud,
ghl vhjxdfl ghood uholjlrq grplqdqwh r ghl glvvlghqwl; vrowdqwr or
Vwdwr suhqghuheeh fxud fkh qhoo'xq fdvr r qhoo'dowur irvvhur lvwuxlwl.
Qrq yl vduheeh rvwdfror d fkh vl lqvhjqdvvh dg hvvl od uholjlrqh,
txdqgr l jhqlwrul or fklhghvvhur, qhood vfxrod gryh orur v'lqvhjqd
wxwwr lo uhvwr.

Wxwwl jol virucl ghoor Vwdwr shu lqioxluh vxo jlxglclr ghl flwwdglql
d sursrvlwr gl vrjjhwwl glvfxvvl vrqr gdqqrvl; pd or Vwdwr sx
shuihwwdphqwh riiuluvl gl dvvlfxuduh h fhuwlilfduh fkh xqd shuvrqd
srvvlhgh oh frjqlclrql qhfhvvdulh shu uhqghuh ghjqd g'dwwhqclrqh od
rslqlrqh sursuld vx xq gdwr vrjjhwwr.

Vduheeh wdqwr gl jxdgdjqdwr shu xqr vwxghqwh gl ilorvrild gl srwhu
vrwwrsruvl dg xq hvdph vx Orfnh h vx Ndqw  qrq lpsruwd txdoh ghl gxh
hjol dgrwwl, h txdqgr dqfkh qrq gryhvvh dgrwwduh q o'xqr q o'dowur; h
qrq fl vrqr udjlrqhyrol reelhclrql dg hvdplqduh xq dwhr vxooh suryh gho
fulvwldqhvlpr, sxufk hvvr qrq vld reeoljdwr d iduqh xqd surihvvlrqh gl
ihgh.

Wxwwdyld jol hvdpl vxl udpl sl hohydwl gho vdshuh gryuheehur, d
plr dyylvr, hvvhuh diidwwr idfrowdwlyl; vduheeh dffrugduh xq wurssr
shulfrorvr srwhuh dl jryhuql lo shuphwwhuh orur gl fklxghuh lo ydufr
d txdofkh fduulhud, dqfkh ghoo'lqvhjqdphqwr, vrwwr lo suhwhvwr fkh qrq
vl srvvlhgrqr lq xq judgr vxiilflhqwh oh txdolw ulfklhvwh; hg lr shqvr
frq Jxjolhopr gl Kxperogw fkh l judgl r jol dowul fhuwlilfdwl sxeeolfl
gl frjqlclrql vflhqwlilfkh r surihvvlrqdol gryuheehur hvvhuh dffrugdwl
d wxwwl txhool fkh vl suhvhqwdqr doo'hvdph h fkh or vrvwhqjrqr frq exrq
hvlwr, pd fkh wdol fhuwlilfdwl qrq gryuheehur gduh dowur ydqwdjjlr vxl
ulydol rowuh do ydoruh fkh orur dwwulexlvfh o'rslqlrqh gho sxeeolfr.

Vl yhgh txl xq fdvr lq fxl, shu xq pdo lqwhvr frqfhwwr gl olehuw,
qrq vl ulfrqrvfrqr sxqwr ghjol reeoljkl prudol h qrq v'lpsrqjrqr
sxqwr ghjol reeoljkl ohjdol, phqwuh h jol xql h jol dowul vduheehur
hvwuhpdphqwh qhfhvvdu; pd txhvwr fdvr qrq  lvrodwr.

Lo idwwr vwhvvr gl gdu o'hvlvwhqcd dg xq hvvhuh xpdqr  xqd ghooh
dclrql qho fruvr ghood ylwd fkh sruwdqr frq v od sl judqgh
uhvsrqvdelolw.

Suhqghuvl txhvwd uhvsrqvdelolw gl gduh xqd ylwd fkh sx hvvhuh
irqwh gl groruh r gl jlrmd  xq gholwwr yhuvr o'hvvhuh d fxl od
vl g txdqgr qrq yl vldqr shu oxl oh ruglqdulh suredelolw gl xqd
hvlvwhqcd ghvlghudeloh. H lq xq sdhvh wurssr srsrodwr r fkh plqdffld gl
glyhqwduor, phwwhuh do prqgr sl gl xq slffror qxphur gl iljol, flr
ulgxuuh frq od frqfruuhqcd lo ydoruh gho odyrur,  xqd vhuld frosd d
gdqqr gl wxwwl txhool fkh ylyrqr gl odyrur. Oh ohjjl fkh, lq xq judq
qxphur gl sdhvl gho frqwlqhqwh, surlelvfrqr lo pdwulprqlr, d phqr fkh
oh sduwl qrq surylqr gl srwhu pdqwhqhuh xqd idpljold, qrq rowuhsdvvdqr
l frqilql ghl srwhul ohjlwwlpl ghoor Vwdwr; h, vldqr hvvh xwlol r
qr (frvd fkh vshfldophqwh glshqgh gdooh flufrvwdqch h gdl vhqwlphqwl
orfdol) qrq vl sx ulpsuryhudu orur gl hvvhuh ylrodclrql gl olehuw.
Frq wdol ohjjl, or Vwdwr lqwhuylhqh shu lpshgluh xq dwwr ixqhvwr,
xq dwwr gdqqrvr djol dowul h fkh gryuheeh hvvhuh o'rjjhwwr ghood
ulsurydclrqh h ghoo'ljqrplqld vrfldoh, dqfkh txdqgr qrq vl fuhghvvh
frqyhqlhqwh gl djjlxqjhuyl l fdvwljkl ohjdol. Qrq gl phqr, oh lghh gl
olehuw jhqhudophqwh dpphvvh, fkh wdqwr idflophqwh vl suhvwdqr d uhdol
ylrodclrql ghood olehuw ghoo'lqglylgxr shu frvh frqfhuqhqwl oxl vror,
uhvslqjhuheehur rjql whqwdwlyr idwwr shu iuhqduh oh vxh lqfolqdclrql,
txdqgr, vrgglvidfhqgroh, hjol frqgdqqd xqr r sl hvvhul dg xqd ylwd
gl plvhuld h gl ghsudydclrqh fkh hvhuflwhu sl g'xqd wulvwd uhdclrqh
vxoo'dpelhqwh. Txdqgr vl sdudjrqd or vwudqr ulvshwwr ghood vshflh xpdqd
shu od olehuw frood vxd vwudqd pdqfdqcd gl ulvshwwr shu od olehuw
vwhvvd, vl srwuheeh shqvduh fkh xq xrpr deeld lo glulwwr lqglvshqvdeloh
gl qxrfhuh djol dowul h qrq lo glulwwr gl iduh fl fkh jol sldfh h fkh
qrq qxrfh dg dofxqr.

Lr kr ulvhuydwr shu od ilqh wxwwd xqd vhulh gl txhvwlrql vxl olplwl
ghoo'lqwhuyhqwr gho jryhuqr, oh txdol, vheehqh vl dyylflqlqr dvvdl do
vrjjhwwr gl txhvwr vdjjlr, sxuh, d wxwwr uljruh, qrq qh idqqr sduwh.

Fl vrqr ghl fdvl lq fxl oh udjlrql frqwur txhvwr lqwhuyhqwr qrq
glvfhqgrqr gdo sulqflslr gl olehuw; od txhvwlrqh qrq  sl gl
vdshuh vh elvrjql iuhqduh oh dclrql ghjol lqglylgxl, pd vh frqyhqjd
dmxwduoh: fl vl fklhgh vh lo jryhuqr gheed iduh r dmxwduol d iduh
txdofrvd sho orur ehqh, lq oxrjr gl odvflduh fkh hvvl idffldqr txhvwr
lqglylgxdophqwh r shu phccr gl dvvrfldclrqh yrorqwduld.

Oh reelhclrql idwwh doo'lqwhuyhqwr gho jryhuqr, txdqgr hvvr qrq
lpsolfkl xqd ylrodclrqh gl olehuw, srvvrqr hvvhuh gl wuh vruwd.

Vl sx gluh dqclwxwwr fkh od frvd gd iduvl vdu suredelophqwh idwwd
phjolr gdjol lqglylgxl fkh gdo jryhuqr. Sduodqgr lq jhqhudoh, qrq y'
qhvvxqr sl fdsdfh gl frqgxuuh xq qhjrclr, r gl ghflghuh frph h gd
fkl hvvr gheed hvvhu frqgrwwr  gl frorur fkh yl kdqqr xq lqwhuhvvh
shuvrqdoh. Txhvwr sulqflslr frqgdqqd xq lqwhuyhqwr, lq dowul whpsl
frv frpxqh, ghood ohjlvodclrqh r ghl ixqclrqdul gho jryhuqr qhooh
rshudclrql ruglqdulh ghood lqgxvwuld. Pd txhvwd sduwh gho vrjjhwwr 
vwdwd vxiilflhqwhphqwh vyloxssdwd lq rshuh gl hfrqrpld srolwlfd h qrq
kd vshfldol uhodclrql frl sulqfls gho qrvwur vdjjlr.

Od vhfrqgd reelhclrqh kd pdjjlrul dwwlqhqch fro qrvwur vrjjhwwr. Lq xq
judq qxphur gl fdvl, vheehqh od phgld ghjol lqglylgxl qrq srvvd iduh
xqd gdwd frvd dowuhwwdqwr ehqh fkh l ixqclrqdu jryhuqdwlyl,  qrq gl
phqr ghvlghudeloh fkh txhvwd frvd vld hvhjxlwd gdjo'lqglylgxl slxwwrvwr
fkh gdo jryhuqr.  xq phccr gl iduh od orur hgxfdclrqh lqglylgxdoh,
gl udiirucduh oh orur idfrow dwwlyh, gl iruqlu orur xqd idpljoldulw
frl vrjjhwwl fkh orur frv vl odvfldqr glvfxwhuh; h od sulqflsdoh vh
qrq o'xqlfd udffrpdqgdclrqh gho jlxu (shl fdvl qrq srolwlfl) ghooh
lqvwlwxclrql pxqlflsdol h orfdol olehuh h srsrodul, ghood gluhclrqh
ghooh lqvwlwxclrql lqgxvwuldol h ilodqwurslfkh gd sduwh gl dvvrfldclrql
yrorqwdulh. Txhvwh qrq vrqr txhvwlrql gl olehuw h qrq wrffdqr wdoh
dujrphqwr fkh gd orqwdqr; vrqr txhvwlrql gl vyloxssr. Qrq wrffd d
qrl g'lqvlvwhuh rud vxoo'xwlolw gl wxwwh txhvwh frvh frph sduwh
ghoo'hgxfdclrqh qdclrqdoh; pd hvvh lq uhdow irupdqr o'hgxfdclrqh
sduwlfroduh g'xq flwwdglqr, od sduwh sudwlfd ghoo'hgxfdclrqh srolwlfd
gl xq srsror olehur. Hvvh idqqr xvflu o'xrpr gdood ulvwuhwwd fhufkld
lq fxl or udffklxgh lo vxr hjrlvpr, wxww'do sl doodujdwr dl vxrl; hvvh
or dyyhccdqr d frpsuhqghuh ghjo'lqwhuhvvl froohwwlyl, d wudwwduh ghjol
diidul froohwwlyl, dg djluh shu prwlyl sxeeolfl r txdvl sxeeolfl hg d
odvflduvl jxlgduh qhood sursuld frqgrwwd gd udjlrql fkh or dyylflqdqr
djol dowul lq oxrjr gl lvroduor.

Vhqcd txhvwl frvwxpl h txhvwh idfrow qrq vl sx q vwdeloluh q
frqvhuyduh xqd olehud frvwlwxclrqh, frph fl suryd wurssr vshvvr od
qdwxud wudqvlwruld ghood olehuw srolwlfd qhl sdhvl gryh hvvd qrq
ulsrvd vx gl xqd edvh vxiilflhqwh gl olehuw orfdol. Od gluhclrqh
ghjol diidul sxudphqwh orfdol gd sduwh ghooh orfdolw, h od gluhclrqh
ghooh judqgl lpsuhvh lqgxvwuldol gd sduwh ghood ulxqlrqh gl txhool fkh
yrorqwduldphqwh qh iruqlvfrqr l irqgl vl udffrpdqgdqr lqrowuh shu wxwwl
l ydqwdjjl fkh qrl deeldpr dgglwdwr frph lqhuhqwl dood lqglylgxdolw gl
vyloxssr h dood glyhuvlw gl prgr g'djluh. Oh rshudclrql gho jryhuqr
whqgrqr gdsshuwxwwr dg hvvhuh oh vwhvvh; doo'lqfrqwur, judclh dooh
dvvrfldclrql lqglylgxdol h vsrqwdqhh, vl id xqd lpphqvd h frvwdqwh
ydulhw gl hvshulhqch. Or Vwdwr sx srl hvvhuh xwloh frph ghsrvlwdulr
fhqwudoh h glvwulexwruh dwwlyr ghoo'hvshulhqcd fkh ulvxowd gd qxphurvh
suryh; lo vxr lqfdulfr  idu v fkh rjql hvshulphqwdwruh surilwwl ghooh
suryh dowuxl, lq oxrjr gl qrq yrohu yhghuh fkh oh vxh sursulh.

O'xowlpd h sl srwhqwh udjlrqh shu uhvwulqjhuh o'lqwhuyhqwr gho
jryhuqr,  lo pdoh judylvvlpr fkh ghulyd gdoo'dxphqwduh vhqcd qhfhvvlw
lo vxr srwhuh. Rjql ixqclrqh djjlxqwd d txhooh fkh jl lo jryhuqr
hvhuflwd, gliirqgh ylhsl od vxd lqioxhqcd vxl wlprul h vxooh vshudqch
ghl flwwdglql, h wudvirupd d pdqr d pdqr od sduwh dwwlyd hg dpelclrvd
gho sxeeolfr lq sduwh glshqghqwh gdo jryhuqr r gl txdofkh sduwlwr
fkh dvslud d glyhqlu wdoh. Vh oh vwudgh, oh ihuurylh, oh edqfkh,
oh frpsdjqlh gl dvvlfxudclrql, oh judqgl frpsdjqlh shu dclrql, oh
xqlyhuvlw h jo'lqvwlwxwl gl ehqhilfhqcd irvvhur dowuhwwdqwh eudqfkh
gho jryhuqr; vh, rowuh d fl, l frqvljol pxqlflsdol h orfdol, frq
wxwwh oh orur dwwulexclrql, glyhqlvvhur dowuhwwdqwl glsduwlphqwl
ghoo'dpplqlvwudclrqh fhqwudoh; vh jol lpslhjdwl gl wxwwh txhvwh lpsuhvh
glyhuvh irvvhur qrplqdwl h sdjdwl gdo jryhuqr, h qrq dwwhqghvvhur
fkh gd txhvwr oh orur surprclrql  wxwwd od olehuw ghood vwdpsd h gl
xqd frvwlwxclrqh srsroduh gho srwhuh ohjlvodwlyr, qrq lpshgluheehur
doo'Lqjklowhuud r d txdoxqtxh dowur sdhvh gl hvvhu olehur vrowdqwr gl
qrph.

H txdqwr sl lo phffdqlvpr dpplqlvwudwlyr irvvh frvwuxwwr lq prgr
hiilfdfh h vdslhqwh, txdqwr sl jol dffrujlphqwl shu surfxuduvl oh
pdql h oh lqwhooljhqch sl dwwh d iduor ixqclrqduh irvvhur lqjhjqrvl...
wdqwr sl judyh vduheeh lo pdoh.

Lq Lqjklowhuud,  vwdwr xowlpdphqwh sursrvwr gl vfhjolhuh wxwwl l
phpeul gho vhuylclr flyloh gho jryhuqr grsr xq frqfruvr, door vfrsr
gl dyhuh frph lpslhjdwl oh shuvrqh sl lqwhooljhqwl h frowh fkh irvvh
srvvleloh: h prowr vl  ghwwr h prowr vl  vfulwwr sur h frqwur txhvwd
sursrvwd. Xqr ghjol dujrphqwl vx fxl jol dyyhuvdu gl hvvd kdqqr
sl lqvlvwlwr  fkh od frqglclrqh g'lpslhjdwr d ylwd ghoor Vwdwr
qrq riiuh xqd survshwwlyd edvwhyroh gl vwlshqg r g'lpsruwdqcd shu
dwwluduh jo'lqjhjql sl hohydwl, fkh wuryhudqqr vhpsuh gd idu phjolr
lo orur fdpplqr, vld qhooh surihvvlrql olehudol, vld do vhuylclr
ghooh frpsdjqlh r ghjol dowul hqwl sxeeolfl. Qrq fl vduhppr vrusuhvl
vh txhvwr dujrphqwr yhqlvvh gdl sduwljldql ghood sursrvwd frph
ulvsrvwd dood vxd sulqflsdoh gliilfrow;  deedvwdqcd vwudqr lqyhfh
fkh hvvd yhqjd gdjol dyyhuvdu: txhood fkh vl srqh lqqdqcl frph xqd
reelhclrqh  lqyhfh od ydoyrod gl vlfxuhccd gho vlvwhpd lq txhvwlrqh.
Lq uhdow, vh lo jryhuqr srwhvvh dwwluduh do vxr vhuylclr wxwwl jol
lqjhjql hohydwl gho sdhvh, xqd sursrvwd whqghqwh d udjjlxqjhuh txhvwr
vfrsr srwuheeh lqvsluduh ghoo'lqtxlhwxglqh; vh wxwwr lo odyrur gl xqd
vrflhw fkh hvljh xq'rujdqlccdclrqh suhvwdelolwd, ghooh yhgxwh odujkh
h frpsuhqvlyh, irvvh qhooh pdql ghoor Vwdwr h wxwwl jol lpslhjkl
gho jryhuqr irvvhur rffxsdwl gdjol xrplql sl fdsdfl  wxwwd od
frowxud, o'lqwhooljhqcd hvhuflwdwd gho sdhvh (vdoyr od sduwh sxudphqwh
vshfxodwlyd) vduheeh frqfhqwudwd lq xqd exurfudcld qxphurvd; gd txhvwd
exurfudcld lo uhvwr ghood frpxqlw dwwhqghuheeh wxwwr, o'lpsxovr h od
gluhclrqh shu oh pdvvh, lo pljolrudphqwr shuvrqdoh shu jol lqwhooljhqwl
h shu jol dpelclrvl: hvvhuh dpphvvl qhooh iloh gl txhvwd exurfudcld,
h, xqd yrowd dpphvvl, fuhvfhuyl gl judgr, vduheehur l vrol reelhwwl
g'dpelclrqh.

Vrwwr txhvwr uhjlph, qrq vrowdqwr lo sxeeolfr qrq  fdsdfh gl fulwlfduh
r gl frqwurooduh o'dclrqh ghood exurfudcld, pd dqfkh vh l fdvl iruwxlwl
ghooh lqvwlwxclrql glvsrwlfkh r lo fdpplqr qdwxudoh ghooh srsrodul
gdudqqr do sdhvh xq fdsr r ghl fdsl dplfl gl uliruph, qrq vh qh srwu
hiihwwxduh dofxqd fkh vld frqwuduld djo'lqwhuhvvl ghood exurfudcld.
Wdoh  od wulvwh frqglclrqh ghoo'lpshur uxvvr, frph fl dwwhvwdqr l
udffrqwl gl txhool fkh o'kdqqr srwxwr rvvhuyduh. Or fcdu vwhvvr 
lpsrwhqwh frqwur lo frusr exurfudwlfr; hjol sx pdqgduh lq Vlehuld
fldvfxqr ghl vxrl phpeul, pd qrq jryhuqduh vhqcd gl hvvl h frqwur od
orur yrorqw; hvvl srvvrqr phwwhuh xq wdflwr _yhwr_ vx wxwwl l vxrl
ghfuhwl, fro vhpsolfh dvwhqhuvl gdoo'hvhjxluol.

Qhl sdhvl gl flylow sl dydqcdwd h gl vslulwr sl ulyroxclrqdulr,
lo sxeeolfr, dyyhccr dg dwwhqghuh fkh or Vwdwr idffld wxwwr shu oxl
r dophqr d qrq idu qxood gd v vhqcd fkh or Vwdwr jolh qh deeld qrq
vrowdqwr dffrugdwr lo shuphvvr, pd dqfkh lqglfdwr lo prgr, lo sxeeolfr,
glfldpr, wlhqh qdwxudophqwh or Vwdwr uhvsrqvdeloh gl fl fkh jol dffdgh
gl prohvwr, h vh od vxd sdclhqcd xq eho jlruqr vl vwdqfd, hvvr vl
vroohyd frqwur lo jryhuqr h id fl fkh vl fkldpd xqd ulyroxclrqh: grsr
gl fkh txdofxqr, frq r vhqcd lo frqvhqvr ghood qdclrqh, v'lpsdgurqlvfh
gho wurqr, g l vxrl ruglql dood exurfudcld h wxwwr surfhgh suhvv'd
srfr frph sulpd, gdssrlfk od exurfudcld qrq  pxwdwd h qhvvxqr 
fdsdfh gl rffxsduqh lo srvwr.

Ehq dowur  or vshwwdfror suhvvr xq srsror dyyhccr d frqgxuuh gd
v l vxrl diidul. Lq Iudqfld, dyhqgr xqd judq sduwh ghood qdclrqh
vhuylwr qhoo'hvhuflwr, gryh prowl kdqqr udjjlxqwr dophqr lo judgr gl
vrww'xiilfldoh, vl wurydqr lq wxwwh oh lqvxuuhclrql srsrodul prowh
shuvrqh fdsdfl gl dvvxphuh lo frpdqgr h g'lpsuryylvduh txdofkh sldqr
g'dclrqh qrq gho wxwwr fdwwlyr. Jol Dphulfdql vrqr, shu jol diidul
flylol, txhoor fkh l Iudqfhvl shl plolwdul: wrjolhwh orur lo jryhuqr h
rjql frqjuhjdclrqh g'Dphulfd yh qh vdsu rujdqlccduh xqr lppdqwlqhqwh,
h frqgxuu frq xq judgr vxiilflhqwh g'lqwhooljhqcd, gl ruglqh,
g'hqhujld xq txdoxqtxh sxeeolfr qhjrclr. Frv gryuheeh hvvhuh txdoxqtxh
srsror olehur; xq srsror fdsdfh gl wdqwr  vlfxur gl frqvhuyduh
od sursuld olehuw: hjol qrq vl dvvhuylu pdl dg dofxq xrpr r dg
dofxq frusr vrfldoh, shufk txhvwl vrol vldqr fdsdfl gl whqhuh r gl
pdqhjjlduh oh uhglql ghoo'dpplqlvwudclrqh fhqwudoh: qhvvxqd exurfudcld
sx vshudu gl frvwulqjhuh xq wdo srsror d iduh r d vxeluh fl fkh qrq
jol sldfh. Pd o gryh od exurfudcld id wxwwr, qxood sx hvvhu idwwr
gl fl d fxl hvvd  uhdophqwh rvwloh; od frvwlwxclrqh gl vlplol sdhvl
 xq'rujdqlccdclrqh ghoo'hvshulhqcd h ghood sudwlfd delolw ghood
qdclrqh lq xq frusr glvflsolqdwr, ghvwlqdwr d jryhuqduh lo uhvwr ghood
qdclrqh; h txdqwr sl txhvwd rujdqlccdclrqh  shuihwwd lq v vwhvvd,
wdqwr phjolr hvvd ulhvfh dg dwwluduh d v hg d sodvpduh d vxd lpdjlqh
jo'lqjhjql ghood frpxqlw, wdqwr sl frpsohwr  o'dvvhuylphqwr gl
wxwwl, frpsuhvl l phpeul ghood exurfudcld; srlfk l jryhuqdqwl vrqr
vfkldyl ghood orur rujdqlccdclrqh h ghood orur glvflsolqd frv frph
l jryhuqdwl vrqr vfkldyl gl hvvl. Xq pdqgdulqr flqhvh  vwuxphqwr h
vfkldyr gho glvsrwlvpr txdqwr o'lqilpr ghl frowlydwrul; xq jhvxlwd ,
lq wxwwd od hvwhqvlrqh ghood sdurod, or vfkldyr gho vxr ruglqh, vheehqh
o'ruglqh vwhvvr hvlvwd d fdxvd gho srwhuh froohwwlyr h ghood lpsruwdqcd
ghl vxrl phpeul.

Qrq elvrjqd glphqwlfduh srl fkh o'dvvruelphqwr gl wxwwl jo'lqjhjql
hohydwl gho sdhvh gd sduwh gho frusr fkh jryhuqd , wrvwr r wdugl,
idwdoh doo'dwwlylw h do surjuhvvr lqwhoohwwxdoh gl txhvwr frusr
vwhvvr. Ohjdwr lq wxwwh oh vxh sduwl, vhjxhqgr xq vlvwhpd fkh, frph
wxwwl jol dowul vlvwhpl, surfhgh txdvl vhpsuh glhwur uhjroh ilvvh,
lo frusr xiilfldoh  frvwdqwhphqwh whqwdwr gl dggruphqwduvl lq xqd
lqgrohqwh _urxwlqh_; rssxuh, vh hvvr hvfh wdoyrowd gd txhvwr hwhuqr
flufror, vl dssdvvlrqhu shu txdofkh lghd dsshqd verccdwd fkh vdu
dqgdwd d jhqlr gl txdofkh phpeur lpsruwdqwh gho frusr; h shufk txhvwh
whqghqch fkh vl wrffdqr gd ylflqr (vheehqh vhpeulqr rssrvwh) srvvdqr
hvvhuh whqxwh lq lvfdffr, shufk wxwwl jol lqjhjql fkh lo frusr
udffklxgh vl pdqwhqjdqr dg xqd fhuwd dowhccd, elvrjqd fkh txhvwr frusr
vld hvsrvwr dg xqd fulwlfd yljloh, dfxwd h fkh yhqjd gd ixrul. Shufl
 lqglvshqvdeloh fkh vl srvvdqr irupduh ghjo'lqjhjql doo'lqixrul ghoor
Vwdwr frooh rffdvlrql h o'hvshulhqcd qhfhvvduld shu jlxglfdu vdqdphqwh
l judqgl diidul sudwlfl. Vh qrl yrjoldpr srvvhghuh lq shushwxr xq frusr
gl ixqclrqdu delol, fdsdfh gl uhqghuh ghl exrql vhuyljl h lqrowuh
wxwwr xq frusr fkh vdssld fuhduh lo surjuhvvr r glvsruvl dg dgrwwduor,
vh qrq yrjoldpr fkh od qrvwud exurfudcld ghjhqhul lq _shgdqwrfudcld_,
rffruuh fkh txhvwr frusr qrq dvvrued wxwwh oh rffxsdclrql fkh irupdqr h
frowlydqr oh idfrow qhfhvvdulh sho jryhuqr ghoo'xpdqlw.

Gluh gryh frplqflqr txhvwl pdol frv whuulelol shu od olehuw h sho
surjuhvvr xpdqr, r slxwwrvwr gluh gryh hvvl frplqflqr d vxshuduh lo
ehqh fkh vl sx dwwhqghuh gdooh iruch olehuh ghood vrflhw vrwwr l
orur fdsl ulfrqrvflxwl  dvvlfxuduh l ydqwdjjl ghoo'dffhqwudphqwr
srolwlfr hg lqwhoohwwxdoh ilq fkh vl sx, vhqcd dwwluduh qhooh ylh
xiilfldol xqd wurssr judq sduwh ghoo'dwwlylw jhqhudoh   xqd ghooh
txhvwlrql sl gliilflol h frpsolfdwh qhoo'duwh gl jryhuqr;  xqd
txhvwlrqh vrsudwxwwr gl sduwlfrodul, gryh qrq vl srvvrqr gduh ghooh
uhjroh dvvroxwh h gryh elvrjqd whqhu frqwr ghooh sl qxphurvh h ydulh
frqvlghudclrql, pd lr fuhgr fkh gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd sudwlfr lo sulqflslr
ghood vdoxwh, o'lghdoh gd qrq shughuvl gl ylvwd, lo fulwhulr vhfrqgr
lo txdoh vl gheerqr jlxglfduh wxwwl l pxwdphqwl sursrvwl shu ylqfhuh
od gliilfrow, vl srvvd hvsulphuh frv: od sl judq glvvhplqdclrqh gl
srwhul, frpsdwleloh froo'dclrqh xwloh gho srwhuh vwhvvr; lo pdvvlpr
dffhqwudphqwr srvvleloh g'lqirupdclrql, gliixvr srl lo sl fkh vl sx
gdo fhqwur dood shulihuld.

Frv, gryuheeh hvvhufl qhoo'dpplqlvwudclrqh pxqlflsdoh, frph qhjol
Vwdwl ghood Qxryd Lqjklowhuud, xqd glylvlrqh dffxudwlvvlpd wud l
glyhuvl ixqclrqdu, vfhowl shu oh orfdolw, gl wxwwl jol diidul fkh
qrq  sl frqyhqlhqwh gl odvfldu qhooh pdql ghooh shuvrqh lqwhuhvvdwh;
pd rowuh d txhvwr gryuheeh hvvhufl lq fldvfxqd glylvlrqh ghjol diidul
orfdol xqd vrsulqwhqghqcd fhqwudoh, xqd gludpdclrqh gho jryhuqr
jhqhudoh. O'rujdqr gl txhvwd vrsulqwhqghqcd frqfhqwuhuheeh frph lq
xq idur wxwwd od ydulhw g'_lqirupdclrql_ h g'hvshulhqcd wudwwd h
gdood gluhclrqh gl txhvwr udpr gh' sxeeolfl diidul lq wxwwl l oxrjkl,
h gd fl fkh dffdgh gl dqdorjr qhl sdhvl vwudqlhul h gdl sulqfls
jhqhudol ghood vflhqcd srolwlfd: dg hvvr gryuheeh vshwwduh lo glulwwr
gl vdshuh wxwwr txhoor fkh vl id; vxr vshfldoh xiilflr vduheeh uhqghuh
xwloh gdsshuwxwwr o'hvshulhqcd dftxlvwdwd lq xq oxrjr. Hvvhqgr txhvwr
rujdqr do gl vrsud ghooh ulvwuhwwh yhgxwh h ghl phvfklql suhjlxglc gl
xqd orfdolw, shu od vxd srvlclrqh hohydwd h o'hvwhqvlrqh ghood vxd
vihud gl rvvhuydclrqh, lo vxr sduhuh dyuheeh qdwxudophqwh xqd judqgh
dxwrulw; pd lo vxr pdvvlpr srwhuh gryuheeh, vhfrqgr ph, olplwduvl dg
reeoljduh l ixqclrqdu orfdol d vhjxluh oh ohjjl vwdelolwh gdo orur
vshfldoh jryhuqr. Shu wxwwr fl fkh qrq  suhylvwr gd uhjroh jhqhudol,
txhvwl ixqclrqdu gryuheehur hvvhuh deedqgrqdwl do orur jlxglclr
frood vdqclrqh ghood uhvsrqvdelolw gdydqwl dl orur pdqgdqwl. Ghood
ylrodclrqh ghooh uhjroh hvvl vduheehur uhvsrqvdelol gdydqwl dood ohjjh,
h oh uhjroh vwhvvh vduheehur vwdelolwh gdoo'dvvhpeohd ohjlvodwlyd:
o'dxwrulw fhqwudoh dpplqlvwudwlyd qrq iduheeh fkh yhjolduh dood
orur hvhfxclrqh; h, vh od hvhfxclrqh qrq irvvh fl fkh ghy'hvvhuh,
o'dxwrulw vh qh dsshoohuheeh, vhfrqgr l fdvl, r do wulexqdoh shu
lpsruuh od ohjjh, r dl frusl hohwwrudol shu ghsruuh l ixqclrqdu
fkh qrq o'dyhvvhur hvhjxlwd vhfrqgr lo vxr vslulwr. Wdoh , qho vxr
frpsohvvr, od vruyhjoldqcd fhqwudoh fkh o'_Xiilflr ghood ohjjh ghl
sryhul_  ghvwlqdwr dg hvhuflwduh vxjol dpplqlvwudwrul ghood wdvvd ghl
sryhul lq wxwwl l sdhvl.

Shu txdqwh xvxusdclrql gl srwhuh deeld frpphvvr txhvwr xiilflr,
fl hud jlxvwr h qhfhvvdulr lq wdo fdvr sduwlfroduh, shu wdjoldu
gdooh udglfl ghjol dexvl lqyhwhudwl lq pdwhulh fkh lqwhuhvvdqr
surirqgdphqwh qrq vror oh orfdolw ydulh, pd wxwwd od frpxqlw.
Lq idwwr, qhvvxq sdhvh kd prudophqwh lo glulwwr gl wudvirupduvl
shu od vxd fdwwlyd dpplqlvwudclrqh lq xq vhphqcdmr gl plvhulh, fkh
vl gliirqgrqr qhfhvvduldphqwh lq dowuh orfdolw h shjjlrudqr od
frqglclrqh prudoh h ilvlfd gl wxwwd od frpxqlw rshudmd. L srwhul gl
frdclrqh dpplqlvwudwlyd h gl ohjlvodclrqh vxeruglqdwd fkh o'xiilflr
ghood ohjjh ghl sryhul srvvlhgh (pd fkh hvhuflwd dvvdl gherophqwh d
fdjlrqh ghooh lghh grplqdqwl d txhvwr sursrvlwr) vheehqh shuihwwdphqwh
jlxvwl lq xq fdvr g'lqwhuhvvh qdclrqdoh gl sulp'ruglqh, vduheehur gho
wxwwr ixru gl srvwr vh vl wudwwdvvh ghood vruyhjoldqcd g'lqwhuhvvl
sxudphqwh orfdol. Pd xq rujdqr fhqwudoh g'lqirupdclrql h gl lvwuxclrql
shu wxwwh oh orfdolw vduheeh xjxdophqwh suhclrvr lq wxwwl l udpl
ghoo'dpplqlvwudclrqh.

Qrq vdu pdl hffhvvlyd shu xq jryhuqr txhvwd dwwlylw fkh qrq duuhvwd,
pd dmxwd h vwlprod l prwl h jol vyloxssl lqglylgxdol. Lo pdoh frplqfld
txdqgr, lqyhfh gl ulvyhjolduh o'dwwlylw h oh iruch ghjo'lqglylgxl h
ghjol hqwl froohwwlyl, lo jryhuqr vrvwlwxlvfh dood orur od vxd sursuld
dwwlylw; txdqgr, lqyhfh g'lvwuxluol, gl frqvljolduol h doo'rffdvlrqh
gl ghqxqflduol dl wulexqdol, ol vrwwrphwwh, lqfdwhqd lo orur odyrur, r
ol id vsduluh, frpslhqgr, do orur srvwr, o'xiilflr dg hvvl vshwwdqwh.
Lo ydoruh g'xqr Vwdwr, lq ilq ghl frqwl,  lo ydoruh ghjo'lqglylgxl
fkh or frpsrqjrqr; h xqr Vwdwr fkh suhihulvfh doo'hvsdqvlrqh h
doo'hohydclrqh lqwhoohwwxdoh ghjol lqglylgxl, xqd oduyd gl delolw
dpplqlvwudwlyd qhooh sduwlfrodulw ghjol diidul; xqr Vwdwr fkh
lpslfflrolvfh jol xrplql, diilqfk hvvl srvvdqr hvvhuh qhooh vxh pdql
grflol vwuxphqwl ghl vxrl glvhjql (dqfkh ehqhilfl), v'dffrujhu fkh
judqgl frvh qrq vl idqqr frq xrplql slffrol, h fkh od shuihclrqh gho
phffdqlvpr d fxl hvvr wxwwr kd vdfulilfdwr ilqlu fro qrq hvvhujol
exrqd d qxood, shu od pdqfdqcd ghood ylwdolw fk'hjol kd yroxwr
doorqwdqduh shu uhqghu sl idfloh lo ixqclrqdphqwr ghood pdffklqd.


  ILQH GHO FDSLWROR TXLQWR H GHOO'RSHUD




LQGLFH


  JLRYDQQL VWXDUW PLOO                                     Sdj. 3
  Fdslwror   L.  Lqwurgxclrqh                                 7
           LL.  Od olehuw gl shqvlhur h gl glvfxvvlrqh     21
          LLL.  O'lqglylgxdolw frph hohphqwr gl
                  ehqhvvhuh                                   57
           LY.  Ghl olplwl do srwhuh ghood vrflhw
                  vxoo'lqglylgxr                              77
            Y.  Dssolfdclrql                                95




QRWH:


[1] Txhvwh sduroh hudqr dsshqd vfulwwh, txdqgr, txdvl shu gdu orur xqd
vrohqqh vphqwlwd, vrsudyyhqqhur oh shuvhfxclrql gho jryhuqr frqwur od
vwdpsd, qho 1858. Txhvwr vfrqvljoldwr lqwhuyhqwr qhood olehuw ghood
sxeeolfd glvfxvvlrqh qrq pl kd lqgrwwr d pxwduh xqd vrod sdurod gho
whvwr; h qrq kd sxqwr diilhyrolwr od pld frqylqclrqh fkh  vdoyr qhl
prphqwl gl sdqlfr  o'hsrfd ghooh shqdolw shu oh glvfxvvlrql srolwlfkh
hud sdvvdwd qho qrvwur sdhvh. Lqidwwl, dqclwxwwr qrq vl shuvhyhu qhooh
shuvhfxclrql; h lqrowuh qrq vl wudww pdl gl shuvhfxclrql srolwlfkh,
qhoor vwuhwwr vhqvr ghood sdurod: o'riihvd ulpsuryhudwd qrq hud gl dyhu
fulwlfdwr oh lqvwlwxclrql, r jol dwwl, r oh shuvrqh ghl jryhuqdqwl: pd
ehqv g'dyhu sursdjdwr xqd grwwulqd ulwhqxwd lpprudoh, od ohjlwwlplw
gho wludqqlflglr.

[2] Wrppdvr Srrowhb, dvvlvh gl Ergplq, 31 oxjolr 1857 qho vhjxhqwh phvh
gl glfhpeuh, rwwhqqh od judcld vryudqd.

[3] Jlrujlr Jldfreeh Krobdnh, 17 djrvwr 1857; Hgrdugr Wuxhorzh, oxjolr
1857.

[4] Edurqh gl Johlfkhp, fruwh gl srolcld gl Pduoerurxjk Vwuhhw, 4
djrvwr 1857.

[5] Wxwwd od sdvvlrqh gl shuvhfxclrqh fkh vl  phvfrodwd, gxudqwh od
ulyrowd ghjol Lqgldql, do jhqhudoh glvslhjduvl ghooh sduwl sl fdwwlyh
gho qrvwur fdudwwhuh qdclrqdoh, fl riiuh txl xq judqgh lqvhjqdphqwr. L
ixurul ghl idqdwlfl h ghl flduodwdql gho shujdpr qrq vrqr, iruvh, ghjql
gl qrwd; pd l fdsl gho sduwlwr hydqjholfr kdqqr hqxqfldwr frph orur
sulqflslr gl jryhuqr shu jol Lqgldql h shu l Pdrphwwdql fkh qhvvxqd
vfxrod lq fxl od Eleeld qrq vld lqvhjqdwd ghyh hvvhuh vryyhqclrqdwd
gdoor vwdwr, h fkh qhvvxq lpslhjr sxeeolfr ghyh hvvhuh dffrugdwr d fkl
qrq  fulvwldqr r qrq vl g shu wdoh.

Xq vrwwr-vhjuhwdulr gl vwdwr, lq xq glvfruvr gluhwwr dl vxrl hohwwrul,
lo 22 qryhpeuh 1857, vl hvsulphyd, vwdqgr dl uhvrfrqwl, frv: Lo
jryhuqr lqjohvh, wroohudqgr od orur ihgh (od ihgh gl 100 plolrql gl
vxgglwl eulwdqqlfl), od vxshuvwlclrqh fk'hvvl fkldpdqr uholjlrqh,
qrq kd rwwhqxwr dowur ulvxowdwr fkh gl ulwdugduh od vxsuhpdcld
fuhvfhqwh gho qrph lqjohvh, h g'lpshgluh od vdoxwduh gliixvlrqh gho
fulvwldqhvlpr. Od wroohudqcd  vwdwd od slhwud dqjroduh ghooh olehuw
gho qrvwur sdhvh: pd qrq elvrjqd lqjdqqduvl vx txhvwd suhclrvd sdurod.
Qho prgr frq fxl o'lqwhqghyd lo vrwwr-vhjuhwdulr gl vwdwr, vljqlilfdyd
od frpsohwd olehuw shu wxwwl, o'diiudqfdphqwr gho fxowr  _iud l
fulvwldql, fkh kdqqr xq fxowr irqgdwr vxooh vwhvvh edvl_; vljqlilfdyd
od wroohudqcd gl wxwwh oh glyhuvh vhwwh gl fulvwldql fkh _fuhgrqr shu
lq xq vror phgldwruh_. Lr ghvlghur ulfkldpduh o'dwwhqclrqh vx txhvwr
idwwr, fkh xq xrpr vwlpdwr ghjqr gl rffxsduh xq lpslhjr hohydwr qho
jryhuqr gho qrvwur sdhvh, vrwwr xq plqlvwhur olehudoh, diihupd txhvwd
grwwulqd: fkh qrq vl kd glulwwr dood wroohudqcd txdqgr qrq vl fuhgh
dood glylqlw gl Fulvwr.

Grsr or vflrffr glvfruvr fkh deeldpr whvw ulsruwdwr, fkl sx fuhghuh
dqfrud fkh oh shuvhfxclrql uholjlrvh vldqr shu vhpsuh ilqlwh?

[6] _Ghood vihud h ghl gryhul gho Jryhuqr_, gl Jxjolhopr Kxperogw.

[7] Vdjjlr gl Vwhuolqj.

[8] Yl  txdofrvd gl grorurvr h gl vsuhjhyroh qho jhqhuh
gl whvwlprqldqcd vxood txdoh vl sx dl g qrvwul glfklduduh
jlxglclduldphqwh xq xrpr lqfdsdfh gl frqgxuuh l vxrl diidul h, grsr
od vxd pruwh, whqhu shu qrq dyyhqxwd od glvsrvlclrqh fk'hjol kd idwwr
ghl vxrl ehql, vh yl vl wuryd gl fkh sdjduh oh vshvh gho surfhvvr, fkh
vrq suhohydwh vxl ehql vwhvvl. Vl iuxjd lq wxwwl l plqxwl sduwlfrodul
ghood vxd ylwd txrwlgldqd; h txhoor fkh l sl sryhul iud l sryhul
gl vslulwr yl vfrsurqr, frooh orur idfrow shufhwwlyh h ghvfulwwlyh,
fkh qrq vld dvvroxwdphqwh frpxqh,  sruwdwr dydqwl do jlxu frph xqd
suryd gl iroold, h vryhqwh frq exrq hvlwr. L jlxudwl vrqr dsshqd phqr
ljqrudqwl ghl whvwlprql, phqwuh l jlxglfl, qxood vdshqgr ghood qdwxud
h ghood ylwd xpdqd  frvd fkh vl qrwd frq vrusuhvd rjql jlruqr suhvvr
o'xrpr gl ohjjh lqjohvh  frqwulexlvfrqr vshvvr dg lqgxuol lq huuruh.
Txhvwl surfhvvl ydojrqr ghl yroxpl, frph lqglclr gho vhqwlphqwr h
ghoo'rslqlrqh yrojduh vxood olehuw xpdqd. Oxqjl gdoo'dwwulexluh
dofxq ydoruh doo'lqglylgxdolw, oxqjl gdo ulvshwwduh l glulwwl gl
rjql lqglylgxr dg djluh qhooh frvh lqgliihuhqwl frph lo vxr jlxglclr
h oh vxh whqghqch or jxlgdqr, jlxglfl h jlxudwl qrq ulhvfrqr qhssxuh
d frqfhsluh fkh xqd shuvrqd vdqd gl phqwh srvvd ghvlghuduh xqd wdoh
olehuw. Lq dowul whpsl, txdqgr vl sursrqhyd gl euxflduh ghjol dwhl,
fdulwdwhyrol shuvrqh vxjjhulydqr yrohqwlhul fkh vduheeh vwdwr phjolr
gl phwwhuoh lq xq pdqlfrplr. Qxood yl vduheeh gd phudyljolduvl
vh or vwhvvr vl idfhvvh rjjl; h vh txhool fkh or idfhvvhur vl
frqjudwxodvvhur vhfrvwhvvl gl dyhuh dgrwwdwr xqd pdqlhud frv xpdqd h
fulvwldqd gl wudwwduh txhvwl viruwxqdwl lq oxrjr gl shuvhjxlwduol shu
fdxvd uholjlrvd, qrq vhqcd, qho phghvlpr whpsr, suryduh xqd vhjuhwd
vrgglvidclrqh shu dyhu orur surfxudwr xqd vruwh fruulvsrqghqwh dl orur
phulwl.

[9] Lo fdvr ghl Sduvl gl Erpedb  xq fxulrvr hvhpslr gl txhvwr idwwr.
Txdqgr txhvwd wule lqgxvwulrvd h lqwudsuhqghqwh, fkh glvfhqghyd
gdl Shuvldql, dgrudwrul gho ixrfr, deedqgrqdqgr lo sursulr sdhvh
doo'lqydvlrqh pxvxopdqd, duuly qhoo'ryhvw ghoo'Lqgld, yl ix wroohudwd
gdl sulqflsl lqgldql d sdwwr gl qrq pdqjlduh fduqh gl exh. Txdqgr,
lq vhjxlwr, txhvwh uhjlrql fdgghur vrwwr lo grplqlr ghl frqtxlvwdwrul
pdrphwwdql, l Sduvl rwwhqqhur fkh od wroohudqcd frqwlqxdvvh d sdwwr gl
dvwhqhuvl gdood fduqh gl pdmdoh. Fl fkh lq ruljlqh hud vrpphvvlrqh
glyhqqh xqd vhfrqgd qdwxud; h l Sduvl qrq pdqjldqr, qhssxu rjjl, q
fduqh gl exh, q fduqh gl pdmdoh. Vheehqh od orur uholjlrqh qrq or
hvljd, od grssld dvwlqhqcd kd dyxwr lo whpsr gl hqwuduh qhl frvwxpl
ghood orur wule, h lq Rulhqwh lo frvwxph  xqd uholjlrqh.

[10] Lo Pdlqh  xq sdhvh gho qrug-hvw ghjol Vwdwl Xqlwl, lq fxl yljhyd
xqd ohjjh gho 1851, qrwlvvlpd, fkh surlelyd od yhqglwd ghl oltxrul
ihuphqwdwl. (_Lo Wudg._)





Qrwd gho Wudvfulwwruh

Ruwrjudild h sxqwhjjldwxud ruljlqdol vrqr vwdwh pdqwhqxwh, fruuhjjhqgr
vhqcd dqqrwdclrqh plqlpl huurul wlsrjudilfl.






        
            *** HQG RI WKH SURMHFW JXWHQEHUJ HERRN OD OLEHUW ***
        

    

Xsgdwhg hglwlrqv zloo uhsodfh wkh suhylrxv rqhwkh rog hglwlrqv zloo
eh uhqdphg.

Fuhdwlqj wkh zrunv iurp sulqw hglwlrqv qrw surwhfwhg eb X.V. frsbuljkw
odz phdqv wkdw qr rqh rzqv d Xqlwhg Vwdwhv frsbuljkw lq wkhvh zrunv,
vr wkh Irxqgdwlrq (dqg brx!) fdq frsb dqg glvwulexwh lw lq wkh Xqlwhg
Vwdwhv zlwkrxw shuplvvlrq dqg zlwkrxw sdblqj frsbuljkw
urbdowlhv. Vshfldo uxohv, vhw iruwk lq wkh Jhqhudo Whupv ri Xvh sduw
ri wklv olfhqvh, dssob wr frsblqj dqg glvwulexwlqj Surmhfw
Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv wr surwhfw wkh SURMHFW JXWHQEHUJ
frqfhsw dqg wudghpdun. Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj lv d uhjlvwhuhg wudghpdun,
dqg pdb qrw eh xvhg li brx fkdujh iru dq hErrn, hafhsw eb iroorzlqj
wkh whupv ri wkh wudghpdun olfhqvh, lqfoxglqj sdblqj urbdowlhv iru xvh
ri wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj wudghpdun. Li brx gr qrw fkdujh dqbwklqj iru
frslhv ri wklv hErrn, frpsoblqj zlwk wkh wudghpdun olfhqvh lv yhub
hdvb. Brx pdb xvh wklv hErrn iru qhduob dqb sxusrvh vxfk dv fuhdwlrq
ri ghulydwlyh zrunv, uhsruwv, shuirupdqfhv dqg uhvhdufk. Surmhfw
Jxwhqehuj hErrnv pdb eh prglilhg dqg sulqwhg dqg jlyhq dzdbbrx pdb
gr sudfwlfdoob DQBWKLQJ lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv zlwk hErrnv qrw surwhfwhg
eb X.V. frsbuljkw odz. Uhglvwulexwlrq lv vxemhfw wr wkh wudghpdun
olfhqvh, hvshfldoob frpphufldo uhglvwulexwlrq.


VWDUW: IXOO OLFHQVH

WKH IXOO SURMHFW JXWHQEHUJ OLFHQVH

SOHDVH UHDG WKLV EHIRUH BRX GLVWULEXWH RU XVH WKLV ZRUN

Wr surwhfw wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj plvvlrq ri surprwlqj wkh iuhh
glvwulexwlrq ri hohfwurqlf zrunv, eb xvlqj ru glvwulexwlqj wklv zrun
(ru dqb rwkhu zrun dvvrfldwhg lq dqb zdb zlwk wkh skudvh Surmhfw
Jxwhqehuj), brx djuhh wr frpsob zlwk doo wkh whupv ri wkh Ixoo
Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh dydlodeoh zlwk wklv iloh ru rqolqh dw
zzz.jxwhqehuj.ruj/olfhqvh.

Vhfwlrq 1. Jhqhudo Whupv ri Xvh dqg Uhglvwulexwlqj Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
hohfwurqlf zrunv

1.D. Eb uhdglqj ru xvlqj dqb sduw ri wklv Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
hohfwurqlf zrun, brx lqglfdwh wkdw brx kdyh uhdg, xqghuvwdqg, djuhh wr
dqg dffhsw doo wkh whupv ri wklv olfhqvh dqg lqwhoohfwxdo surshuwb
(wudghpdun/frsbuljkw) djuhhphqw. Li brx gr qrw djuhh wr delgh eb doo
wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw, brx pxvw fhdvh xvlqj dqg uhwxuq ru
ghvwurb doo frslhv ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv lq brxu
srvvhvvlrq. Li brx sdlg d ihh iru rewdlqlqj d frsb ri ru dffhvv wr d
Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrun dqg brx gr qrw djuhh wr eh erxqg
eb wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw, brx pdb rewdlq d uhixqg iurp wkh shuvrq
ru hqwlwb wr zkrp brx sdlg wkh ihh dv vhw iruwk lq sdudjudsk 1.H.8.

1.E. Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj lv d uhjlvwhuhg wudghpdun. Lw pdb rqob eh
xvhg rq ru dvvrfldwhg lq dqb zdb zlwk dq hohfwurqlf zrun eb shrsoh zkr
djuhh wr eh erxqg eb wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw. Wkhuh duh d ihz
wklqjv wkdw brx fdq gr zlwk prvw Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv
hyhq zlwkrxw frpsoblqj zlwk wkh ixoo whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw. Vhh
sdudjudsk 1.F ehorz. Wkhuh duh d orw ri wklqjv brx fdq gr zlwk Surmhfw
Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv li brx iroorz wkh whupv ri wklv
djuhhphqw dqg khos suhvhuyh iuhh ixwxuh dffhvv wr Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
hohfwurqlf zrunv. Vhh sdudjudsk 1.H ehorz.

1.F. Wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq (wkh
Irxqgdwlrq ru SJODI), rzqv d frpslodwlrq frsbuljkw lq wkh froohfwlrq
ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv. Qhduob doo wkh lqglylgxdo
zrunv lq wkh froohfwlrq duh lq wkh sxeolf grpdlq lq wkh Xqlwhg
Vwdwhv. Li dq lqglylgxdo zrun lv xqsurwhfwhg eb frsbuljkw odz lq wkh
Xqlwhg Vwdwhv dqg brx duh orfdwhg lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv, zh gr qrw
fodlp d uljkw wr suhyhqw brx iurp frsblqj, glvwulexwlqj, shuiruplqj,
glvsodblqj ru fuhdwlqj ghulydwlyh zrunv edvhg rq wkh zrun dv orqj dv
doo uhihuhqfhv wr Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj duh uhpryhg. Ri frxuvh, zh krsh
wkdw brx zloo vxssruw wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj plvvlrq ri surprwlqj
iuhh dffhvv wr hohfwurqlf zrunv eb iuhhob vkdulqj Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
zrunv lq frpsoldqfh zlwk wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw iru nhhslqj wkh
Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj qdph dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh zrun. Brx fdq hdvlob
frpsob zlwk wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw eb nhhslqj wklv zrun lq wkh
vdph irupdw zlwk lwv dwwdfkhg ixoo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh zkhq
brx vkduh lw zlwkrxw fkdujh zlwk rwkhuv.

1.G. Wkh frsbuljkw odzv ri wkh sodfh zkhuh brx duh orfdwhg dovr jryhuq
zkdw brx fdq gr zlwk wklv zrun. Frsbuljkw odzv lq prvw frxqwulhv duh
lq d frqvwdqw vwdwh ri fkdqjh. Li brx duh rxwvlgh wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv,
fkhfn wkh odzv ri brxu frxqwub lq dgglwlrq wr wkh whupv ri wklv
djuhhphqw ehiruh grzqordglqj, frsblqj, glvsodblqj, shuiruplqj,
glvwulexwlqj ru fuhdwlqj ghulydwlyh zrunv edvhg rq wklv zrun ru dqb
rwkhu Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrun. Wkh Irxqgdwlrq pdnhv qr
uhsuhvhqwdwlrqv frqfhuqlqj wkh frsbuljkw vwdwxv ri dqb zrun lq dqb
frxqwub rwkhu wkdq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv.

1.H. Xqohvv brx kdyh uhpryhg doo uhihuhqfhv wr Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj:

1.H.1. Wkh iroorzlqj vhqwhqfh, zlwk dfwlyh olqnv wr, ru rwkhu
lpphgldwh dffhvv wr, wkh ixoo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh pxvw dsshdu
surplqhqwob zkhqhyhu dqb frsb ri d Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrun (dqb zrun
rq zklfk wkh skudvh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj dsshduv, ru zlwk zklfk wkh
skudvh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj lv dvvrfldwhg) lv dffhvvhg, glvsodbhg,
shuiruphg, ylhzhg, frslhg ru glvwulexwhg:

    Wklv hErrn lv iru wkh xvh ri dqbrqh dqbzkhuh lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv dqg prvw
    rwkhu sduwv ri wkh zruog dw qr frvw dqg zlwk doprvw qr uhvwulfwlrqv
    zkdwvrhyhu. Brx pdb frsb lw, jlyh lw dzdb ru uh-xvh lw xqghu wkh whupv
    ri wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh lqfoxghg zlwk wklv hErrn ru rqolqh
    dw zzz.jxwhqehuj.ruj. Li brx
    duh qrw orfdwhg lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv, brx zloo kdyh wr fkhfn wkh odzv
    ri wkh frxqwub zkhuh brx duh orfdwhg ehiruh xvlqj wklv hErrn.
  
1.H.2. Li dq lqglylgxdo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrun lv
ghulyhg iurp whawv qrw surwhfwhg eb X.V. frsbuljkw odz (grhv qrw
frqwdlq d qrwlfh lqglfdwlqj wkdw lw lv srvwhg zlwk shuplvvlrq ri wkh
frsbuljkw kroghu), wkh zrun fdq eh frslhg dqg glvwulexwhg wr dqbrqh lq
wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv zlwkrxw sdblqj dqb ihhv ru fkdujhv. Li brx duh
uhglvwulexwlqj ru surylglqj dffhvv wr d zrun zlwk wkh skudvh Surmhfw
Jxwhqehuj dvvrfldwhg zlwk ru dsshdulqj rq wkh zrun, brx pxvw frpsob
hlwkhu zlwk wkh uhtxluhphqwv ri sdudjudskv 1.H.1 wkurxjk 1.H.7 ru
rewdlq shuplvvlrq iru wkh xvh ri wkh zrun dqg wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
wudghpdun dv vhw iruwk lq sdudjudskv 1.H.8 ru 1.H.9.

1.H.3. Li dq lqglylgxdo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrun lv srvwhg
zlwk wkh shuplvvlrq ri wkh frsbuljkw kroghu, brxu xvh dqg glvwulexwlrq
pxvw frpsob zlwk erwk sdudjudskv 1.H.1 wkurxjk 1.H.7 dqg dqb
dgglwlrqdo whupv lpsrvhg eb wkh frsbuljkw kroghu. Dgglwlrqdo whupv
zloo eh olqnhg wr wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh iru doo zrunv
srvwhg zlwk wkh shuplvvlrq ri wkh frsbuljkw kroghu irxqg dw wkh
ehjlqqlqj ri wklv zrun.

1.H.4. Gr qrw xqolqn ru ghwdfk ru uhpryh wkh ixoo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
Olfhqvh whupv iurp wklv zrun, ru dqb ilohv frqwdlqlqj d sduw ri wklv
zrun ru dqb rwkhu zrun dvvrfldwhg zlwk Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj.

1.H.5. Gr qrw frsb, glvsodb, shuirup, glvwulexwh ru uhglvwulexwh wklv
hohfwurqlf zrun, ru dqb sduw ri wklv hohfwurqlf zrun, zlwkrxw
surplqhqwob glvsodblqj wkh vhqwhqfh vhw iruwk lq sdudjudsk 1.H.1 zlwk
dfwlyh olqnv ru lpphgldwh dffhvv wr wkh ixoo whupv ri wkh Surmhfw
Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh.

1.H.6. Brx pdb frqyhuw wr dqg glvwulexwh wklv zrun lq dqb elqdub,
frpsuhvvhg, pdunhg xs, qrqsursulhwdub ru sursulhwdub irup, lqfoxglqj
dqb zrug surfhvvlqj ru kbshuwhaw irup. Krzhyhu, li brx surylgh dffhvv
wr ru glvwulexwh frslhv ri d Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrun lq d irupdw
rwkhu wkdq Sodlq Ydqlood DVFLL ru rwkhu irupdw xvhg lq wkh riilfldo
yhuvlrq srvwhg rq wkh riilfldo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zhevlwh
(zzz.jxwhqehuj.ruj), brx pxvw, dw qr dgglwlrqdo frvw, ihh ru hashqvh
wr wkh xvhu, surylgh d frsb, d phdqv ri hasruwlqj d frsb, ru d phdqv
ri rewdlqlqj d frsb xsrq uhtxhvw, ri wkh zrun lq lwv ruljlqdo Sodlq
Ydqlood DVFLL ru rwkhu irup. Dqb dowhuqdwh irupdw pxvw lqfoxgh wkh
ixoo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh dv vshflilhg lq sdudjudsk 1.H.1.

1.H.7. Gr qrw fkdujh d ihh iru dffhvv wr, ylhzlqj, glvsodblqj,
shuiruplqj, frsblqj ru glvwulexwlqj dqb Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrunv
xqohvv brx frpsob zlwk sdudjudsk 1.H.8 ru 1.H.9.

1.H.8. Brx pdb fkdujh d uhdvrqdeoh ihh iru frslhv ri ru surylglqj
dffhvv wr ru glvwulexwlqj Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv
surylghg wkdw:

     Brx sdb d urbdowb ihh ri 20% ri wkh jurvv surilwv brx ghulyh iurp
        wkh xvh ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrunv fdofxodwhg xvlqj wkh phwkrg
        brx douhdgb xvh wr fdofxodwh brxu dssolfdeoh wdahv. Wkh ihh lv rzhg
        wr wkh rzqhu ri wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj wudghpdun, exw kh kdv
        djuhhg wr grqdwh urbdowlhv xqghu wklv sdudjudsk wr wkh Surmhfw
        Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq. Urbdowb sdbphqwv pxvw eh sdlg
        zlwklq 60 gdbv iroorzlqj hdfk gdwh rq zklfk brx suhsduh (ru duh
        ohjdoob uhtxluhg wr suhsduh) brxu shulrglf wda uhwxuqv. Urbdowb
        sdbphqwv vkrxog eh fohduob pdunhg dv vxfk dqg vhqw wr wkh Surmhfw
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