5223 lines
310 KiB
Plaintext
5223 lines
310 KiB
Plaintext
Wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hErrn ri Od olehuw
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Wklv herrn lv iru wkh xvh ri dqbrqh dqbzkhuh lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv dqg
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prvw rwkhu sduwv ri wkh zruog dw qr frvw dqg zlwk doprvw qr uhvwulfwlrqv
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zkdwvrhyhu. Brx pdb frsb lw, jlyh lw dzdb ru uh-xvh lw xqghu wkh whupv
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ri wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh lqfoxghg zlwk wklv herrn ru rqolqh
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dw zzz.jxwhqehuj.ruj. Li brx duh qrw orfdwhg lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv,
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brx zloo kdyh wr fkhfn wkh odzv ri wkh frxqwub zkhuh brx duh orfdwhg
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ehiruh xvlqj wklv hErrn.
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Wlwoh: Od olehuw
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Dxwkru: Mrkq Vwxduw Ploo
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Wudqvodwru: Duqdogr Djqhool
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Uhohdvh gdwh: Pdb 7, 2020 [hErrn #62047]
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Odqjxdjh: Lwdoldq
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Fuhglwv: Eduedud Pdjql dqg wkh Rqolqh Glvwulexwhg Surriuhdglqj Whdp dw kwws://zzz.sjgs.qhw (Wklv iloh zdv surgxfhg iurp lpdjhv pdgh dydlodeoh eb Wkh Lqwhuqhw Dufklyh)
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*** VWDUW RI WKH SURMHFW JXWHQEHUJ HERRN OD OLEHUW ***
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Surgxfhg eb Eduedud Pdjql dqg wkh Rqolqh Glvwulexwhg
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Surriuhdglqj Whdp dw kwws://zzz.sjgs.qhw (Wklv iloh zdv
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surgxfhg iurp lpdjhv pdgh dydlodeoh eb Wkh Lqwhuqhw Dufklyh)
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ELEOLRWHFD XQLYHUVDOH
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OD OLEHUW
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GL
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JLRYDQQL VWXDUW PLOO
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WUDGXCLRQH LWDOLDQD
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GL
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DUQDOGR DJQHOOL
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PLODQR
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VRFLHW HGLWULFH VRQCRJQR
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14 Yld Sdvtxluror 14
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SURSULHW OHWWHUDULD ULVHUYDWD
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Plodqr, 1911. Wls. ghood VRFLHW HGLWULFH VRQCRJQR.
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JLRYDQQL VWXDUW PLOO
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Jlrydqql Vwxduw Ploo qdftxh d Orqgud qho 1806. Lo sdguh gl oxl, Jldfrpr
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Ploo, vwrulfr hg hfrqrplvwd gl txdofkh ydoruh, vfrodur gl Ehqwkdp
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hg lqwlpr dplfr gl Ulfdugr, vrwwrsrvh lo vxr surphwwhqwh lqjhjqr dg
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xq vlvwhpd gl hgxfdclrqh fkh qh vyloxss dvvdl shu whpsr oh iruch:
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jlrylqhwwr dqfrud, or Vwxduw Ploo frqrvfhyd shuihwwdphqwh lo odwlqr,
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lo juhfr, od vwruld, vshfldophqwh dqwlfd: grsr dofxql phvl sdvvdwl qho
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1820 lq Iudqfld, ulwruq lq sdwuld, vwxgl ilorvrild h jlxulvsuxghqcd,
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h rwwhqqh, vrwwr od glshqghqcd gho sdguh, xq srvwr qhjol xiilfl
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dpplqlvwudwlyl ghood Frpsdjqld ghooh Lqglh, fkh frqvhuy gdo 1823 do
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1858. Ix, shu txdofkh dqqr, phpeur ghood Fdphud ghl Frpxql, pdqgdwryl
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gdjol hohwwrul gl Zhvwplqvwhu. Ulwludwrvl qhjol xowlpl dqql dg Dyljqrqh
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lq Iudqfld, yl prulyd qho 1873.
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O'lqjhjqr ghoor Vwxduw Ploo vl hvsolf qhooh iruph sl vyduldwh:
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vfulvvh gl ilorvrild, vhjxhqgr h prglilfdqgr gdssulpd o'xwlolwdulvpr
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gl Jhuhpld Ehqwkdp, srl vxehqgr o'lqioxhqcd gho srvlwlylvpr gl Dxjxvwr
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Frpwh, fro txdoh hjol ix lq fruulvsrqghqcd hg dplflcld; sxeeolf xq
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_Vlvwhpd gl orjlfd_; sdwurflq dughqwhphqwh txhooh uliruph djudulh
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g'Luodqgd, gl fxl jl vl idfhyd vhqwluh od qhfhvvlw.
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Pd lo pdjjlru wlwror gl joruld d fxl lo qrph gl oxl vl ohjd vrqr,
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vhqcd gxeelr, l vxrl vfulwwl lq pdwhuld gl hfrqrpld srolwlfd h gl
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glulwwr sxeeolfr. Vhjxdfh, lq hfrqrpld, ghood vfxrod fodvvlfd, txdoh lq
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Lqjklowhuud o'dyhydqr frvwlwxlwd Dgdpr Vplwk, Pdowkxv, Ulfdugr, hjol vl
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rffxs qrqglphqr frq dpruh gl txhvwlrql rshudmh, dffhwwdqgr h vyrojhqgr
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d txhvwr sursrvlwr ghooh lghh suhwwdphqwh prghuqh; frl vxrl odyrul srl
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vxo _Jryhuqr udssuhvhqwdwlyr_, vxood _Vrjjhclrqh ghooh grqqh_ h frq
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txhvwr vdjjlr gl fxl suhvhqwldpr xqd wudgxclrqh do ohwwruh lwdoldqr,
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hjol suhvh srvwr iud l sulpl sxeeolflvwl g'Hxursd.
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Sursxjq od udssuhvhqwdqcd ghooh plqrudqch; ix xq dsrvwror lqwhooljhqwh
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hg dssdvvlrqdwr gl txho frpsohvvr gl uliruph fkh vl frpsuhqgrqr vrwwr
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lo qrph gl Hpdqflsdclrqh ghood grqqd: vrsudwxwwr, fro suhvhqwh odyrur
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vxood _Olehuw_, vl srvh lq xqd ghflvd srvlclrqh gl frpedwwlphqwr
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frqwur txhooh whqghqch dg doodujduh oh ixqclrql gho srwhuh vrfldoh,
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fkh, sruwdwr lqhylwdeloh gl qxryl whpsl h gl qxryh frqglclrql, gheerqr
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hvvhuh shu dowur hqhujlfdphqwh iuhqdwh lq fl fkh kdqqr gl hffhvvlyr h
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gl wludqqlfr.
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Txhvwr oleur xvflwr shu od sulpd yrowd d Orqgud qho 1859. Hssxuh,
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hvvr qrq lqyhffkldwr, qrq kd shugxwr g'lqwhuhvvh q gl vdsruh
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g'dwwxdolw; dqcl, lo jlxglclr gho whpsr kd gdwr dooh lghh fkh yl vrqr
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vyrowh xqd frv lqfrqwhvwdwd udjlrqh, fkh od orur lpsruwdqcd h od orur
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dxwruhyrohccd qh fuhvflxwd g'dvvdl.
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Qrq kr fuhgxwr ehqh gl suhphwwhuh do oleur xq frv ghwwr surhplr
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fulwlfr. Gdydqwl dg xqd phqwh frph txhood ghoor Vwxduw Ploo, gdydqwl dg
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xq odyrur frph txhvwr, xq jlxglclr vduheeh idflophqwh dyyhqwdwr: ehqh
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fkh lo ohwwruh vh or irupl gd v, vhfrqgr l vxrl frqylqflphqwl h oh vxh
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whqghqch.
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Fhuwr fkh, vh lo oleur rwwhqhvvh lq Lwdold txho vxffhvvr h txhood
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gliixvlrqh fkh sxu wurssr qrq jol phulwhu od sryhud yhvwh fk'lr jol kr
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vdsxwr gduh, hvvr srwuheeh iduh txdofkh sr' gl ehqh. Od glprvwudclrqh
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olpslgd, sdfdwd, vhuhqd fkh od olehuw qrq vrowdqwr xq dvwudwwr
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glulwwr whrulfr, pd dqfkh xqd frqglclrqh lpsuhvflqgleloh gl vdogr
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surjuhvvr flyloh, srwuheeh frqwulexluh d gliirqghuh qho qrvwur sdhvh
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txho vhqvr ghood olehuw gl fxl, lq wdqwh rffdvlrql, vl frqvwdwd
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pdolqfrqlfdphqwh o'dvvhqcd. Rvr udffrpdqgduh lq prgr vshfldoh d fkl
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vhjxh flhfdphqwh o'lpsxovr gl fhuwl suhjlxglcl h gl fhuwl wlprul, txho
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slffror fdsrodyrur fkh lo fdslwror vhfrqgr, vxood olehuw gl shqvlhur
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h gl sdurod.
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Vh, dg rjql prgr, o'lqwhqwr gl vjrpeudu gdooh phqwl txdofkh idovd
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rslqlrqh, g'lqvhjqduh d txdofxqr xq sr' gl wroohudqcd lq idwwr gl
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uholjlrqh h gl srolwlfd, irvvh, dqfkh lq plqlpd sduwh, udjjlxqwr, lr
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vduhl hvxehudqwhphqwh frpshqvdwr gho plr prghvwr odyrur.
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_Jhqqdmr, 1895._
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DUQDOGR DJQHOOL.
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Lo judq sulqflslr, lo sulqflslr grplqdqwh,
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d fxl phwwrqr fdsr wxwwl jol dujrphqwl
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hvsrvwl lq txhvwh sdjlqh, o'lpsruwdqcd
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hvvhqcldoh hg dvvroxwd ghoor vyloxssr xpdqr
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lq wxwwd od ulffkhccd ghood vxd ydulhw.
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JXJOLHOPR GL KXPEROGW. _Ghood vihud
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g'dclrqh h ghl gryhul gho jryhuqr._
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Lr ghglfr txhvwr yroxph dood fdud h odjulpdwd phpruld gl frohl fkh ix
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o'lqvsludwulfh, h lq sduwh o'dxwulfh, gl txdqwr y'kd gl phjolr qh'
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plhl odyrul: dood phpruld ghoo'dplfd h ghood vsrvd, lo fxl ihuylgr
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vhqvr gho yhur h gho jlxvwr ix lo plr sl ylyr lqfrudjjldphqwr od fxl
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dssurydclrqh ix od pld ulfrpshqvd sl dowd.
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Frph wxwwr txhoor fk'lr kr vfulwwr gd prowl dqql, txhvwr yroxph wdqwr
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rshud vxd txdqwr pld, pd lo oleur, txdoh rud vl suhvhqwd, qrq kd jrgxwr
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vh qrq lq judgr prowr lqvxiilflhqwh lo ydqwdjjlr lqhvwlpdeloh g'hvvhu
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ulyhgxwr gd ohl: txdofxqd ghooh sduwl sl lpsruwdqwl hud ulvhuydwd dg
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xq vhfrqgr h sl dffxudwr hvdph, fkh rupdl qrq ghvwlqdwd d ulfhyhuh
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pdl sl.
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V'lr vdshvvl lqwhusuhwduh od phw vrowdqwr ghl judqgl shqvlhul, ghl
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qrelol vhqwlphqwl fkh vrqr frq hvvd vhsrowl, lo prqgr qh frjolhuheeh
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xq iuxwwr ehq pdjjlruh fkh gd wxwwr txhoor fk'lr srvvr vfulyhuh, vhqcd
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o'lqvsludclrqh h o'dvvlvwhqcd ghood vxd lpsduhjjldeloh vdjjhccd.
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J. VWXDUW PLOO.
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OD OLEHUW
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FDSLWROR SULPR.
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LQWURGXCLRQH.
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Lo vrjjhwwr gl txhvwr odyrur qrq lo frv ghwwr olehur duelwulr wdqwr
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lqiholfhphqwh rssrvwr d txhood fkh pdo vl fkldpd grwwulqd gl qhfhvvlw
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ilorvrilfd, pd ehqv od olehuw vrfldoh r flyloh, flr od qdwxud
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h l olplwl gho srwhuh fkh od Vrflhw sx ohjlwwlpdphqwh hvhuflwduh
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vxoo'lqglylgxr: txhvwlrqh srvwd gl udgr h iruvh qrq glvfxvvd pdl lq
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whuplql jhqhudol, pd fkh frood vxd suhvhqcd lqdyyhuwlwd kd xqd surirqgd
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lqioxhqcd vxooh frqwuryhuvlh sudwlfkh gho vhfror h suredelophqwh vdu
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ehqwrvwr ulfrqrvflxwd frph od txhvwlrqh ylwdoh ghoo'dyyhqluh. Txhvwd
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txhvwlrqh v oxqjl gdoo'hvvhu qxryd, fkh, lq xq fhuwr vhqvr, hvvd kd
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glylvr o'xpdqlw, ilq txdvl gdl whpsl sl uhprwl. Pd hvvd vl suhvhqwd
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vrwwr qxryh iruph qhoo'hsrfd gl surjuhvvr lq fxl rud vrqr hqwudwl l
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juxssl sl flylol ghood vshflh xpdqd, hg qhfhvvdulr wudwwduod lq prgr
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glyhuvr h sl irqgdphqwdoh.
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Od orwwd wud olehuw hg dxwrulw od qrwd fdudwwhulvwlfd gl txhooh
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hsrfkh vwrulfkh fkh fl glyhqjrqr d sulpd jlxqwd idploldul qhooh
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vwrulh juhfd, urpdqd hg lqjohvh. Pd, lq dowul whpsl, od orwwd hud wud
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l vxgglwl, r txdofkh fodvvh gl vxgglwl, h lo jryhuqr: shu olehuw,
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v'lqwhqghyd od surwhclrqh frqwur od wludqqld ghl jryhuqdqwl srolwlfl.
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Txhvwl (wudqqh fkh lq txdofkh flww ghprfudwlfd gl Juhfld) vhpeudydqr
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lq xqd srvlclrqh qhfhvvduldphqwh qhplfd do srsror gd hvvl jryhuqdwr.
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Lq dowul whpsl lo jryhuqr hud lq jhqhudoh whqxwr gd xq xrpr r gd xqd
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wule r gd xqd fdvwd fkh ghulydyd od sursuld dxwrulw gdo glulwwr gl
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frqtxlvwd r gl vxffhvvlrqh, lq qhvvxq fdvr gdo frqvhqvr ghl jryhuqdwl
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h gl fxl jol xrplql qrq rvdydqr, iruv'dqfkh qrq ghvlghudydqr gl
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sruuh lq gxeelr od vxsuhpdcld, sxuh suhqghqgr txdofkh suhfdxclrqh
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frqwur o'hvhuflclr rssuhvvlyr gl hvvd. Vl frqvlghudyd doorud lo srwhuh
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ghl jryhuqdqwl frph qhfhvvdulr, pd dqfkh frph dowdphqwh shulfrorvr:
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frph xq'dupd fk'hvvl dyuheehur whqwdwr gl xvduh wdqwr frqwur l orur
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vxgglwl txdqwr frqwur l qhplfl hvwhuql. Shu lpshgluh fkh l phpeul sl
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gherol ghood froohwwlylw irvvhur glyrudwl gd lqqxphuhyrol dyrowr,
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hud lqglvshqvdeloh fkh xq xffhoor gd udslqd sl iruwh ghjol dowul
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irvvh lqfdulfdwr gl iuhqduh txhvwl dqlpdol yrudfl; pd srlfk lo uh
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ghjol dyrowr qrq vduheeh vwdwr phqr glvsrvwr d glyruduh lo juhjjlh
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gl qhvvxqd ghooh duslh plqrul, frv elvrjqdyd whqhuvl vhpsuh vxood
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glihqvlyd frqwur lo vxr ehffr h frqwur l vxrl duwljol.
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Shu txhvwr, vfrsr ghl sdwulrwl hud gl dvvhjqduh ghl olplwl do srwhuh
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fkh l jryhuqdqwl gryhvvhur hvhuflwduh vxood froohwwlylw: txhvwr
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hvvl lqwhqghydqr shu olehuw. Yl vl whqghyd lq gxh prgl: dqclwxwwr,
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froo'rwwhqhuh lo ulfrqrvflphqwr gl fhuwh lppxqlw, ghwwh olehuw r
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glulwwl srolwlfl, fkh, vhfrqgr o'rslqlrqh jhqhudoh, lo jryhuqr qrq
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srwhyd lpsxqhphqwh ylroduh vhqcd pdqfdu gl sdurod h vhqcd fruuhuh,
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ehq d udjlrqh, lo ulvfklr gl xqd uhvlvwhqcd sduwlfroduh r gl xqd
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ulehoolrqh jhqhudoh. Xq dowur hvshglhqwh, sl uhfhqwh lq jhqhudoh, hud
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or vwdeloluh ghl iuhql frvwlwxclrqdol, shu phccr ghl txdol lo frqvhqvr
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ghood frpxqlw r gl xq frusr txdoxqtxh, vxssrvwr udssuhvhqwdqwh
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ghjo'lqwhuhvvl gl txhvwd, hud frqglclrqh qhfhvvduld gl txdofxqr iud jol
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dwwl lpsruwdqwl gl jryhuqr. Qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghl sdhvl g'Hxursd,
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lo jryhuqr vwdwr frvwuhwwr, sl r phqr, d vrwwrphwwhuvl dood sulpd
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gl txhvwh uhvwulclrql. Qrq dyyhqqh or vwhvvr shu od vhfrqgd; h lo
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srwhuyl jlxqjhuh r, txdqgr ilqr d xq fhuwr sxqwr jl od vl srvvhghyd,
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lo jlxqjhuyl sl frpsohwdphqwh, glyhqqh gdsshuwxwwr sulqflsdo ilqh
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ghjol dplfl gl olehuw. H ilqfk o'xpdqlw vl frqwhqw gl frpedwwhuh
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xq qhplfr froo'dowur, h g'hvvhu jryhuqdwd gd xq sdgurqh, d frqglclrqh
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g'hvvhu sl r phqr hiilfdfhphqwh jdudqwlwd frqwur od vxd wludqqld, l
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ghvlghu ghl olehudol qrq vl hohydurqr sl dowr. Sxuh, qho fdpplqr
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ghooh frvh xpdqh, yhqqh xq prphqwr lq fxl jol xrplql fhvvdurqr
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gl frqvlghuduh frph qdwxudophqwh qhfhvvdulr fkh l orur jryhuqdqwl
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frvwlwxlvvhur xq srwhuh lqglshqghqwh, g'xq lqwhuhvvh rssrvwr do orur.
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Sduyh dg hvvl dvvdl phjolr fkh l ydu pdjlvwudwl ghoor Vwdwr irvvhur
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orur udssuhvhqwdqwl r ghohjdwl, uhyrfdelol d orur sldflphqwr. Vhpeu
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fkh vrodphqwh d txhvwr prgr o'xpdqlw srwhvvh dyhuh od frpsohwd
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dvvlfxudclrqh fkh qrq vl vduheeh pdl, d vxr gdqqr, dexvdwr ghl srwhul
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gho jryhuqr. D srfr d srfr, txhvwr qxryr elvrjqr gl jryhuqdqwl hohwwlyl
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h whpsrudqhl glyhqqh o'reelhwwr sulqflsdoh ghooh djlwdclrql gho
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sduwlwr srsroduh, gryxqtxh fh q'hud xqr, h doorud vl deedqgrqdurqr
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txdvl gdsshuwxwwr jol virucl suhfhghqwl shu olplwduh lo srwhuh ghl
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jryhuqdqwl. Srlfk lq txhvwd orwwd vl wudwwdyd gl idu hpdqduh lo srwhuh
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gl jryhuqr gdood vfhowd shulrglfd ghl jryhuqdwl, dofxql frplqfldurqr d
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fuhghuh fkh vl hud dwwulexlwd wurssd lpsruwdqcd doo'lghd gl olplwduh
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lo srwhuh vwhvvr. Txhvwr (d fl fkh sduhyd) hud xq ydqwdjjlr frqwur
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txhl jryhuqdqwl l fxl lqwhuhvvl hudqr delwxdophqwh rssrvwl d txhool gho
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srsror; pd fl fkh doorud rffruuhyd, hud fkh l jryhuqdqwl irvvhur xqd
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frvd vrod fro srsror, fkh lo orur lqwhuhvvh h od orur yrorqw irvvhur
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o'lqwhuhvvh h od yrorqw ghood qdclrqh. Od qdclrqh qrq dyhd elvrjqr
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g'hvvhu surwhwwd frqwur od vxd sursuld yrorqw: qrq f'hud gd whphuh
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fk'hvvd vl wludqqhjjldvvh gd v. H srlfk l jryhuqdqwl gl xqd qdclrqh
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hudqr hiilfdfhphqwh uhvsrqvdelol yhuvr gl hvvd, surqwdphqwh uhyrfdelol
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txdqgr d txhvwd sldfhvvh, vl srwhyd ehqh diilgdu orur xq srwhuh gl fxl
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|
od qdclrqh vwhvvd dyhyd lo phccr gl suhvfulyhuh o'xvr. Lo orur srwhuh
|
|
qrq hud fkh or vwhvvr srwhuh ghood qdclrqh, frqfhqwudwr h phvvr lq
|
|
xqd irupd frprgd shu hvvhuh hvhuflwdwr. Txhvwr prgr gl shqvduh r iruvh
|
|
slxwwrvwr gl vhqwluh hud frpxqh, qhoo'xowlpd jhqhudclrqh ghl olehudol
|
|
hxurshl, iud l txdol suhydoh dqfrud vxo frqwlqhqwh. Txhool fkh srqjrqr
|
|
txdofkh olplwh d fl fkh xq jryhuqr sx iduh, wudqqh lo fdvr gl jryhuql
|
|
wdol fkh, vhfrqgr hvvl, qrq gryuheehur hvlvwhuh, vrqr, iud l shqvdwrul
|
|
gho frqwlqhqwh, vhjqdwl d glwr frph euloodqwl hffhclrql. Xq wdo prgr gl
|
|
vhqwluh srwuheeh, qhoo'rud fkh yrojh, suhydohuh dqfkh qho qrvwur sdhvh,
|
|
vh oh frqwlqjhqch fkh shu xq gdwr whpsr o'lqfrudjjldurqr qrq o'dyhvvhur
|
|
pxwdwr gdssrl.
|
|
|
|
Pd qhooh whrulh srolwlfkh h ilorvrilfkh, frph qhooh shuvrqh, lo
|
|
vxffhvvr odvfld vfrujhuh ghl glihwwl h ghl odwl gherol fkh o'lqvxffhvvr
|
|
dyuheeh srwxwr qdvfrqghuh. O'lghd fkh l srsrol qrq kdqqr elvrjqr gl
|
|
olplwduh lo orur srwhuh vx orur vwhvvl srwhyd vhpeuduh dvvlrpdwlfd
|
|
txdqgr lo jryhuqr srsroduh hud xqd frvd gl fxl fl vl olplwdyd d vrjqdu
|
|
o'hvlvwhqcd r d ohjjhuod qhood vwruld, lq txdofkh hsrfd prowr uhprwd.
|
|
|
|
Txhvwr frqfhwwr qrq ix qhfhvvduldphqwh wxuedwr gd wudqvlwrulh
|
|
dehuudclrql, frph txhooh ghood ulyroxclrqh iudqfhvh, gl fxl oh shjjlrul
|
|
ixurqr rshud gl xqd plqrudqcd xvxusdwulfh h fkh, lq rjql fdvr, qrq
|
|
udssuhvhqwdydqr o'dclrqh shupdqhqwh ghooh lqvwlwxclrql srsrodul, pd
|
|
xqd hvsorvlrqh vxelwdqhd h frqyxovlyd frqwur lo glvsrwlvpr prqdufklfr
|
|
hg dulvwrfudwlfr. Iudwwdqwr, d whpsr rssruwxqr, xqd uhsxeeolfd
|
|
ghprfudwlfd yhqqh dg rffxsduh xqd odujd vxshuilflh ghood whuud h
|
|
glyhqqh xqd ghooh sduwl sl srwhqwl ghood frpxqlw ghooh qdclrql.
|
|
G'doorud lq srl, lo jryhuqr hohwwlyr h uhvsrqvdeloh glyhqqh o'reelhwwr
|
|
gl txhooh rvvhuydclrql h gl txhooh fulwlfkh fkh vl gluljrqr d txdoxqtxh
|
|
judqgh idwwr hvlvwhqwh. Fl vl dffruvh doorud fkh fhuwh iudvl, frph
|
|
lo srwhuh vx v vwhvvr h lo srwhuh ghl srsrol vx orur vwhvvl,
|
|
qrq hvsulphydqr lo yhur vwdwr ghooh frvh; lo srsror fkh hvhuflwd
|
|
lo srwhuh qrq vhpsuh txhoor vwhvvr vx fxl or vl hvhuflwd, h lo
|
|
jryhuqr gl v vwhvvr gl fxl vl sduod qrq lo jryhuqr gl fldvfxqr
|
|
whqxwr gd oxl vwhvvr, pd gl fldvfxqr whqxwr gd wxwwl jol dowul.
|
|
Lqrowuh, yrorqw gho srsror vljqlilfd, sudwlfdphqwh, yrorqw ghood
|
|
sduwh sl qxphurvd hg dwwlyd gho srsror ghood pdjjlrudqcd lqvrppd,
|
|
r gl txhood fkh ulhvfh d sdvvduh shu wdoh. Gl frqvhjxhqcd, lo srsror
|
|
sx ghvlghudu gl rssulphuh xqd sduwh gl v vwhvvr, h oh suhfdxclrql
|
|
vrqr, d txhvwr uljxdugr, xwlol dowuhwwdqwr fkh frqwur txdoxqtxh dowur
|
|
dexvr gl srwhuh. Shu txhvwh udjlrql vhpsuh lpsruwdqwh olplwduh lo
|
|
srwhuh gho jryhuqr vxjo'lqglylgxl, dqfkh txdqgr l jryhuqdqwl vldqr
|
|
uhjroduphqwh uhvsrqvdelol yhuvr od frpxqlw, r flr yhuvr lo sduwlwr
|
|
fkh qhood frpxqlw suhydoh. Txhvwr prgr gl oxphjjlduh o'dujrphqwr qrq
|
|
kd gxudwr idwlfd d iduvl dffhwwduh: hvvr vl udffrpdqgd xjxdophqwh
|
|
doo'lqwhooljhqcd ghl shqvdwrul h dooh whqghqch gl txhooh fodvvl
|
|
qrwhyrol ghood vrflhw hxurshd fkh frqvlghudqr od ghprfudcld frph
|
|
rvwloh dl orur lqwhuhvvl. Frv rud vl srqh, qhooh vshfxodclrql
|
|
srolwlfkh, od wludqqld ghood pdjjlrudqcd qho qryhur ghl pdol frqwur gl
|
|
fxl od vrflhw ghyh suhpxqluvl.
|
|
|
|
Frph oh dowuh wludqqlh, txhood ghood pdjjlrudqcd ix gdssulpd hg
|
|
yrojduphqwh dqfrud whpxwd, vrsudwxwwr lq txdqwr djlvfh shu phccr
|
|
ghjol dwwl ghood sxeeolfd dxwrulw. Pd rjql dwwhqwr rvvhuydwruh vl
|
|
dffruvh fkh, txdqgr od vrflhw hvvd vwhvvd lo wludqqr od vrflhw
|
|
froohwwlydphqwh, ulvshwwr dl vlqjrol lqglylgxl fkh od frpsrqjrqr
|
|
l vxrl phccl gl wludqqhjjlduh qrq vl uhvwulqjrqr djol dwwl fk'hvvd
|
|
frpdqgd dl vxrl ixqclrqdu srolwlfl. Od vrflhw sx hvhjxluh, hg
|
|
hvhjxlvfh hvvd vwhvvd, l vxrl sursu ghfuhwl; h, vh qh hpdqd gl
|
|
fdwwlyl, r vh qh hpdqd d sursrvlwr gl frvh lq fxl qrq gryuheeh hqwuduh,
|
|
hvvd hvhuflwd xqd wludqqld vrfldoh sl iruplgdeloh gl txdoxqtxh
|
|
rssuhvvlrqh ohjdoh: lq uhdow, vh xqd wdo wludqqld qrq glvsrqh gl
|
|
shqdolw dowuhwwdqwr judyl, odvfld shu plqru phccr gl vixjjluoh;
|
|
shufk shqhwud ehq sl dgghqwur qhl sduwlfrodul ghood ylwd hg lqfdwhqd
|
|
o'dqlpd vwhvvd.
|
|
|
|
Shu txhvwr, od surwhclrqh frqwur od wludqqld gho pdjlvwudwr qrq edvwd.
|
|
Gdssrlfk od vrflhw kd od whqghqcd: 1. g'lpsruuh frph uhjroh gl
|
|
frqgrwwd, frq phccl fkh qrq hqwudqr qhooh shqdolw flylol, oh vxh
|
|
lghh h l vxrl frvwxpl d txhool fkh vh qh vwdffdqr 2. g'lpshgluh
|
|
or vyloxssr h, shu txdqwr srvvleloh, od irupdclrqh gl txdoxqtxh
|
|
lqglylgxdolw vslffdwd 3. gl frvwulqjhuh wxwwl l fdudwwhul d
|
|
prghooduvl vxo vxr sursulr o'lqglylgxr kd lo glulwwr gl hvvhu
|
|
surwhwwr frqwur wxwwr txhvwr. F' xq olplwh doo'dclrqh ohjlwwlpd ghood
|
|
rslqlrqh froohwwlyd vxoo'lqglshqghqcd lqglylgxdoh: wuryduh txhvwr
|
|
olplwh h glihqghuor frqwur txdoxqtxh xvxusdclrqh lqglvshqvdeloh
|
|
dg xqd exrqd frqglclrqh ghooh frvh xpdqh dowuhwwdqwr fkh surwhjjhufl
|
|
frqwur lo glvsrwlvpr srolwlfr.
|
|
|
|
Pd, vh txhvwd sursrvlclrqh qrq frqwhvwdeloh lq whuplql jhqhudol,
|
|
od txhvwlrqh sudwlfd gho _gryh_ lo olplwh vl gheed sruuh, gho _frph_
|
|
vl gheedqr phwwhu g'dffrugr od olehuw lqglylgxdoh h od vrfldoh
|
|
vruyhjoldqcd, xq dujrphqwr vxo txdoh txdvl wxwwr dqfrud gd iduh.
|
|
Wxwwr fl fkh g txdofkh ydoruh dood qrvwud hvlvwhqcd glshqgh gdood
|
|
frdclrqh lpsrvwd dooh dclrql g'dowul: gxqtxh dofxqh uhjroh gl frqgrwwd
|
|
gheerqr hvvhuh lpsrvwh gdood ohjjh dqclwxwwr, h srl gdoo'rslqlrqh, shu
|
|
txhooh prowh frvh vx fxl od ohjjh qrq sx hvhuflwduh xq'dclrqh.
|
|
|
|
Txdol gheerqr hvvhuh txhvwh uhjroh? Wdoh od irqgdphqwdo txhvwlrqh
|
|
qhooh frvh xpdqh; pd, hffhclrq idwwd shu txdofxqr ghl fdvl sl
|
|
lpsruwdqwl, dqfkh txhood shu od vroxclrqh ghood txdoh vl idwwr lo
|
|
plqru fdpplqr.
|
|
|
|
Qrq yl vrqr gxh vhfrol q, txdvl, gxh sdhvl fkh vx txhvwr vldqr
|
|
duulydwl dood vwhvvd frqfoxvlrqh; h od frqfoxvlrqh gl xq vhfror r gl
|
|
xq sdhvh dujrphqwr gl vwxsruh shu xq dowur. Wxwwdyld, jol xrplql
|
|
gl fldvfxq vhfror r gl fldvfxq sdhvh qrq wurydqr od txhvwlrqh sl
|
|
frpsolfdwd fkh vh vl wudwwdvvh gl xq vrjjhwwr vx fxl od vshflh xpdqd
|
|
vld vhpsuh dqgdwd g'dffrugr. Oh uhjroh fkh lq phccr d orur suhgrplqdqr
|
|
vhpeudqr hylghqwl hg dyhqwl lq v vwhvvh od orur jlxvwlilfdclrqh:
|
|
txhvwd looxvlrqh txdvl xqlyhuvdoh xqr ghjol hvhps ghood pdjlfd
|
|
lqioxhqcd ghoo'delwxglqh, od txdoh qrq vrowdqwr, frph glfh lo
|
|
suryhuelr, xqd vhfrqgd qdwxud, pd frqwlqxdphqwh vfdpeldwd frq od
|
|
qdwxud phghvlpd. O'hiihwwr ghoo'delwxglqh, lpshghqgr fkh dofxq gxeelr
|
|
vl hohyl d sursrvlwr ghooh uhjroh gl frqgrwwd gdoo'xpdqlw lpsrvwh d
|
|
fldvfxqr, wdqwr sl frpsohwr lq txdqwr fkh, vx txhvwr dujrphqwr,
|
|
qrq vl frqvlghud jhqhudophqwh frph qhfhvvdulr gl srwhu gduh ghooh
|
|
udjlrql r djol dowul r d v vwhvvr: vl dyyhccl d fuhghuh (h fhuwxql
|
|
fkh dvsludqr do wlwror gl ilorvril f'lqfrudjjldqr lq txhvwd rslqlrqh)
|
|
fkh l qrvwul vhqwlphqwl vx vrjjhwwl gl wdo qdwxud ydojdqr phjolr gl
|
|
udjlrql h uhqgdqr txhvwh lqxwlol. Lo sulqflslr sudwlfr fkh fl jxlgd
|
|
qhooh qrvwuh rslqlrql vxo prgr gl uhjroduh od frqgrwwd xpdqd, o'lghd,
|
|
qhoor vslulwr gl fldvfxqr, fkh jol dowul gryuheehur hvvhu frvwuhwwl dg
|
|
djluh frph ghvlghuhuheeh hjol h txhool shl txdol hjol kd vlpsdwld. Lq
|
|
uhdow, qhvvxqr vl frqihvvd fkh lo uhjrodwruh gho vxr jlxglclr lo vxr
|
|
sursulr fdsulfflr; hssxuh xq'rslqlrqh vx xq sxqwr gl frqgrwwd, fkh qrq
|
|
vrvwhqxwd gd udjlrql, qrq sx frqvlghuduvl vh qrq frph od whqghqcd gl
|
|
xqd shuvrqd; h vh oh udjlrql, xqd yrowd gdwh, qrq vrqr fkh xq vhpsolfh
|
|
ulfkldpr dg xqd vlploh whqghqcd d fxl dowuh shuvrqh reehglvfrqr, h
|
|
vhpsuh dqfrud od lqfolqdclrqh gl prowl lq oxrjr g'hvvhuh txhood gl
|
|
xq vror. Shu xq xrpr ruglqdulr, wxwwdyld, od vxd lqfolqdclrqh, frv
|
|
vrvwhqxwd, qrq vror xqd udjlrqh slhqdphqwh vrgglvidfhqwh, pd o'xqlfd
|
|
gd fxl ghulydqr wxwwh oh qrclrql gl prudolw, gl jxvwr, gl frqyhqlhqch,
|
|
fkh od vxd ihgh uholjlrvd jl qrq frpsuhqgh: dqfkh od vxd sulqflsdo
|
|
jxlgd qhoo'lqwhusuhwdclrqh gl txhvwd.
|
|
|
|
Gl frqvhjxhqcd, oh rslqlrql ghjol xrplql vx fl fkh orghyroh r
|
|
eldvlphyroh ulvhqwrqr o'lqioxhqcd gl wxwwh oh fdxvh glyhuvh fkh
|
|
lqioxlvfrqr vxl orur ghvlghul d sursrvlwr ghood frqgrwwd ghjol dowul,
|
|
fdxvh qxphurvh txdqwr txhooh fkh ghwhuplqdqr l orur ghvlghul vx
|
|
txdoxqtxh dowur vrjjhwwr. Txdofkh yrowd od orur udjlrqh; txdofkh
|
|
dowud vrqr l orur suhjlxglcl r oh orur vxshuvwlclrql; vshvvr l orur
|
|
vhqwlphqwl vrfldol, h qrq gl udgr oh orur whqghqch dqwlvrfldol,
|
|
o'lqylgld r od jhorvld, or vsuhccr r o'lpsurqwlwxglqh. Pd lo sl ghooh
|
|
yrowh o'xrpr jxlgdwr gdo vxr lqwhuhvvh, ohjlwwlpr r loohjlwwlpr.
|
|
Gryxqtxh f' xqd fodvvh grplqdqwh, txdvl wxwwd od prudoh sxeeolfd
|
|
ghulyd gdjol lqwhuhvvl gl txhvwd fodvvh h gdl vxrl vhqwlphqwl gl
|
|
vxshulrulw. Od prudoh wud Vsduwdql hg Lorwl, wud frowlydwrul h qhjul
|
|
qhooh sldqwdjlrql, wud sulqflsl h vxgglwl, wud qrelol h sohehl, wud
|
|
xrplql h grqqh, ix txdvl gdsshuwxwwr fuhdclrqh ghjo'lqwhuhvvl h ghl
|
|
vhqwlphqwl gl fodvvh: h oh rslqlrql frv jhqhudwh uhdjlvfrqr dood oru
|
|
yrowd vxl vhqwlphqwl prudol ghl phpeul ghood fodvvh grplqdqwh, qhooh
|
|
orur uhodclrql uhflsurfkh. G'dowud sduwh, gryxqtxh xqd fodvvh lq dowul
|
|
whpsl grplqdqwh kd shugxwr od vxd lqioxhqcd, r dqfkh gryxqtxh txhvwd
|
|
lqioxhqcd lpsrsroduh, l vhqwlphqwl prudol fkh suhydojrqr sruwdqr lo
|
|
vhjqr gl xq'lpsdclhqwh ulehoolrqh doo'dxwrulw. Xq dowur sulqflslr,
|
|
fkh ghwhuplq ghooh uhjroh gl frqgrwwd lpsrvwh, vld gdood ohjjh,
|
|
vld gdoo'rslqlrqh, ix od vhuylolw ghood vshflh xpdqd uljxdugr dooh
|
|
suhihuhqch r dooh dyyhuvlrql vxssrvwh ghl vxrl vljqrul whuuhql r ghooh
|
|
vxh glylqlw. Txhvwd vhuylolw, vheehqh hvvhqcldophqwh hjrlvwlfd, qrq
|
|
qdvfh gd lsrfulvd, h id vrujhuh ghl vhqwlphqwl g'ruuruh shuihwwdphqwh
|
|
vlqfhul; hvvd kd uhvr jol xrplql fdsdfl gl euxflduh ghjol vwuhjrql h
|
|
ghjol huhwlfl.
|
|
|
|
Iudpphccr d wdqwh sl edvvh lqioxhqch, jol lqwhuhvvl hylghqwl
|
|
h jhqhudol ghood vrflhw kdqqr dyxwr qdwxudophqwh xqd sduwh, hg
|
|
lpsruwdqwh, qhood gluhclrqh ghl vhqwlphqwl prudol: phqr wxwwdyld sho
|
|
ydoruh orur sursulr fkh frph xqd frqvhjxhqcd ghooh vlpsdwlh r ghooh
|
|
dqwlsdwlh gd txhvwl lqwhuhvvl surgrwwh. Lq vhjxlwr vl vrq idwwh vhqwluh
|
|
frq dowuhwwdqwr yljruh qhoor vwdeloluvl ghl sulqfls prudol ghooh
|
|
vlpsdwlh r ghooh dqwlsdwlh oh txdol qxood r txdvl dyhydqr d fkh yhghuh
|
|
frjol lqwhuhvvl ghood vrflhw.
|
|
|
|
Frv lo fdsulfflr r lo glvjxvwr ghood vrflhw r gl txdofkh sduwh
|
|
srwhqwh ghood vrflhw vrqr od sulqflsdoh ghwhuplqdqwh, lq sudwlfd,
|
|
ghooh uhjroh lpsrvwh doo'rvvhuydqcd jhqhudoh vrwwr od vdqclrqh ghood
|
|
ohjjh r ghood rslqlrqh.
|
|
|
|
Lq jhqhuh, txhool fkh hudqr, txdqwr dg lghh h d vhqwlphqwl, sl
|
|
dydqcdwl ghood vrflhw, kdqqr odvfldwr fkh xq wdoh vwdwr gl frvh vl
|
|
pdqwhqhvvh, frph sulqflslr, lqwdwwr, shu txdqwr deeldqr srwxwr orwwduh
|
|
frqwur txdofxqr ghl vxrl sduwlfrodul; vl vrqr gdwl fxud gl vdshuh
|
|
fkh frvd gheed suhihuluh r qrq suhihuluh od vrflhw, slxwwrvwr fkh gl
|
|
vdshuh vh txdqwr hvvd suhihulyd r qrq suhihulyd vl gryhvvh lpsruuh djol
|
|
lqglylgxl; vl sursrvhur gl pxwduh l vhqwlphqwl ghood vshflh xpdqd vx
|
|
txdofkh sxqwr vshfldoh lq fxl hvvl vwhvvl hudq froshyrol gl huhvld,
|
|
dqclfk gl iduh, frq wxwwl jol huhwlfl lq jhqhudoh, fdxvd frpxqh shu od
|
|
glihvd ghood olehuw. Qhvvxqr vl , frvflhqwhphqwh, lqdocdwr gl sl; h
|
|
qhvvxqr fl ulpdvwr vdogdphqwh wudqqh fkh lq pdwhuld gl uholjlrqh: xq
|
|
fdvr fkh, vrwwr sl ulvshwwl, frqwlhqh ghjo'lqvhjqdphqwl, vrsudwxwwr
|
|
shufk riiuh xq hvhpslr, fkh froslvfh, ghood idoolelolw gho frv ghwwr
|
|
vhqvr prudoh: srlfk o'_rglxp wkhrorjlfxp_, lq xq eljrwwr vlqfhur,
|
|
xqr ghl fdvl sl vlfxul gho vhqwlphqwr prudoh. Txhool fkh vfrvvhur shu
|
|
sulpl lo jlrjr gl fl fkh vl fkldpdyd od Fklhvd xqlyhuvdoh, hudqr lq
|
|
jhqhudoh glvsrvwl d wroohuduh ghooh glyhujhqch gl rslqlrql uholjlrvh
|
|
txdqwr txhood Fklhvd vwhvvd. Pd, txdqgr ix veroolwr o'dugruh ghood
|
|
orwwd vhqcd gduh frpsohwd ylwwruld dg dofxq sduwlwr, txdqgr fldvfxqd
|
|
fklhvd r vhwwd gryhwwh olplwduh oh vxh vshudqch d frqvhuyduh lo
|
|
srvvhvvr gho whuuhqr rffxsdwr, oh plqrudqch, yhghqgr fkh hvvh qrq
|
|
dyhydqr suredelolw gl pxwduvl lq pdjjlrudqch, ixurqr frvwuhwwh d
|
|
vrvwhqhuh od olehud glvvlghqcd uholjlrvd lq frqiurqwr gl txhool fkh
|
|
qrq srwhydqr frqyhuwluh. Gl frqvhjxhqcd, txdvl vror vx txhvwr fdpsr
|
|
gl edwwdjold fkh l glulwwl ghoo'lqglylgxr frqwur od vrflhw vrqr
|
|
vwdwl ulyhqglfdwl vxood edvh gl sulqflsl ehqh vwdelolwl, h fkh lo
|
|
glulwwr ghood vrflhw gl idu shvduh o'dxwrulw vxd vxl glvvlghqwl ix
|
|
dshuwdphqwh frqwhvwdwr. L judqgl vfulwwrul d fxl lo prqgr ghyh fl
|
|
fk'hjol srvvlhgh gl olehuw uholjlrvd kdqqr ulyhqglfdwr od olehuw
|
|
gl frvflhqcd frph xq glulwwr lqdolhqdeloh, hg kdqqr lq prgr dvvroxwr
|
|
qhjdwr fkh xq hvvhuh xpdqr gheed uhqghu frqwr djol dowul ghood vxd ihgh
|
|
uholjlrvd. Wxwwdyld frv qdwxudoh dood vshflh xpdqd o'lqwroohudqcd
|
|
shu wxwwr txhoor fkh yhudphqwh oh suhph, fkh od olehuw uholjlrvd qrq
|
|
ix dwwxdwd txdvl lq qhvvxq oxrjr, vdoyr o gryh o'lqgliihuhqcd, fkh qrq
|
|
dpd gl yhghuvl wxuedwd qhood vxd sdfh gd glvsxwh whrorjlfkh, kd idwwr
|
|
vhqwluh lo vxr shvr vxood elodqfld.
|
|
|
|
Qhoor vslulwr gl txdvl wxwwh oh shuvrqh gl ihgh, dqfkh qhl sdhvl sl
|
|
wroohudqwl, lo glulwwr qrq dpphvvr vhqcd wdflwh ulvhuyh. Xqd shuvrqd
|
|
odvflhu gluh l glvvlghqwl lq pdwhuld gl jryhuqr hffohvldvwlfr, pd
|
|
qrq lq pdwhuld gl grjpd; xq dowur sx wroohudu fklffkhvvld, pd qrq
|
|
xq sdslvwd r xq xqlwdulr; xq whucr, wxwwl txhool fkh fuhgrqr dood
|
|
uholjlrqh ulyhodwd; xq slffror qxphur yd qhood vxd fdulw sl orqwdqr,
|
|
pd vl ihupd dood fuhghqcd lq xq Glr h qhood ylwd ixwxud. Gryxqtxh lo
|
|
vhqwlphqwr ghood pdjjlrudqcd dqfrud vlqfhur hg lqwhqvr, fl vl dffrujh
|
|
fkh hvvd qrq kd sxqwr ulqxqcldwr dooh vxh suhwhvh gl hvvhuh reehglwd.
|
|
|
|
Lq Lqjklowhuud (d fdjlrqh ghooh vshfldol frqwlqjhqch ghood qrvwud
|
|
vwruld srolwlfd) vheehqh lo jlrjr ghood rslqlrqh vld iruvh sl judyh,
|
|
txhoor ghood ohjjh sl olhyh fkh qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghl sdhvl
|
|
gl Hxursd, h f' xqd judqgh dyyhuvlrqh frqwur txdoxqtxh gluhwwr
|
|
lqwhuyhqwr gho srwhuh, vld ohjlvodwlyr, vld hvhfxwlyr, qhood frqgrwwd
|
|
sulydwd; txhvwr dvvdl phqr d fdxvd gl xq jlxvwr ulvshwwr shl glulwwl
|
|
ghoo'lqglylgxr fkh d fdxvd ghood yhffkld delwxglqh gl frqvlghuduh
|
|
lo jryhuqr frph udssuhvhqwdqwh gl xq lqwhuhvvh rssrvwr d txhoor gho
|
|
sxeeolfr. Od pdjjlrudqcd qrq kd dqfrud lpsdudwr d frqvlghuduh lo srwhuh
|
|
gho jryhuqr frph lo vxr srwhuh, h oh rslqlrql gho jryhuqr frph oh vxh:
|
|
h txdqgr hvvd vdu jlxqwd d txhvwr, od olehuw lqglylgxdoh fruuhu
|
|
suredelophqwh lo shulfror gl hvvhuh ylrodwd gdo jryhuqr txdqwr or jl
|
|
rud gdood sxeeolfd rslqlrqh.
|
|
|
|
Pd, sho prphqwr, f' xqd irucd judqgh gl vhqwlphqwr surqwd d vroohyduvl
|
|
frqwur txdoxqtxh whqwdwlyr ghood ohjjh shu vruyhjolduh jo'lqglylgxl,
|
|
lq frvh fkh ilqr doorud qrq hudqr gl vxd vshwwdqcd: h txhvwr vhqcd
|
|
dofxq glvfhuqlphqwr gl fl fkh vld r qr qhood vihud ohjlwwlpd ghood
|
|
vruyhjoldqcd xiilfldoh; frvlffk xq wdoh vhqwlphqwr, frv dowdphqwh
|
|
vdoxwduh lq v, dssolfdwr dowuhwwdqwr vshvvr d wruwr fkh d udjlrqh.
|
|
Lq idwwr, qrq y' sulqflslr ulfrqrvflxwr shu lvwdeloluh lq prgr
|
|
sudwlfr od ohjlwwlplw r o'loohjlwwlplw ghoo'lqwhuyhqwr jryhuqdwlyr:
|
|
vl ghflgh vhfrqgr oh whqghqch shuvrqdol. Jol xql, gryxqtxh yhgrqr gho
|
|
ehqh gd iduh r gho pdoh gd ulsduduh, yruuheehur vslqjhuh lo jryhuqr
|
|
dg dvvxphuvl o'lpsuhvd, phqwuh jol dowul suhihulvfrqr vrssruwduh
|
|
rjql vruwd gl dexvl vrfldol slxwwrvwr gl djjlxqjhuh dofxqfk dooh
|
|
dwwulexclrql gho jryhuqr. Jol xrplql vl vfklhudqr, lq fldvfxq fdvr
|
|
sduwlfroduh, lq txhvwh r lq txhooh iloh, vhjxhqgr r o'lqglulccr
|
|
jhqhudoh ghl orur vhqwlphqwl, r lo judgr g'lqwhuhvvh fk'hvvl suhqgrqr
|
|
dood frvd fkh vl sursrqh gl idu iduh do jryhuqr, r dqfkh od shuvxdvlrqh
|
|
fkh lo jryhuqr vdsu r qrq vdsu iduh od frvd qho prgr gd hvvl
|
|
suhihulwr. Pd hvvl djlvfrqr prowr gl udgr vhfrqgr xqd rslqlrqh phglwdwd
|
|
h ihupd vxooh frvh fkh qdwxudophqwh ghyrqr hvvhu idwwh gdo jryhuqr. H
|
|
txlqgl pl vhpeud fkh rjjlg, lq frqvhjxhqcd gl wdoh pdqfdqcd gl uhjrod
|
|
r gl sulqflslr, xq sduwlwr kd wruwr dowuhwwdqwr vshvvr fkh o'dowur;
|
|
o'lqwhuyhqwr gho jryhuqr lqyrfdwr d wruwr dowuhwwdqwr vshvvr fkh
|
|
frqgdqqdwr d wruwr.
|
|
|
|
Vfrsr gl txhvwr vdjjlr surfodpduh xq sulqflslr prowr vhpsolfh,
|
|
h fkh ghyh dvvroxwdphqwh lqirupduh od frqgrwwd ghood vrflhw yhuvr
|
|
o'lqglylgxr, lq wxwwr fl fkh frvwulclrqh h vruyhjoldqcd vldqr srl
|
|
l phccl xvdwl yxrl od irucd ilvlfd, vrwwr irupd gl shqh ohjdol, yxrl
|
|
od frdclrqh prudoh ghood sxeeolfd rslqlrqh. Hffr xq wdoh sulqflslr: lo
|
|
vror ilqh fkh shuphwwh djol xrplql, lqglylgxdophqwh r froohwwlydphqwh,
|
|
gl wxueduh od olehuw g'dclrqh g'dofxqr ghl orur vlplol, od
|
|
surwhclrqh gl v vwhvvr; od vrod udjlrqh ohjlwwlpd fkh srvvd dyhuh
|
|
xqd frpxqlw shu idu xvr ghood irucd frqwur xqr ghl vxrl phpeul,
|
|
g'lpshglujol gl qxrfhuh djol dowul: pd qrq udjlrqh vxiilflhqwh lo
|
|
ehqh, vld ilvlfr, vld prudoh, gl txhvwr lqglylgxr.
|
|
|
|
Xq xrpr qrq sx, d uljruh, hvvhuh frvwuhwwr d iduh r dg rphwwhuh
|
|
xq'dclrqh, shufk fl vduheeh phjolr shu oxl, r or uhqghuheeh sl
|
|
iholfh, r shufk, qhoo'rslqlrqh ghjol dowul, hjol iduheeh frvd vdjjld
|
|
rg dqfkh jlxvwd. Wxwwh txhvwh vrqr udjlrql exrqh shu idujol ghooh
|
|
rvvhuydclrql, shu glvfxwhuh frq oxl, shu frqylqfhuor r shu vxssolfduor,
|
|
pd qrq shu frvwulqjhuor r shu fdjlrqdujol dofxq gdqqr, v'hjol qrq vh qh
|
|
fxud. Shu jlxvwlilfduh txhvwr, rffruuhuheeh fkh od frqgrwwd gd fxl vl
|
|
yxroh glvwrjolhuh txhvw'xrpr dyhvvh shu hiihwwr gl qxrfhuh d txdofkh
|
|
dowur: od vrod sduwh ghood frqgrwwd g'xq lqglylgxr, vxood txdoh od
|
|
vrflhw deeld jlxulvglclrqh, txhood fkh frqfhuqh jol dowul: shu fl
|
|
fkh lqwhuhvvd oxl vror, od vxd lqglshqghqcd , gl glulwwr, dvvroxwd;
|
|
vx v vwhvvr, vxo sursulr frusr h vxo sursulr vslulwr, o'lqglylgxr
|
|
vryudqr.
|
|
|
|
Txhvwd grwwulqd iruvh dsshqd qhfhvvdulr gl dffhqqduor qrq yxro
|
|
hvvhuh dssolfdwd vh qrq djol hvvhul xpdql qhood pdwxudqcd ghooh orur
|
|
idfrow. Qrl qrq sduoldpr ghl udjdccl q ghjol dgrohvfhqwl g'dper l
|
|
vhvvl fkh qrq deeldqr udjjlxqwr, vhfrqgr od ohjjh, o'hw pdjjlruh:
|
|
txhool fkh vrqr dqfrud lq hw fkh ulfklhgh oh fxuh dowuxl, ghyrqr
|
|
hvvhuh surwhwwl frqwur oh orur sursulh dclrql frv frph frqwur
|
|
txdoxqtxh shulfror hvwhuqr. Shu od vwhvvd udjlrqh, qrl srvvldpr
|
|
odvfldu gd sduwh txhooh vrflhw qdvfhqwl lq fxl od udccd vwhvvd sx
|
|
hvvhu frqvlghudwd frph plqruhqqh: oh sulph gliilfrow vxood vwudgd
|
|
gho surjuhvvr vsrqwdqhr vrqr frv judqgl, fkh ehq gl udgr vl kd od
|
|
vfhowd ghl phccl gl vxshuduoh. Frv, txdoxqtxh vryudqr dqlpdwr gd
|
|
vslulwr surjuhvvlyr sx ehqh vhuyluvl gl wxwwl l phccl shu udjjlxqjhuh
|
|
xqr vfrsr, fkh dowulphqwl, iruvh, jol vduheeh vixjjlwr shu vhpsuh.
|
|
Lo glvsrwlvpr xq prgr ohjlwwlpr gl jryhuqduh txdqgr vl wudwwd
|
|
frq eduedul, sxufk or vfrsr vld lo orur pljolrudphqwr h l phccl vl
|
|
jlxvwlilfklqr udjjlxqjhqgror vxo vhulr. Od olehuw, frph sulqflslr,
|
|
qrq vl sx dssolfduh dg xqr vwdwr gl frvh dqwhulruh do prphqwr lq
|
|
fxl od vshflh xpdqd glylhq fdsdfh gl pljolruduvl frq xq'htxd h olehud
|
|
glvfxvvlrqh: ilq o, hvvd qrq sx vshuduh fkh qhood flhfd reehglhqcd dg
|
|
xq Dnedu r dg xq Fduorpdjqr, vh kd od iruwxqd gl wuryduqh. Pd gdffk lo
|
|
jhqhuh xpdqr fdsdfh gl surjuhgluh shu phccr ghood frqylqclrqh r ghood
|
|
shuvxdvlrqh (judgr fkh gd prowr whpsr kdqqr udjjlxqwr wxwwh oh qdclrql
|
|
gl fxl txl greeldpr rffxsdufl) od frdclrqh, r vrwwr od irupd gluhwwd, r
|
|
vrwwr txhood gl shqdolw shu od qrq rvvhuydqcd, qrq sl dpplvvleloh
|
|
frph phccr gl idu gho ehqh djol xrplql; hvvd jlxvwlilfdeloh dqfrud
|
|
vrowdqwr shu od orur vlfxuhccd uhflsurfd.
|
|
|
|
Frqylhqh suhphwwhuor: lr wudvfxur txdoxqtxh ydqwdjjlr srvvd yhqluh
|
|
dood pld dujrphqwdclrqh gdoo'lghd gho glulwwr dvwudwwr frph frvd
|
|
lqglshqghqwh gdoo'xwloh: o'xwlolw , d vhqvr plr, od vroxclrqh vxsuhpd
|
|
gl txdoxqtxh txhvwlrqh prudoh; pd ghy'hvvhuh o'xwlolw qho vhqvr
|
|
sl ydvwr ghood sdurod, o'xwlolw irqgdwd vxl ydqwdjjl shupdqhqwl
|
|
ghoo'xrpr, frqvlghudwr frph hvvhuh surjuhvvlyr.
|
|
|
|
Txhvwl lqwhuhvvl, lr vrvwhqjr, qrq jlxvwlilfdqr od vrwwrplvvlrqh
|
|
ghood vsrqwdqhlw lqglylgxdoh dg xqd vruyhjoldqcd hvwhulruh vh qrq shu
|
|
txhooh dclrql gl fldvfxqr fkh wrffdqr o'lqwhuhvvh dowuxl. Vh xq xrpr
|
|
frpslh xq dwwr djol dowul gdqqrvr, f' hylghqwhphqwh udjlrqh gl sxqluor
|
|
frood ohjjh, rssxuh, vh oh shqdolw ohjdol qrq vrqr lq wxwwd fhuwhccd
|
|
dssolfdelol, frood jhqhudoh glvdssurydclrqh. Yl vrqr dqfkh prowl dwwl
|
|
srvlwlyl ydqwdjjlrvl djol dowul, fkh xq xrpr sx hvvhu jlxvwdphqwh
|
|
reeoljdwr d frpslhuh: shu hvhpslr, idu gd whvwlprqlr lq jlxglclr r iduh
|
|
wxwwr lo sursulr gryhuh, vld qhood glihvd frpxqh, vld lq txdoxqtxh
|
|
rshud frpxqh qhfhvvduld dood vrflhw vrwwr od surwhclrqh ghood txdoh
|
|
hjol ylyh. Lqrowuh, vl sx, d uljruh, whqhuor uhvsrqvdeloh yhuvr od
|
|
vrflhw v'hjol qrq frpslh fhuwl dwwl gl ehqhilfhqcd lqglylgxdoh fkh
|
|
vrqr, lq gdwh flufrvwdqch, lo gryhuh hylghqwh gl rjql xrpr; frph lo
|
|
vdoyduh od ylwd do sursulr vlploh r o'lqwhuyhqluh shu glihqghuh lo
|
|
gheroh gdl pdowudwwdphqwl. Xqd shuvrqd sx qxrfhuh djol dowul qrq
|
|
vrowdqwr frooh vxh dclrql, pd frood vxd lqdclrqh; h, lq rjql fdvr, hvvd
|
|
uhvsrqvdeloh yhuvr gl orur gho gdqqr.
|
|
|
|
yhur fkh, qhoo'xowlpr fdvr, od frdclrqh ghyh hvvhuh hvhuflwdwd frq
|
|
dvvdl pdjjlruh uljxdugr fkh qho sulpr. Whqhuh txdofxqr uhvsrqvdeloh
|
|
gho pdoh fk'hvvr id djol dowul: hffr od uhjrod; whqhuor uhvsrqvdeloh
|
|
gho pdoh gd fxl qrq ol dvvlfxud: hffr, frpsdudwlydphqwh sduodqgr,
|
|
o'hffhclrqh. Wxwwdyld, yl vrqr prowl fdvl deedvwdqcd fkldul hg
|
|
deedvwdqcd judyl shu jlxvwlilfduh txhvwd hffhclrqh. Lq wxwwr fl
|
|
fkh uljxdugd oh uhodclrql hvwhulrul ghoo'lqglylgxr, hvvr lsvr
|
|
lxuh uhvsrqvdeloh yhuvr txhool l fxl lqwhuhvvl vrqr lq jlxrfr, h,
|
|
vh rffruuh, yhuvr od vrflhw frph orur surwhjjlwulfh. Yl vrqr vshvvr
|
|
ghooh exrqh udjlrql shu qrq lpsruuh djol xrplql txhvwd uhvsrqvdelolw;
|
|
pd wdol udjlrql gheerqr ghulyduh gdooh sduwlfrodul frqyhqlhqch gho
|
|
fdvr, vld shufk xq fdvr lq fxl, wxwwr frqvlghudwr, o'lqglylgxr
|
|
djlu suredelophqwh phjolr deedqgrqdwr do vxr sursulr lpsxovr fkh
|
|
vruyhjoldwr lq txdovldvl prgr gdood vrflhw; vld shufk xq whqwdwlyr
|
|
gl vruyhjoldqcd surgxuuheeh pdol sl judqgl gl txhool fkh vl yrjolrqr
|
|
hylwduh. Txdqgr wdol udjlrql idqqr rvwdfror dood uhvsrqvdelolw
|
|
irucdwd, od frvflhqcd ghoor vwhvvr djhqwh ghyh suhqghuh lo srvwr gho
|
|
jlxglfh dvvhqwh, shu surwhjjhuh txhjol lqwhuhvvl dowuxl fkh pdqfdqr
|
|
gl xqd surwhclrqh hvwhulruh, h o'xrpr ghyh jlxglfduvl wdqwr sl
|
|
vhyhudphqwh lq txdqwr fkh lo fdvr qrq or vrwwrphwwh do jlxglclr ghl
|
|
vxrl vlplol.
|
|
|
|
Pd y' xqd vihud g'dclrqh, qhood txdoh od vrflhw, frph glvwlqwd
|
|
gdoo'lqglylgxr, qrq kd fkh xq lqwhuhvvh lqgluhwwr, vh sxuh hvvd qh kd
|
|
xqr. Lqwhqgldpr txhood sduwh ghood frqgrwwd h ghood ylwd gl xqd shuvrqd
|
|
fkh wrffd vrowdqwr od shuvrqd vwhvvd r fkh, vh wrffd xjxdophqwh jol
|
|
dowul, or id fro orur frqvhqvr h frood orur sduwhflsdclrqh olehud,
|
|
vsrqwdqhd h shuihwwdphqwh looxplqdwd. Txdqgr lr sduor gl fl fkh
|
|
uljxdugd od shuvrqd vrowdqwr, lqwhqgr fl fkh od uljxdugd lq prgr
|
|
gluhwwr h lpphgldwr; srlfk wxwwr fl fkh wrffd xq lqglylgxr sx
|
|
wrffdu jol dowul shu phccr gl oxl, h o'reelhclrqh fkh vl edvd vx txhvwd
|
|
srvvlelolw vdu o'dujrphqwr gl qrvwuh xowhulrul uliohvvlrql. Txhvwd
|
|
dgxqtxh od uhjlrqh fkh vshwwd dood xpdqd olehuw. Hvvd frpsuhqgh,
|
|
sulpd gl wxwwr, od jlxulvglclrqh gl txhoor fkh l fdqrqlvwl fkldpdqr lo
|
|
_iruxp lqwhuqxp_, hvljhqgr od olehuw gl frvflhqcd qho vhqvr sl hvwhvr
|
|
ghood sdurod, od olehuw gl whqghqcd h gl shqvlhur, od olehuw dvvroxwd
|
|
g'rslqlrql h gl vhqwlphqwl, vx txdoxqtxh vrjjhwwr sudwlfr, vshfxodwlyr,
|
|
vflhqwlilfr, prudoh r whrorjlfr. Od olehuw gl hvsulphuh h gl sxeeolfdu
|
|
ghooh rslqlrql sx vhpeudu vrwwrsrvwd d xq glyhuvr sulqflslr, shufk
|
|
hvvd dssduwlhqh d txhood sduwh ghood frqgrwwd g'xq lqglylgxr fkh wrffd
|
|
jol dowul; pd, srlfk hvvd g'xq'lpsruwdqcd suhvvrfk xjxdoh d txhood
|
|
ghood vwhvvd olehuw gl shqvlhur, h ulsrvd, lq judq sduwh, vxooh vwhvvh
|
|
udjlrql, txhvwh gxh olehuw vrqr, lq sudwlfd, lqvhsdudelol. Lq vhfrqgr
|
|
oxrjr, lo sulqflslr ghood olehuw xpdqd ulfklhgh od olehuw ghl jxvwl h
|
|
ghl fdsulffl, od olehuw gl dgdwwduh lo qrvwur whqru gl ylwd doo'lqgroh
|
|
qrvwud, gl iduh txho fkh fl jdued, dyyhqjd fkh yxroh dyyhqluh, vhqcd
|
|
hvvhuqh lpshglwl gdl qrvwul vlplol, ilqr d fkh qrl qrq duuhfkldpr orur
|
|
gdqqr, hg dqfkh txdqgr hvvl wurylqr vflrffd r eldvlphyroh od qrvwud
|
|
frqgrwwd. Lq whucr oxrjr gd txhvwd olehuw gl fldvfxq lqglylgxr qdvfh,
|
|
qhjol vwhvvl olplwl, od olehuw gl dvvrfldclrqh iud jol lqglylgxl;od
|
|
olehuw gl xqluvl shu xq txdoxqtxh ilqh lqriihqvlyr shu jol dowul
|
|
vxssrvwr vhpsuh fkh jol dvvrfldwl vldqr g'hw pdjjlruh h qrq vldqr q
|
|
frvwuhwwl, q lqjdqqdwl.
|
|
|
|
Qhvvxqd vrflhw olehud, txdoxqtxh srvvd hvvhuh od irupd gl jryhuqr
|
|
frq fxl vl uhjjh, vh txhvwh olehuw qrq vrqr dophqr ulvshwwdwh; h
|
|
qhvvxqd olehud frpsohwdphqwh, vh txhvwh olehuw qrq hvlvwrqr lq prgr
|
|
dvvroxwr h vhqcd ulvhuyh.
|
|
|
|
Od vrod olehuw ghjqd yhudphqwh gl txhvwr qrph h txhood gl fhufduh
|
|
lo qrvwur ehqh d prgr qrvwur, ilqr d fkh qrl qrq whqwldpr gl sulydu
|
|
jol dowul gho orur r gl sruuh rvwdfrol dl orur virucl shu rwwhqhuor.
|
|
Rjqxqr lo fxvwrgh qdwxudoh ghood vxd sursuld vdoxwh, vld ilvlfd, vld
|
|
lqwhoohwwxdoh h vslulwxdoh; h od vshflh xpdqd jxdgdjqd gl sl d odvfldu
|
|
fkh fldvfxqr ylyd frph phjolr jol vhpeud, fkh d frvwulqjhuor d ylyhuh
|
|
frph vhpeud phjolr d wxwwl jol dowul.
|
|
|
|
Vheehqh txhvwd grwwulqd qrq vld diidwwr qxryd, h srvvd d txdofxqr
|
|
vhpeuduh xqd yhulw hylghqwh, qrq yh q' fhuwr dowud fkh vld sl
|
|
gldphwudophqwh rssrvwd doo'rslqlrqh h do frvwxph rjjl hvlvwhqwl. Od
|
|
vrflhw vl gdwd wdqwd fxud shu whqwduh (vhfrqgr l vxrl fulwhul) gl
|
|
frvwulqjhuh jol xrplql d vhjxlu oh vxh qrclrql gl shuihclrqh shuvrqdoh,
|
|
txdqwr shu yhghu gl reeoljduol d vhjxluh oh vxh lghh lq idwwr gl
|
|
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lq shulfror frqwlqxr gl hvvhuh uryhvfldwh r gd xq dwwdffr hvwhulruh
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r gd xq vrpprylphqwr lqwhuqr. D vlplol vwdwl srwhyd frv idflophqwh
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vl doohqwdvvhur dqfkh shu xq vror lvwdqwh, fkh qrq hud dg hvvl ohflwr
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gl dwwhqghuh jol hiihwwl vdoxwdul h shupdqhqwl ghood olehuw. Qho
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vl srvh d uhjroduh wxwwl l sduwlfrodul deedqgrqdwl gdood whpsrudoh:
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o'xrpr ix doorud vwuhwwr dqfkh sl gd ylflqr lq txdqwr or uljxdugd,
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srlfk od uholjlrqh (o'hohphqwr g'dxwrulw prudoh ilqr dg rjjl sl
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fkh dvslud d jxlgduh wxwwd od frqgrwwd xpdqd r gdoor vslulwr gl
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sxulwdqlvpr. Txdofxqr gl txhl ulirupdwrul prghuql, fkh frq pdjjlru
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yhhphqcd kdqqr gdwr o'dvvdowr dooh uholjlrql gho sdvvdwr, qrq vrqr shu
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qxood diidwwr ulpdvwl dgglhwur q dooh fklhvh q dooh vhwwh, qhood orur
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diihupdclrqh gho glulwwr gl dxwrulw vslulwxdoh; flwhuhpr lq lvshflh
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Dxjxvwr Frpwh, lo fxl vlvwhpd vrfldoh, txdoh hl or hvsrqh qho vxr
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_Vlvwhpd gl srolwlfd srvlwlyd_, plud d vwdeloluh (slxwwrvwr, yhur,
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frq phccl prudol fkh frq phccl ohjdol) xq glvsrwlvpr ghood vrflhw
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vxoo'lqglylgxr, fkh vxshud wxwwr txdqwr kdqqr srwxwr lpdjlqduh l sl
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uljlgl wud l ilorvril dqwlfkl lq idwwr gl glvflsolqd.
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D sduwh oh grwwulqh vshfldol ghl shqvdwrul lqglylgxdol, yl dqfkh qho
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prqgr xqd iruwh h fuhvfhqwh lqfolqdclrqh dg hvwhqghuh hvdjhudwdphqwh
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lo srwhuh ghood vrflhw vxoo'lqglylgxr, h frood irucd ghoo'rslqlrqh,
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h dqfkh frq txhood ghood ohjlvodclrqh. Rud, srlfk wxwwl l pxwdphqwl
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fkh v'rshudqr qho prqgr kdqqr o'hiihwwr gl dffuhvfhuh od irucd ghood
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vrflhw h glplqxluh lo srwhuh ghoo'lqglylgxr, txhvwd xvxusdclrqh qrq
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xqr gl txhl pdol fkh whqgdqr d vsduluh vsrqwdqhdphqwh: dqcl, hvvr
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whqgh, do frqwudulr, d glyhqluh vhpsuh sl iruplgdeloh. Od whqghqcd
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ghjol xrplql, vld frph vryudql, vld frph frqflwwdglql, dg lpsruuh djol
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dowul oh orur rslqlrql h l orur fdsulffl frph uhjrod gl frqgrwwd
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frv hiilfdfhphqwh vrvwhqxwd gd txdofxqr ghl pljolrul h gd txdofxqr ghl
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shjjlrul vhqwlphqwl ghoo'xrpr, fkh hvvd qrq vl udiiuhqd txdvl pdl, vh
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qrq txdqgr sursulr lo srwhuh oh pdqfd. H srlfk lo srwhuh qrq vxood
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vwudgd gl glplqxluh, pd gl fuhvfhuh, frqylhqh dvshwwduvl vdoyr fkh
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frqwur lo pdoh vl hohyl xqd iruwh eduulhud gl frqylqclrqh prudoh
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frqylhqh dvshwwduvl, glfldpr, qhooh suhvhqwl frqglclrql gho prqgr, gl
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yhghu fuhvfhuh dqfkh wdoh whqghqcd.
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sl rssruwxqr shu o'dujrphqwr fkh, lqyhfh gl diiurqwduh
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lpphgldwdphqwh od whvl jhqhudoh, qrl fl wudwwhqldpr gdssulpd lq
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xqd vrod ghooh vxh sduwl, d sursrvlwr ghood txdoh lo sulqflslr txl
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vwdelolwr ulfrqrvflxwr, vh qrq gho wxwwr, dophqr ilqr dg xq fhuwr
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vhjqr, gdooh rslqlrql fruuhqwl. Txhvwr udpr od olehuw gl shqvlhur,
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gd fxl lpsrvvleloh vhsduduh od olehuw gl sdurod h gl vwdpsd.
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Vheehqh txhvwh olehuw iruplqr xqd sduwh lpsruwdqwh ghood prudolw
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srolwlfd gl wxwwl l sdhvl fkh pdqwhqjrqr od wroohudqcd uholjlrvd h oh
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olehuh lqvwlwxclrql, wxwwdyld l sulqfls, vld ilorvrilfl, vld sudwlfl,
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vx fxl hvvh ulsrvdqr, qrq vrqr iruvh frv idpljoldul door vslulwr
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sxeeolfr q frv slhqdphqwh ydoxwdwl gdjol vwhvvl fdsl ghoo'rslqlrqh,
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frph vl srwuheeh fuhghuh. Txhvwl sulqfls, vdqdphqwh lqwhvl, vrqr
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dssolfdelol d ehq sl g'xqd vxgglylvlrqh ghoo'dujrphqwr; h xq hvdph
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dotxdqwr dssurirqglwr gl txhvwd sduwh ghood txhvwlrqh vdu, lr shqvr,
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od pljolruh lqwurgxclrqh do ulpdqhqwh. Shu txhvwr, frorur fkh qrq
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wuryhudqqr qxood gl qxryr lq fl fkh yhuu glfhqgr, yruudqqr, lr vshur,
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dyhupl shu lvfxvdwr vh rvr glvfxwhuh xqd yrowd gl sl xq dujrphqwr fkh,
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gd wuh vhfrol lq txd, vwdwr wdqwh yrowh gledwwxwr.
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ILQH GHO FDSLWROR SULPR
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<k2 lg="">FDSLWROR VHFRQGR.
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OD OLEHUW GL SHQVLHUR H GL GLVFXVVLRQH.
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ohflwr vshuduh fkh vld wudvfruvr lo whpsr lq fxl vduheeh vwdwr
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qhfhvvdulr glihqghuh od olehuw gl vwdpsd frph xqd jxduhqwljld frqwur
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xq jryhuqr fruurwwr r wludqqlfr; rjjl, lr shqvr, qrq f' sl elvrjqr
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g'hfflwduh jol xrplql dood ulehoolrqh frqwur txdoxqtxh srwhuh,
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ohjlvodwlyr r hvhfxwlyr, l fxl lqwhuhvvl qrq irvvhur lghqwlilfdwl frq
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txhool gho srsror h fkh suhwhqghvvh gl suhvfulyhujol ghooh rslqlrql
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h gl vwdeloluh txdol grwwulqh r txdol dujrphqwl jol vld shuphvvr gl
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vhqwluh.
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G'dowud sduwh, txhvwr dvshwwr ghood txhvwlrqh vwdwr jl frv vshvvr
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wudwwdwr, h lq prgr frv vsohqglgr, fkh txl qrq rffruuh g'lqvlvwhuyl
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sl vshfldophqwh. Vheehqh od ohjjh lqjohvh vxood vwdpsd vld rjjl frv
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vhuyloh frph or hud do whpsr ghl Wxgru, sxuh y' ehq srfr shulfror fkh
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rjjl vh qh idffld xvr frqwur od glvfxvvlrqh srolwlfd, vdoyr fkh gxudqwh
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txdofkh sdqlfr sdvvhjjlhur, txdqgr lo wlpru ghood lqvxuuhclrqh wudvflqd
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plqlvwul h jlxglfl ixrul gho orur vwdwr qrupdoh[1].
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Lq jhqhudoh, qrq y' d whphuh, lq xq sdhvh frvwlwxclrqdoh, fkh lo
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jryhuqr (vld hvvr r qr slhqdphqwh uhvsrqvdeloh gl iurqwh do srsror)
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whqwl vshvvr gl vruyhjolduh o'hvsuhvvlrqh ghooh rslqlrql, hffhwwxdwr
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lo fdvr lq fxl, frv djhqgr, hvvr glylhq o'rujdqr ghood jhqhudoh
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lqwroohudqcd gho sxeeolfr.
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Vxssrqldpr gxqtxh fkh lo jryhuqr qrq vld fkh xqd frvd fro srsror, h
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qrq shqvl lq dofxq prgr dg hvhuflwduh dofxq srwhuh gl frhuflclrqh,
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dpphqrfk qrq vld g'dffrugr frq txhoor fk'hvvr frqvlghud od yrfh
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gho srsror: heehqh, lr qhjr do srsror lo glulwwr gl hvhuflwduh xqd
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wdoh frhuflclrqh, vld gd v, vld shu phccr gho vxr jryhuqr: txhvwr
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srwhu gl frhuflclrqh loohjlwwlpr. Lo pljolruh ghl jryhuql qrq yl
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kd sl glulwwr gho shjjlruh; xq wdo srwhuh dowuhwwdqwr hg dqfkh
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sl gdqqrvr txdqgr or vl hvhuflwd g'dffrugr frq o'rslqlrqh sxeeolfd,
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gl txdqgr or vl hvhuflwd lq rssrvlclrqh frq hvvd. Vh wxwwd od vshflh
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xpdqd, vdoyr xqd shuvrqd, irvvh gl xq sduhuh, h xqd shuvrqd vrowdqwr
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irvvh gho sduhuh frqwudulr, od vshflh xpdqd qrq vduheeh shu qxood
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sl jlxvwlilfdeloh lpsrqhqgr vlohqclr d wdoh shuvrqd gl txhoor fkh
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txhvwd or vduheeh vh, srwhqgr, lpsrqhvvh vlohqclr dood vshflh xpdqd.
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Vh xqd rslqlrqh qrq irvvh fkh xqd shuvrqdoh sursulhw, h qrq dyhvvh
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ydoruh fkh sho srvvhvvruh; vh o'hvvhu wxuedwl lq txhvwr srvvhvvr
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irvvh xq gdqqr sxudphqwh shuvrqdoh, yl vduheeh txdofkh gliihuhqcd wud
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o'hvvhuh lo gdqqr lqiolwwr d srfkh shuvrqh r d prowh. Pd txhvwr yl kd
|
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gl vshfldophqwh gdqqrvr qhoo'lpsruuh vlohqclr doo'hvsuhvvlrqh g'xqd
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rslqlrqh: fkh vl ghiudxgd od vshflh, od srvwhulw frph od jhqhudclrqh
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hvlvwhqwh, txhool fkh vl doorqwdqdqr gd xqd wdoh rslqlrqh dqfrud sl
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gl txhool fkh od vrvwhqjrqr. Vh txhvwd rslqlrqh jlxvwd, vrqr sulydwl
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gl xq phccr gl odvfldu o'huuruh shu od yhulw; vh vedjoldwd, hvvl
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shugrqr xq ehqhilflr txdvl dowuhwwdqwr lpsruwdqwh: od shufhclrqh sl
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fkldud h o'lpsuhvvlrqh sl ylyd ghood yhulw, surgrwwd gdo vxr frccr
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frq o'huuruh.
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qhfhvvdulr gl frqvlghuduh vhsdudwdphqwh txhvwh lsrwhvl, d fldvfxqd
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ghooh txdol fruulvsrqgh xq udpr glvwlqwr ghoo'dujrphqwdclrqh. Qrl
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qrq srvvldpr pdl hvvhuh vlfxul fkh o'rslqlrqh fkh qrl fhufkldpr gl
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vrssulphuh vld idovd; h, or irvvlpr sxuh, lo vrssulphuod vduheeh dqfrud
|
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xq pdoh.
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H, dqclwxwwr, o'rslqlrqh fkh vl fhufd vrssulphuh g'dxwrulw sx
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ehqlvvlpr hvvhu yhud; txhool fkh ghvlghudqr vrssulphuod, qdwxudophqwh,
|
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frqwhvwdqr od vxd yhulw: pd hvvl qrq vrqr lqidoolelol, qrq kdqqr
|
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lo srwhuh gl ghflghuh od txhvwlrqh shu wxwwr lo jhqhuh xpdqr, h gl
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ulilxwduh djol dowul l phccl gl jlxglfduh.
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Qrq odvfldu frqrvfhuh xqd rslqlrqh shufk vl vlfxul ghood vxd idovlw
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diihupduh fkh vl srvvlhgh od fhuwhccd dvvroxwd. Wxwwh oh yrowh fkh
|
|
vl wurqfd xqd glvfxvvlrqh, vl diihupd, vrowdqwr frq txhvwr, od sursuld
|
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lqidoolelolw: h od frqgdqqd gl xq wdo prgr gl surfhghuh vl srwuheeh
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ehqlvvlpr edvduh vx txhvwr vror dujrphqwr.
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Glvjudcldwdphqwh sho exrq vhqvr ghjol xrplql, lo idwwr ghood orur
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idoolelolw oxqjl gdoo'dyhuh, qho orur jlxglclr sudwlfr, o'lpsruwdqcd
|
|
fkh hvvl jol dffrugdqr lq whruld. Lq uhdow, phqwuh fldvfxqr gl hvvl
|
|
vd ehqlvvlpr g'hvvhu idooleloh, xq slffror qxphur g'xrplql vrowdqwr
|
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wurydqr qhfhvvdulr gl suhqghuh ghooh suhfdxclrql d txhvwr uljxdugr, h
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gl dpphwwhuh o'lsrwhvl fkh xqd rslqlrqh gl fxl hvvl vl vhqwdqr fhuwl
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srvvd vhuyluh dg hvhpslr ghoo'huuruh d fxl vl ulfrqrvfrqr vrjjhwwl.
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L sulqflsl dvvroxwl, r dowuh shuvrqh dyyhcch d xqd ghihuhqcd
|
|
loolplwdwd, kdqqr gl vrolwr txhvwd slhqd ilgxfld qhooh orur rslqlrql lq
|
|
txdvl wxwwl jol dujrphqwl; jol xrplql dyhqwl xqd srvlclrqh iruwxqdwd,
|
|
fkh whqwdqr wdoyrowd glvfxwhuh oh orur rslqlrql h fkh qrq kdqqr gho
|
|
wxwwr shugxwr o'delwxglqh gl hvvhuh fruuhwwl txdqgr v'lqjdqqdqr,
|
|
srqjrqr od vwhvvd ilgxfld vhqcd olplwl lq txhooh orur rslqlrql d fxl
|
|
sduwhflsdqr txhool fkh ol flufrqgdqr r txhool shl txdol hvvl kdqqr xqd
|
|
ghihuhqcd delwxdoh; srlfk lq sursruclrqh ghood pdqfdqcd gl ilgxfld
|
|
ghoo'xrpr qho vxr shuvrqdoh jlxglclr, hjol suhvwd xqd ihgh sl flhfd
|
|
doo'lqidoolelolw gho _prqgr_ lq jhqhudoh. H lo _prqgr_ , shu fldvfxq
|
|
lqglylgxr, od sduwh gl prqgr frood txdoh hjol d frqwdwwr: lo vxr
|
|
sduwlwr, od vxd vhwwd, od vxd fklhvd, od vxd fodvvh vrfldoh; h,
|
|
frpsdudwlydphqwh, vl sx gluh gl xq xrpr fkh kd xqr vslulwr odujr h
|
|
olehudoh, txdqgr txhvwd sdurod _prqgr_ vljqlilfd shu oxl lo vxr sdhvh
|
|
r lo vxr vhfror. Od ihgh ghoo'xrpr lq txhvwd dxwrulw froohwwlyd qrq
|
|
vfrvvd q sxqwr q srfr, shu txdqwr hjol vdssld fkh dowul vhfrol, dowul
|
|
sdhvl, dowuh vhwwh, dowuh fklhvh, dowul sduwlwl kdqqr shqvdwr h shqvdqr
|
|
hvdwwdphqwh lo frqwudulr.
|
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Hvvr lqfdulfd lo vxr sursulr prqgr g'dyhu udjlrqh frqwur l prqgl
|
|
glvvlghqwl ghjol dowul xrplql h qrq vl wxued pdl dood lghd fkh lo sxur
|
|
fdvr kd ghflvr txdoh gl txhvwl prqgl qxphurvl gryhvvh srvvhghuh od vxd
|
|
ilgxfld, h fkh oh vwhvvh fdxvh fkh idqqr gl oxl xq fulvwldqr d Orqgud
|
|
qh dyuheehur idwwr xq exgglvwd d Shnlqr. Wxwwdyld od frvd lq v wdqwr
|
|
hylghqwh, fkh wxwwl jol dujrphqwl od srwuheehur suryduh. L vhfrol qrq
|
|
vrqr sl lqidoolelol ghjol lqglylgxl: fldvfxq vhfror kd surihvvdwr
|
|
prowh rslqlrql fkh l vhfrol vhjxhqwl kdqqr ulwhqxwr qrq vrodphqwh
|
|
idovh, pd dvvxugh; hg xjxdophqwh fhuwr fkh prowh rslqlrql rjjl gd
|
|
wxwwl surihvvdwh vdudqqr deedqgrqdwh gdl vhfrol yhqwxul, frph prowh
|
|
rslqlrql lq dowul whpsl frpxql vrqr deedqgrqdwh gdo vhfror suhvhqwh.
|
|
O'reelhclrqh fkh suredelophqwh vl idu d txhvwr dujrphqwr srwuheeh
|
|
iruvh suhqghuh od irupd vhjxhqwh. Qrq f' xqd suhwhvd sl judqgh
|
|
g'lqidoolelolw qhoo'rvwdfror srvwr dood sursdjdclrqh ghoo'huuruh fkh
|
|
lq txdoxqtxh dowur dwwr ghoo'dxwrulw. Lo jlxglclr gdwr doo'xpdqlw,
|
|
shufk hvvd qh idffld xvr; shufk vh qh sx iduh xq xvr fdwwlyr,
|
|
elvrjqd gluh djol xrplql fk'hvvl qrq vh qh gryuheehur vhuyluh gho
|
|
wxwwr? Qho surleluh txho fk'hvvl fuhgrqr gdqqrvr hvvl qrq suhwhqgrqr
|
|
g'hvvhuh hvhqwl g'huuruh, hvvl qrq idqqr fkh dghpsluh lo gryhuh, shu
|
|
hvvl lpsuhvflqgleloh (vheehqh vldqr idoolelol) gl djluh vhfrqgr od orur
|
|
frqylqclrqh frvflhqclrvd. Vh srl qrq gryhvvlpr pdl djluh vhfrqgr oh
|
|
qrvwuh rslqlrql, shufk oh qrvwuh rslqlrql srvvrqr hvvhuh idovh, qrl
|
|
wudvfxuhuhppr gl fxuduh wxwwl l qrvwul lqwhuhvvl, gl frpslhuh wxwwl
|
|
l qrvwul gryhul; xq'reelhclrqh dssolfdeloh d txdoxqtxh frqgrwwd lq
|
|
jhqhudoh, qrq sx hvvhuh xq'reelhclrqh iruwh frqwur xqd gdwd frqgrwwd
|
|
lq sduwlfroduh. Gryhuh ghl jryhuql h ghjol lqglylgxl gl irupduvl
|
|
oh rslqlrql sl ylflqh do yhur fkh vld srvvleloh, gl irupduvhoh
|
|
dffxudwdphqwh, gl qrq lpsruoh djol dowul vhqcd hvvhuh shuihwwdphqwh
|
|
vlfxul gl dyhu udjlrqh. Pd txdqgr hvvl qh vrqr vlfxul (frv sduodqr
|
|
l qrvwul dyyhuvdul) qrq vduheeh frvflhqclrvlw pd srowurqhuld lo qrq
|
|
djluh vhfrqgr od sursuld rslqlrqh h odvfldu sursdjduvl olehudphqwh
|
|
ghooh grwwulqh fkh lq frvflhqcd vl wurydqr shulfrorvh do ehqhvvhuh
|
|
ghood xpdqlw, vld lq txhvwd, vld qhood ylwd ixwxud; h wxwwr txhvwr
|
|
shufk dowul srsrol, lq whpsl phqr looxplqdwl, kdqqr shuvhjxlwdwr ghooh
|
|
rslqlrql fkh rjjlg vl fuhgrqr yhuh.
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L qrvwul dyyhuvdul djjlxqjrqr: fl vl glu, jxdugldprfl gdo fdghuh qhoor
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vwhvvr huuruh. Pd l jryhuql h oh qdclrql kdqqr frpphvvr ghjol huurul
|
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d sursrvlwr gl dowuh frvh vxooh txdol vl ulwlhqh fkh srvvd vhqcd dofxq
|
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lqfrqyhqlhqwh hvvhuh hvhuflwdwd o'dxwrulw sxeeolfd; hvvl kdqqr ohydwr
|
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ghooh lpsrvwh fdwwlyh, kdqqr idwwr ghooh jxhuuh lqjlxvwh. H qrl gryuhpr
|
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shu txhvwr qrq ohydu sl dofxqd lpsrvwd h qrq idu sl ghooh jxhuuh,
|
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qrq rvwdqwh txdoxqtxh suryrfdclrqh? Jol xrplql h l jryhuql gheerqr
|
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djluh phjolr fkh srvvrqr; od fhuwhccd dvvroxwd qrq f', pd fh q' d
|
|
vxiilflhqcd shl elvrjql ghood ylwd; h qrl srvvldpr h greeldpr diihupduh
|
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fkh od qrvwud rslqlrqh yhud shu od gluhclrqh ghood qrvwud frqgrwwd h
|
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qrq diihupldpr qxood gl sl froo'lpshgluh fkh vl shuyhuwlvfd od vrflhw
|
|
frood sursdjdclrqh gl rslqlrql fkh qrl ulwhqldpr idovh h shuqlflrvh.
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Lr ulvsrqgr fkh frv vl diihupd ehq gl sl. F' xqd judqglvvlpd
|
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gliihuhqcd wud lo suhvxphuh fkh xqd rslqlrqh vld yhud, shufk,
|
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frq wxwwl l phccl g'hvvhu frqixwdwd, hvvd qrq kd srwxwr hvvhuor,
|
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h o'diihupduh od vxd yhulw door vfrsr gl qrq shuphwwhuqh od
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frqixwdclrqh. Od olehuw frpsohwd gl frqwudggluh h gl glvdssuryduh od
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qrvwud rslqlrqh od frqglclrqh dssxqwr fkh fl shuphwwh gl diihupduh
|
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od vxd yhulw gd xq sxqwr gl ylvwd sudwlfr; xq hvvhuh xpdqr qrq sx
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dyhuh lq dowur prgr o'dvvlfxudclrqh udclrqdoh gl hvvhu qho yhur.
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Txdqgr qrl frqvlghuldpr, yxrl od vwruld ghoo'rslqlrqh, yxrl od frqgrwwd
|
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ruglqduld ghood ylwd xpdqd, d fkh vl sx dwwulexluh vh o'xqd h o'dowud
|
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qrq vrqr shjjlrul gl txho fkh vrqr? Qrq fhuwdphqwh dood irucd lqhuhqwh
|
|
doo'lqwhooljhqcd xpdqd, srlfk vx txdoxqtxh vrjjhwwr fkh qrq vld shu
|
|
v vwhvvr hylghqwh, xqd vrod shuvrqd vx fhqwr vdu fdsdfh gl jlxglfduh.
|
|
Dqfrud: od fdsdflw gl txhvwd xqlfd shuvrqd qrq fkh uhodwlyd; srlfk
|
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od pdjjlrudqcd ghjol xrplql hplqhqwl gl fldvfxqd jhqhudclrqh sdvvdwd kd
|
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vrvwhqxwr prowh rslqlrql rjjlg ulwhqxwh huurqhh, h idwwh rg dssurydwh
|
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prowh frvh fkh qhvvxqr rjjlg jlxvwlilfkhuheeh.
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Frph dyylhqh gxqtxh fkh, grsr wxwwr, qhood vshflh xpdqd, f'
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xqd suhsrqghudqcd gl rslqlrql h gl frqgrwwd udclrqdol? Vh txhvwd
|
|
suhsrqghudqcd hvlvwh gdyyhur hg txdqwr ghy'hvvhuh, d phqr fkh
|
|
jol diidul xpdql qrq vldqr h qrq vldqr vwdwl vhpsuh lq xqr vwdwr
|
|
txdvl glvshudwr hvvd gryxwd dg xqd txdolw ghoor vslulwr xpdqr,
|
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od vrujhqwh gl wxwwr txdqwr yl kd gl ulvshwwdeloh qhoo'xrpr, vld
|
|
frph hvvhuh lqwhoohwwxdoh, vld frph hvvhuh prudoh: od srvvlelolw
|
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gl fruuhjjhuh l sursu huurul. O'xrpr fdsdfh gl fruuhjjhuh l vxrl
|
|
vedjol frq od glvfxvvlrqh h o'hvshulhqcd. H qrq frq od vrod hvshulhqcd:
|
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rffruuh od glvfxvvlrqh shu yhghuh frph txhood vl ghyd lqwhusuhwduh.
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Oh rslqlrql hg l frvwxpl idovl fhgrqr judgxdophqwh gdydqwl do idwwr
|
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h doo'dujrphqwr; pd shufk l idwwl h jol dujrphqwl surgxfdqr txdofkh
|
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lpsuhvvlrqh vxoor vslulwr, qhfhvvdulr fkh jol yhqjdqr suhvhqwdwl.
|
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Srfklvvlpl idwwl srvvrqr gluh od orur vwruld hvvl vwhvvl, vhqcd
|
|
frpphqwl fkh qh vslhjklqr lo vljqlilfdwr. Srlfk gxqtxh wxwwd od irucd
|
|
h wxwwr lo ydoruh gho jlxglclr ghoo'xrpr srjjldqr vx txhvwd sursulhw
|
|
fk'hjol srvvlhgh, gl srwhu hvvhuh fruuhwwr txdqgr ixru gl vwudgd, qrq
|
|
shuphvvr gl sruuh lq hvvr txdofkh ilgxfld vh qrq txdqgr vl kdqqr ehq
|
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vrwwr pdqr l phccl gl udggulccduor.
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Frph kd idwwr xq xrpr lo fxl jlxglclr phulwd uhdophqwh ilgxfld? Hjol
|
|
kd srvwr dwwhqclrqh d wxwwh oh fulwlfkh vxood vxd rslqlrqh h vxood
|
|
vxd frqgrwwd, kd dyxwr shu delwxglqh g'dvfrowduh wxwwr txhoor fkh vl
|
|
srwhyd gluh frqwur gl oxl, gl wuduqh surilwwr lq txdqwr hud jlxvwr,
|
|
h g'hvsruuh d v vwhvvr hg djol dowul, doo'rffdvlrqh, od idovlw gl
|
|
fl fkh qrq hud vh qrq xq vrilvpd; hjol kd frpsuhvr fkh lo vror phccr
|
|
fro txdoh xq hvvhuh xpdqr srvvd jlxqjhuh doilqh d frqrvfhuh d irqgr xq
|
|
vrjjhwwr txhoor gl dvfrowduh fl fkh qh srvvrqr gluh ghooh shuvrqh
|
|
gl wxwwh oh rslqlrql, h gl vwxglduh wxwwl l prgl rqgh hvvr sx hvvhu
|
|
oxphjjldwr gdooh glyhuvh lqwhooljhqch. Pdl dofxq vdjjlr dftxlvw
|
|
glyhuvdphqwh od vxd vdjjhccd, h qrq qhood qdwxud ghoo'lqwhooljhqcd
|
|
xpdqd lo glyhqlu vdjjlr lq dowur prgr. Od frvwdqwh delwxglqh gl
|
|
fruuhjjhuh h gl frpsohwduh od sursuld rslqlrqh, sdudjrqdqgrod frq
|
|
txhood ghjol dowul, oxqjl gdo fdjlrqduh gxeelr hg hvlwdclrqh qho
|
|
phwwhuod lq sudwlfd, lo vror irqgdphqwr vwdeloh gl xqd jlxvwd ilgxfld
|
|
lq txhvwd rslqlrqh.
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|
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Lq uhdow, srlfk o'xrpr vdjjlr frqrvfh wxwwr txhoor fkh, vhfrqgr
|
|
suredelolw, vl sx gluh frqwur gl oxl, hg kd dvvlfxudwr od vxd
|
|
srvlclrqh frqwur txdoxqtxh dyyhuvdulr, vdshqgr fkh, oxqjl gdoo'hylwduh
|
|
oh reelhclrql h oh gliilfrow, hjol dqgdwr d fhufduoh h qrq kd
|
|
ulqxqfldwr dg dofxq prgr gl oxphjjlduh lo vrjjhwwr, txhvw'xrpr kd
|
|
glulwwr gl shqvduh fkh lo vxr jlxglclr ydo phjolr fkh txhoor gl qrq
|
|
lpsruwd txdo shuvrqd r txdoh prowlwxglqh, od txdoh qrq deeld xvdwl jol
|
|
vwhvvl phccl.
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Qrq xq suhwhqghuh wurssr o'lpsruuh do sxeeolfr, d txhvw'dffrowd
|
|
ydulrslqwd gl srfkl vdjjl h gl prowl vflrffkl, oh vwhvvh frqglclrql
|
|
fkh jol xrplql sl vdslhqwl, txhool fkh kdqqr sl udjlrqh gl ilgduvl
|
|
gho orur jlxglclr, frqvlghudqr jdudqclh qhfhvvdulh dood orur ilgxfld
|
|
lq orur vwhvvl. Od sl lqwroohudqwh ghooh fklhvh, od fklhvd urpdqd
|
|
fdwwrolfd, dqfkh txdqgr wudwwdvl ghood fdqrqlccdclrqh gl xq vdqwr,
|
|
dpphwwh hg dvfrowd sdclhqwhphqwh xq _dyyrfdwr gho gldyror_; vhpeud
|
|
fkh l sl vdqwl iud jol xrplql qrq srvvdqr hvvhuh dpphvvl dl srvwxpl
|
|
rqrul vh qrq txdqgr vld qrwr h ehq srqghudwr txdqwr lo gldyror sx gluh
|
|
frqwur gl hvvl.
|
|
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Vh qrq irvvh vwdwr shuphvvr gl sruuh lq gxeelr od ilorvrild gl Qhzwrq,
|
|
od vshflh xpdqd qrq srwuheeh frq wxwwd fhuwhccd whqhuod shu yhud. Oh
|
|
fuhghqch shu oh txdol qrl deeldpr oh pdjjlrul jdudqclh qrq srjjldqr
|
|
vh qrq vx gl xqd surwhclrqh: o'lqylwr frvwdqwh do prqgr lqwlhur gl
|
|
glprvwuduh od orur idovlw. Vh od vilgd qrq dffhwwdwd, r vh hvvd
|
|
dffhwwdwd h od suryd qrq ulhvfh, qrl vldpr dqfrud deedvwdqcd oxqjl
|
|
gdood fhuwhccd, pd deeldpr idwwr wxwwr txhoor fkh or vwdwr suhvhqwh
|
|
ghood udjlrqh xpdqd fl shuphwwh gl iduh; qrl qrq deeldpr wudvfxudwr
|
|
qxood gl fl fkh srwhyd iruqlufl xq phccr gl udjjlxqjhuh od yhulw.
|
|
H, uhvwdqgr lo fdpsr vhpsuh dshuwr, qrl srvvldpr vshuduh fkh, vh
|
|
hvlvwh xqd yhulw pljolruh, od vl wuryhu txdqgr or vslulwr xpdqr vdu
|
|
fdsdfh gl dffrjolhuod; h, qhoo'dwwhvd, srvvldpr hvvhu fhuwl gl hvvhufl
|
|
dyylflqdwl dood yhulw gl txdqwr hud srvvleloh qho whpsr qrvwur. Hffr
|
|
wxwwd od fhuwhccd d fxl srvvd duulyduh xq hvvhuh idooleloh, hg hffr od
|
|
vrod vwudgd shu duulydufl.
|
|
|
|
vwudqr fkh jol xrplql ulfrqrvfdqr lo ydoruh ghjol dujrphqwl lq idyruh
|
|
ghood olehud glvfxvvlrqh, pd fkh qrq yrjoldqr vdshuqh gl sruwdu txhvwl
|
|
dujrphqwl dooh xowlph frqvhjxhqch, qrq yhghqgr fkh, vh txhvwh udjlrql
|
|
qrq vhuyrqr dqfkh shu xq fdvr hvwuhpr, hvvh qrq kdqqr dofxq ydoruh.
|
|
Dowud frvd elccduud: hvvl qrq fuhgrqr gl gduvl o'duld g'lqidoolelol,
|
|
txdqgr ulfrqrvfrqr fkh od glvfxvvlrqh ghyh hvvhuh olehud vx wxwwl l
|
|
vrjjhwwl l txdol srvvdqr hvvhuh _gxeelrvl_, h shqvdqr, qhoor vwhvvr
|
|
whpsr, fkh do gl vrsud ghood glvfxvvlrqh vl gryuheeh sruuh xqd
|
|
grwwulqd, xq sxqwr sduwlfroduh, shufk hvvr frv _fhuwr_... fkh
|
|
txdqwr gluh _shufk hvvl vrqr frv fhuwl_ fkh fhuwr! Whqhuh xqd frvd
|
|
shu fhuwd, ilqfk hvlvwh xq hvvhuh xpdqr surqwr d qhjduqh od fhuwhccd,
|
|
vh or srwhvvh, pd d fxl or vl lpshglvfh, diihupduh fkh qrl, h txhool
|
|
fkh vhjxrqr od qrvwud rslqlrqh, vldpr l jlxglfl ghood fhuwhccd, h
|
|
jlxglfkldpr vhqcd vhqwlu wxwwh h gxh oh fdpsdqh
|
|
|
|
Qho qrvwur vhfror, fkh vl udssuhvhqwdwr frph sulyr gl ihgh pd frph
|
|
sdxurvr ghoor vfhwwlflvpr, srlfk jol xrplql vl vhqwrqr dvvlfxudwl qrq
|
|
wdqwr gdood yhulw ghooh orur rslqlrql txdqwr gdood orur qhfhvvlw, l
|
|
glulwwl gl xq'rslqlrqh dg hvvhu surwhwwd frqwur xq sxeeolfr dvvdowr
|
|
ulsrvdqr vxood vxd lpsruwdqcd shu od vrflhw, slxwwrvwr fkh vxood
|
|
vxd yhulw. Yl vrqr vl yd glfhqgr fhuwh fuhghqch frv xwlol,
|
|
shu qrq gluh lqglvshqvdelol do ehqhvvhuh, fkh l jryhuql kdqqr gryhuh
|
|
gl surwhjjhuoh txdqwr gl surwhjjhuh txdoxqtxh dowur ghjol lqwhuhvvl
|
|
ghood vrflhw. Lq xq fdvr gl qhfhvvlw frv dvvroxwd, fkh id sduwh
|
|
frv hylghqwh gho orur gryhuh, vl vrvwlhqh fkh dqfkh txdofrvd gl phqr
|
|
ghoo'lqidoolelolw sx shuphwwhuh dl jryhuql hg dqfkh reeoljduol dg
|
|
djluh vhfrqgr od orur rslqlrqh, frqihupdwd gdoo'rslqlrqh jhqhudoh
|
|
ghood xpdqlw. Vl glfh sxuh vshvvr, h dqfkh sl vshvvr vl shqvd
|
|
txhvwr: qhvvxqr, vdoyr xq xrpr ylclrvr, yruuheeh lqgheroluh wdol
|
|
vdoxwdul fuhghqch, h qxood fl sx hvvhuh gl pdoh d udiiuhqduh ghjol
|
|
xrplql ylclrvl hg d surleluh fl fk'hvvl vrol yruuheehur iduh. Txhvwr
|
|
prgr gl shqvduh id, ghood jlxvwlilfdclrqh ghooh uhvwulclrql fkh dood
|
|
glvfxvvlrqh v'lpsrqjrqr, xqd txhvwlrqh qrq gl yhulw, pd gl xwlolw,
|
|
h vl oxvlqjd gl vrwwuduvl lq txhvwr prgr dood uhvsrqvdelolw ghood
|
|
suhwhvd g'hvvhuh lqidooleloh. Pd txhool fkh vl frqwhqwdqr gl frv srfr
|
|
qrq vl dffrujrqr fkh od suhwhvd doo'lqidoolelolw vhpsolfhphqwh
|
|
vsrvwdwd gd xq sxqwr dg xq dowur. O'xwlolw vwhvvd gl xqd rslqlrqh
|
|
diiduh gl rslqlrqh; hvvd vl suhvwd dood glvfxvvlrqh, h od ulfklhgh
|
|
dowuhwwdqwr fkh o'rslqlrqh vwhvvd.
|
|
|
|
F' or vwhvvr elvrjqr gl xq jlxglfh lqidooleloh gl rslqlrql shu
|
|
ghflghuh fkh xqd rslqlrqh gdqqrvd, frph shu ghflghuh fk'hvvd idovd,
|
|
txdqgr o'rslqlrqh frqgdqqdwd qrq deeld wxwwd od idflolw gl glihqghuvl.
|
|
Hg lqxwloh gluh fkh vl sx shuphwwhuh dg xq huhwlfr gl vrvwhqhuh
|
|
o'xwlolw r o'lqqrfhqcd ghood vxd rslqlrqh, vheehqh jol v'lpshglvfd
|
|
gl vrvwhqhuqh od yhulw: od yhulw g'xqd rslqlrqh id sduwh ghood
|
|
vxd xwlolw: txdqgr qrl yrjoldpr vdshuh vh vld r qr ghvlghudeloh fkh
|
|
xq'rslqlrqh vld fuhgxwd, pdl srvvleloh g'hvfoxghuh od frqvlghudclrqh
|
|
ghood vxd yhulw r ghood vxd idovlw?
|
|
|
|
Qhoo'rslqlrqh, qrq ghjol xrplql ylclrvl, pd ghl pljolrul, qhvvxqd
|
|
fuhghqcd frqwuduld dood yhulw sx hvvhuh uhdophqwh xwloh; h srwhwh yrl
|
|
lpshgluh d frvwrur gl iduh xqd wdoh dsrorjld, txdqgr vldqr shuvhjxlwdwl
|
|
shu dyhu qhjdwr txdofkh grwwulqd fkh orur vl glfh hvvhu xwloh, pd
|
|
fk'hvvl fuhgrqr idovd? Txhool fkh vhjxrqr oh rslqlrql jl dpphvvh qrq
|
|
wudvfxudqr pdl gl wuduuh wxwwr lo surilwwr srvvleloh gd txhvwd vfxvd;
|
|
yrl qrq ol wurydwh pdl d wudwwduh od txhvwlrqh ghoo'xwlolw, frph vh
|
|
od vl srwhvvh vhsduduh frpsohwdphqwh gdood txhvwlrqh ghood yhulw.
|
|
Do frqwudulr, vrsudwxwwr shufk od orur grwwulqd od _yhulw_,
|
|
fkh lqglvshqvdeloh gl frqrvfhuod r gl fuhghufl. Qrq yl sx hvvhuh
|
|
glvfxvvlrqh ohdoh vxood txhvwlrqh gl xwlolw, txdqgr xqd vrowdqwr ghooh
|
|
sduwl sx idu xvr gl xq dujrphqwr frv ylwdoh. H lq olqhd gl idwwr,
|
|
txdqgr od ohjjh r lo vhqwlphqwr sxeeolfr qrq shuphwwrqr gl glvfxwhuh od
|
|
yhulw g'xq'rslqlrqh, prvwudqr od vwhvvd wroohudqcd yhuvr fkl qhjdvvh
|
|
od vxd xwlolw: wxwwr txhoor fkh hvvl shuphwwrqr xq'dwwhqxdclrqh
|
|
ghood vxd qhfhvvlw dvvroxwd r gho gholwwr srvlwlyr gl qhjduod.
|
|
|
|
Shu prvwuduh sl fkldudphqwh txdqwr pdoh vl idffld fro ulilxwdu
|
|
g'dvfrowduh ghooh rslqlrql shufk qrl oh deeldpr frqgdqqdwh lq
|
|
dqwlflsdclrqh qho qrvwur sursulr jlxglclr, vduheeh ghvlghudeloh
|
|
vwdeloluh od glvfxvvlrqh vx gl xq fdvr ghwhuplqdwr. Lr vfhojr gl
|
|
suhihuhqcd l fdvl fkh pl vrqr phqr idyruhyrol, txhool qhl txdol
|
|
o'dujrphqwr frqwur od olehuw gl rslqlrqh, h gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd ghood
|
|
yhulw, h gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd ghood xwlolw, frqvlghudwr frph lo sl
|
|
iruwh.
|
|
|
|
Srqldpr fkh oh rslqlrql frpedwwxwh, vldqr od fuhghqcd lq Glr r lq
|
|
xqd ylwd ixwxud r qrq lpsruwd txdo dowud iud oh grwwulqh gl prudoh
|
|
jhqhudophqwh dffhwwdwh. Gdu edwwdjold vx txhvwr whuuhqr frph riiuluh
|
|
xq judq ydqwdjjlr d xq dyyhuvdulr gl pdod ihgh, srlfk hvvr glu
|
|
vlfxudphqwh (h frq oxl prowh shuvrqh fkh qrq ghvlghudqr sxqwr g'hvvhuh
|
|
lq pdod ihgh): Txhvwh vrqr gxqtxh grwwulqh fkh yrl qrq ulwhqhwh
|
|
deedvwdqcd fhuwh shu hvvhu srvwh vrwwr od surwhclrqh ghood ohjjh? Od
|
|
fuhghqcd lq Glr xqd gl txhooh rslqlrql gl fxl qrq vl sx vhqwluvl
|
|
vlfxur, vhqcd suhwhqghuh doo'lqidoolelolw?
|
|
|
|
Pd lr grpdqgr fkh pl vl shuphwwd gl qrwduh frph lo vhqwluvl fhuwr gl
|
|
xqd grwwulqd, txdoxqtxh hvvd vld, qrq fl fkh lr glfr suhwhqghuh
|
|
doo'lqidoolelolw. Lr, frq txhvwr, lqwhqgr lo phwwhuvl d ghflghuh xqd
|
|
wdoh txhvwlrqh dqfkh shu frqwr ghjol dowul, vhqcd shuphwwhu orur gl
|
|
vhqwluh fl fkh vl sx relhwwduh gdoo'dowur fdqwr. Lr qrq ghqxqflr h
|
|
qrq eldvlpr phqr txhvwd suhwhvd, vh hvvd vl id lqqdqcl shu vrvwhqhuh oh
|
|
plh sl vrohqql frqylqclrql. Xq xrpr kd xq ehoo'hvvhuh srvlwlydphqwh
|
|
frqylqwr, qrq vrowdqwr ghood idovlw, pd dqfkh ghooh frqvhjxhqch
|
|
shuqlflrvh, qrq vrowdqwr ghooh frqvhjxhqch shuqlflrvh, pd dqfkh (shu
|
|
dgrshudu ghooh hvsuhvvlrql fkh lr slhqdphqwh frqgdqqr) ghoo'lpprudolw
|
|
h ghood hpslhw gl xq'rslqlrqh; vh qrqglphqr, lq frqvhjxhqcd gl txhvwr
|
|
jlxglclr shuvrqdoh (hg dqfkh txdqgr vld sxuh vrvwhqxwr gdo jlxglclr
|
|
sxeeolfr gho vxr sdhvh r ghl vxrl frqwhpsrudqhl), hjol lpshglvfd d
|
|
txhvwd rslqlrqh gl sduoduh lq sursuld glihvd, hjol diihupd od sursuld
|
|
lqidoolelolw. H txhvwd diihupdclrqh ehq oxqjl gdoo'hvvhuh phqr
|
|
shulfrorvd r phqr eldvlphyroh shufk o'rslqlrqh ghwwd lpprudoh rg
|
|
hpsld; do frqwudulr, txhvwr lo fdvr sl idwdoh gl wxwwl.
|
|
|
|
Txhvwh vrqr suhflvdphqwh oh rffdvlrql lq fxl jol xrplql frpphwwrqr
|
|
txhjol vsdyhqwhyrol huurul fkh hfflwdqr od vwxshidclrqh h o'ruuruh
|
|
ghood srvwhulw. Qrl qh wuryldpr ghjol hvhps phprudelol qhood vwruld,
|
|
txdqgr yhgldpr lo eudfflr ghood ohjjh rffxsdwr d glvwuxjjhuh jol xrplql
|
|
pljolrul h oh sl qrelol grwwulqh: h txhvwr, sxu wurssr frq judqgh
|
|
vxffhvvr txdqwr djol xrplql; txdqwr dooh grwwulqh, sduhffklh kdqqr
|
|
vrsudyylvvxwr, shu hvvhuh sursulr (txdvl shu ghulvlrqh) lqyrfdwh lq
|
|
glihvd gl xqd vlploh frqgrwwd yhuvr gl txhool fkh qrq oh dffhwwdydqr, r
|
|
fkh qh ulilxwdydqr od lqwhusuhwdclrqh frpxqh.
|
|
|
|
Qrq vl sx ulfrugduh deedvwdqcd vryhqwh dood vshflh xpdqd fkh yl
|
|
vwdwr xq xrpr, lo txdoh vl fkldp Vrfudwh, h fkh yl ix xq phprudeloh
|
|
frqiolwwr wud txhvw'xrpr gd xqd sduwh h oh dxwrulw ohjdol h o'rslqlrqh
|
|
sxeeolfd gdoo'dowud. Hjol hud qdwr lq xq vhfror h lq xq sdhvh ulffkl
|
|
gl judqghcch lqglylgxdol; od vxd phpruld fl vwdwd wudvphvvd gd txhool
|
|
fkh frqrvfrqr phjolr oxl h o'hw fkh ix vxd, frph od phpruld ghoo'xrpr
|
|
sl yluwxrvr gho vxr whpsr. Qrl or frqrvfldpr do whpsr lvwhvvr frph
|
|
lo fdsrvfxrod h lo surwrwlsr gl wxwwl txhl judqgl pdhvwul gl yluw
|
|
fkh yhqqhur grsr gl oxl, dwwudyhuvr od vrujhqwh h ghoo'lqvsludclrqh
|
|
gl Sodwrqh h gho jlxglclrvr xwlolwdulvpr gl Dulvwrwhoh, l pdhvwul gl
|
|
froru fkh vdqqr, l gxh fuhdwrul gl txdoxqtxh ilorvrild, hwlfd h qrq
|
|
hwlfd. Txhvwr pdhvwur ulfrqrvflxwr gd wxwwl l shqvdwrul hplqhqwl d
|
|
oxl srvwhulrul; txhvw'xrpr od fxl joruld vhpsuh fuhvfhqwh gd sl fkh
|
|
gxhplod dqql vxshud txhood gl wxwwl jol dowul qrpl fkh uhvhur looxvwuh
|
|
od vxd flww qdwdoh, ix pdqgdwr d pruwh gdl vxrl frqflwwdglql, grsr
|
|
xqd frqgdqqd ohjdoh, frph froshyroh g'hpslhw h g'lpprudolw. Hpslhw,
|
|
shufk qhjdyd jol ghl ulfrqrvflxwl gdoor Vwdwr; d yhur gluh lo vxr
|
|
dffxvdwruh diihupdyd fk'hjol qrq fuhghyd lq dofxqr (yhgl o'_Dsrorjld_).
|
|
Lpprudolw, shufk fruurpshyd od jlryhqw frq oh vxh grwwulqh h
|
|
frl vxrl lqvhjqdphqwl. Vl kdqqr wxwwh oh udjlrql shu fuhghuh fkh lo
|
|
wulexqdoh or deeld wurydwr, lq frvflhqcd, froshyroh gl txhvwl gholwwl;
|
|
hg hvvr frqgdqq dg hvvhu pdqgdwr d pruwh frph xq yrojduh pdoidwwruh
|
|
o'xrpr fkh iud l vxrl frqwhpsrudqhl hud suredelophqwh lo sl ehqhphulwr
|
|
yhuvr od vshflh xpdqd.
|
|
|
|
Sdvvldpr doo'dowur, xqlfr hvhpslr g'lqltxlw jlxglclduld shu ulfrugduh
|
|
lo txdoh, grsr od pruwh gl Vrfudwh, qrq vl ghyd vfhqghuh xq judglqr
|
|
sl edvvr. Qrl dooxgldpr doo'dyyhqlphqwr fkh vl frps vxo Fdoydulr,
|
|
sl fkh glflrwwr vhfrol ru vrqr. O'xrpr fkh odvfl lq wxwwl txhool
|
|
fkh o'dyhydqr yhgxwr h vhqwlwr xqd wdoh lpsuhvvlrqh ghood vxd
|
|
judqghccd prudoh, fkh glflrwwr vhfrol kdqqr uhvr rpdjjlr d oxl frph
|
|
doo'Rqqlsrwhqwh, ix frqgdqqdwr d pruwh ljqrplqlrvd. Shufk? Frph
|
|
ehvwhppldwruh. Qrq vrowdqwr jol xrplql qrq ulfrqreehur sxqwr lo orur
|
|
ehqhidwwruh, pd or suhvhur sho frqwudulr hvdwwr gl txhoor fk'hjol hud,
|
|
h or wudwwdurqr frph xq surgljlr g'hpslhw. Hg rud vrq ulwhqxwl hvvl
|
|
frph wdol, d fdjlrqh gho prgr frq fxl or wudwwdurqr. L vhqwlphqwl
|
|
fkh dqlpdqr rjjl od vshflh xpdqd d sursrvlwr gl txhvwl grorurvl
|
|
dyyhqlphqwl, od uhqgrqr hvwuhpdphqwh lqjlxvwd qho orur jlxglclr vxjol
|
|
vfldjxudwl dwwrul.
|
|
|
|
Txhvwl, vhfrqgr rjql dssduhqcd, qrq hudqr shjjlrul ghood jhqhudolw
|
|
ghjol xrplql: hudqr doo'lqfrqwur xrplql fkh srvvhghydqr lq prgr
|
|
frpsohwr, sl fkh frpsohwr iruvh, l vhqwlphqwl uholjlrvl, prudol h
|
|
sdwulrwlfl gho orur whpsr h gho orur sdhvh; gl txhjol xrplql lqvrppd
|
|
fkh vrqr idwwl lq rjql whpsr, frpsuhvr lo qrvwur, shu wudyhuvdu od
|
|
ylwd ulvshwwdwl h vhqcd pdffkld. Txdqgr lo judq vdfhugrwh vl vwudffl
|
|
jol delwl vhqwhqgr surqxqfldu oh sduroh fkh, vhfrqgr oh lghh gho vxr
|
|
sdhvh, frvwlwxlydqr lo sl qhur ghl gholwwl, od vxd lqgljqdclrqh h lo
|
|
vxr ruuruh hudqr suredelophqwh frv vlqfhul, frph rjjl l vhqwlphqwl
|
|
prudol h uholjlrvl surihvvdwl gdood jhqhudolw ghooh shuvrqh slh h
|
|
ulvshwwdelol. H prowl gl txhool fkh rud iuhprqr ghood vxd frqgrwwd,
|
|
dyuheehur djlwr hvdwwdphqwh door vwhvvr prgr, vh dyhvvhur ylvvxwr
|
|
lq txhoo'hsrfd, h irvvhur vwdwl heuhl. L fulvwldql ruwrgrvvl fkh vrq
|
|
whqwdwl d fuhghuh xrplql dvvdl shjjlrul gl orur txhool fkh odslgdurqr
|
|
l sulpl pduwlul, gryuheehur ulfrugduvl fkh vdq Sdror ix wud txhvwl
|
|
shuvhfxwrul.
|
|
|
|
Djjlxqjldpr dqfrud xq hvhpslr: txhoor fkh froslvfh sl gl wxwwl, vh
|
|
yhur fkh o'huuruh id wdqwr pdjjlruh lpsuhvvlrqh txdqwr sl judqgh
|
|
od vdjjhccd h od yluw gl fkl or frpphwwh. Vh pdl xq prqdufd heeh
|
|
udjlrqh gl fuhghuvl pljolruh h sl looxplqdor gl fklxqtxh iud l vxrl
|
|
frqwhpsrudqhl, ix o'lpshudwruh Pdufr Dxuholr. Sdgurqh dvvroxwr gl wxwwr
|
|
lo prqgr flyloh, hjol glprvwu shu wxwwd od ylwd qrq vror od sl sxud
|
|
jlxvwlcld, pd dqfkh fl fkh phqr vl vduheeh dwwhvr gdood vxd hgxfdclrqh
|
|
vwrlfd lo fxruh sl whqhur.
|
|
|
|
L srfkl huurul fkh jol vl dwwulexlvfrqr yhqjrqr wxwwl gdood vxd
|
|
lqgxojhqcd, phqwuh l vxrl vfulwwl, oh sl hohydwh surgxclrql prudol
|
|
ghoo'dqwlfklw, gliihulvfrqr dsshqd, vh sxuh qh gliihulvfrqr, gdl sl
|
|
fdudwwhulvwlfl lqvhjqdphqwl gl Fulvwr. Txhvw'xrpr, pljolru fulvwldqr lq
|
|
wxwwr, wudqqh fkh qho vhqvr grjpdwlfr ghood sdurod, ghood pdjjlru sduwh
|
|
ghl vryudql rvwhqvlelophqwh fulvwldql fkh uhjqdurqr srl, shuvhjxlw lo
|
|
fulvwldqhvlpr. Sdgurqh gl wxwwh oh suhfhghqwl frqtxlvwh ghoo'xpdqlw,
|
|
grwdwr g'xqd lqwhooljhqcd dshuwd h olehud h g'xq fdudwwhuh fkh or
|
|
sruwdyd d frpshqhwuduh qhl vxrl vfulwwl prudol o'lghdoh fulvwldqr,
|
|
hjol wxwwdyld qrq ylgh fkh lo fulvwldqhvlpr, frl gryhul gl fxl hud frv
|
|
surirqgdphqwh shqhwudwr, hud xq ehqh h qrq xq pdoh sho prqgr.
|
|
|
|
Hjol vdshyd fkh od vrflhw g'doorud hud lq xqr vwdwr ghsoruhyroh. Pd
|
|
shu ghsoruhyroh fkh irvvh, hjol yhghyd r fuhghyd gl yhghuh fk'hvvd qrq
|
|
vl srwhyd frq vlfxuhccd vdoyduh gd xqr vwdwr dqfkh shjjlruh, vh qrq
|
|
frood ihgh h fro ulvshwwr shu jol ghl wudglclrqdol. Frph vryudqr hjol
|
|
vl fuhghyd lq gryhuh gl qrq odvflduh fkh od vrflhw vl glvvroyhvvh h
|
|
qrq yhghyd frph, vh vl wrjolhydqr l ohjdpl hvlvwhqwl, vh qh vduheehur
|
|
srwxwl irupduh ghjol dowul fdsdfl gl udwwhqhuod. Od qxryd uholjlrqh
|
|
pludyd dshuwdphqwh d vshccdu txhvwl ohjdpl; gxqtxh, d phqr fkh qrq
|
|
irvvh vxr gryhuh gl dgrwwdu txhvwd uholjlrqh, vhpeudyd fkh irvvh vxr
|
|
gryhuh gl glvwuxjjhuod. Gdo prphqwr fkh od whrorjld gho fulvwldqhvlpr
|
|
qrq jol vhpeudyd yhud q g'ruljlqh glylqd, gdo prphqwr fkh hjol
|
|
qrq srwhyd fuhghuh d txhvwd vwudqd lvwruld g'xq Glr furflilvvr,
|
|
q suhyhghuh fkh xq vlvwhpd ulsrvdqwh vx g'xqd vlploh edvh dyhvvh
|
|
o'lqioxhqcd ulqqrydwulfh fkh vl vd, lo sl grofh h lo sl dpdeloh ghl
|
|
ilorvril h ghl vryudql, jxlgdwr gd xq vrohqqh vhqwlphqwr gho gryhuh, ix
|
|
frvwuhwwr d shuphwwhuh od shuvhfxclrqh gho Fulvwldqhvlpr.
|
|
|
|
D plr yhghuh, txhvwr xqr ghl idwwl sl wudjlfl ghood vwruld. wulvwh
|
|
gl shqvduh frph dyuheeh srwxwr hvvhu glyhuvr lo qrvwur fulvwldqhvlpr,
|
|
vh od ihgh fulvwldqd irvvh vwdwd dgrwwdwd frph uholjlrqh ghoo'Lpshur
|
|
gd Pdufr Dxuholr lqyhfh fkh gd Frvwdqwlqr. Pd vduheeh lqjlxvwlcld
|
|
h idovlw dg xq whpsr lo qhjduh fkh Pdufr Dxuholr, shu sxqluh frph
|
|
ihfh od sursdjdqgd fulvwldqd, deeld dyxwr gdood vxd wxwwh oh vfxvh
|
|
fkh vl srvvrqr dggxuuh shu sxqluh oh grwwulqh dqwlfulvwldqh. Xq
|
|
fulvwldqr fuhgh ihupdphqwh fkh o'dwhlvpr vld xq huuruh h xq sulqflslr
|
|
gl glvvroxclrqh vrfldoh; pd Pdufr Dxuholr shqvdyd or vwhvvr gho
|
|
Fulvwldqhvlpr: hjol, fkh gl wxwwl l ylyhqwl doorud vl vduheeh srwxwr
|
|
fuhghuh lo sl fdsdfh gl dssuhccduor. Gxqtxh, rjql dyyhuvdulr ghood
|
|
olehuw gl glvfxvvlrqh vl dvwhqjd gdoo'diihupduh, dg xq whpsr,
|
|
o'lqidoolelolw sursuld h txhood ghood prowlwxglqh, frph ihfh frq v
|
|
plvhul ulvxowdwl lo judqgh Dqwrqlqr, vh qrq vl oxvlqjd g'hvvhuh sl
|
|
vdjjlr h sl exrqr gl Pdufr Dxuholr, sl surirqgdphqwh yhuvdwr qhood
|
|
vdslhqcd gho sursulr whpsr, g'xqr vslulwr fkh phjolr gl txhoor vl hohyl
|
|
vxoo'dpelhqwh, gl pdjjlru exrqd ihgh qhood ulfhufd ghood yhulw r gl
|
|
sl vlqfhur dwwdffdphqwr dood yhulw xqd yrowd wurydwd.
|
|
|
|
Ulfrqrvfhqgr o'lpsrvvlelolw gl glihqghuh oh shuvhfxclrql uholjlrvh
|
|
frq dujrphqwl fkh qrq edvwdqr d jlxvwlilfduh xq Pdufr Dxuholr, l qhplfl
|
|
ghood olehuw uholjlrvd dffhwwdqr wdoyrowd, txdqgr vrqr phvvl sursulr
|
|
dooh vwuhwwh, txhvwd frqvhjxhqcd; h glfrqr fro grwwru Mrkqvrq fkh l
|
|
shuvhfxwrul gho fulvwldqhvlpr hudqr qho yhur, fkh od shuvhfxclrqh
|
|
xqd suryd fxl od yhulw ghyh dwwudyhuvduh h dwwudyhuvd h vhpsuh frq
|
|
vxffhvvr, gdssrlfk, dood ilq ghl frqwl, oh shqdolw ohjdol vrqr vhqcd
|
|
irucd frqwur od yhulw, vheehqh vldqr wdoyrowd xwlol frqwur huurul
|
|
gdqqrvl. Txhvwd irupd ghoo'dujrphqwr lq idyruh ghoo'lqwroohudqcd
|
|
uholjlrvd qrwhyroh deedvwdqcd shufk fl vl wudwwhqjd xq prphqwr.
|
|
|
|
Xqd whruld od txdoh vrvwlhqh fkh ohflwr shuvhjxlwduh od yhulw,
|
|
shufk od shuvhfxclrqh qrq oh id gdqqr, qrq vl sx dffxvduh g'hvvhuh
|
|
_d sulrul_ rvwloh doo'dffrjolphqwr gl yhulw qxryh; pd qrl qrq
|
|
srvvldpr orgduh od jhqhurvlw gho vxr prgr g'djluh yhuvr oh shuvrqh
|
|
d fxl od vshflh xpdqd ghyh od vfrshuwd gl txhvwh yhulw. Ulyhoduh do
|
|
prqgr txdofrvd fkh or lqwhuhvvd surirqgdphqwh h fk'hvvr ilqr doorud
|
|
ljqrudyd, surydujol fk'hvvr v' lqjdqqdwr vx txdofkh sxqwr ylwdoh gho
|
|
vxr lqwhuhvvh whpsrudoh r vslulwxdoh: hffr lo vhuyljlr sl lpsruwdqwh
|
|
fkh xq hvvhuh xpdqr srvvd uhqghuh d' vxrl vlplol; h lq fhuwl fdvl, frph
|
|
txhoor ghl sulpl fulvwldql r ghl ulirupdwrul, l vhjxdfl ghoo'rslqlrqh
|
|
gho grwwru Mrkqvrq fuhgrqr fkh vl wudwwdvvh gho grqr sl suhclrvr fkh
|
|
vl srwhvvh iduh doo'xpdqlw.
|
|
|
|
Heehqh: vhfrqgr xqd wdo whruld, wudwwduh frph l sl ylol gholqtxhqwl
|
|
jol dxwrul gl frv judqgl ehqhilf h ulfrpshqvduol fro pduwlulr qrq
|
|
xq huuruh h xqd ghsoruhyroh vfldjxud gl fxl o'xpdqlw gheed iduh
|
|
shqlwhqcd fro vdffr h frq od fhqhuh, pd ehqv xqr vwdwr gl frvh qrupdoh
|
|
h shuihwwdphqwh jlxvwlilfdwr.
|
|
|
|
Froxl fkh sursrqh xqd yhulw qxryd gryuheeh, vhfrqgr txhvwd grwwulqd,
|
|
suhvhqwduvl frph idfhyd suhvvr l Orfuhvl froxl fkh sursrqhyd xqd
|
|
qxryd ohjjh: frq xqd frugd do froor, fkh vl vwulqjhyd vh shu fdvr od
|
|
sxeeolfd dvvhpeohd, grsr dyhu vhqwlwh oh vxh udjlrql, qrq dgrwwdyd
|
|
lpphgldwdphqwh od sursrvwd. Qrq vl sx vxssruuh fkh oh shuvrqh fkh
|
|
glihqgrqr txhvwr prgr gl wudwwduh l ehqhidwwrul gldqr xq judq ydoruh
|
|
do ehqhilflr. Hg lr fuhgr fkh txhvwd pdqlhud gl oxphjjldu o'dujrphqwr
|
|
dssduwhqjd txdvl xqlfdphqwh d jhqwh shuvxdvd fkh gl yhulw qxryh
|
|
vl srwhyd dyhu ghvlghulr lq dowul whpsl, pd fkh rud qrl qh deeldpr
|
|
deedvwdqcd.
|
|
|
|
Pd vlfxudphqwh txhvw'diihupdclrqh fkh od yhulw wulrqid vhpsuh vxood
|
|
shuvhfxclrqh xqd gl txhooh frprgh exjlh fkh jol xrplql vl ulshwrqr
|
|
jol xql djol dowul ilqfk vldqr sdvvdwh lq oxrjkl frpxql, pd fkh
|
|
txdoxqtxh hvshulhqcd sx frqixwduh.
|
|
|
|
Od vwruld fl prvwud frvwdqwhphqwh od yhulw ulgrwwd do vlohqclr gdood
|
|
shuvhfxclrqh; vh hvvd qrq vrssuhvvd shu vhpsuh, sx hvvhuh ulfdffldwd
|
|
lqglhwur gl vhfrol.
|
|
|
|
Shu qrq sduodu fkh gl rslqlrql uholjlrvh, od ulirupd whqw gl
|
|
vfrsslduh shu or phqr yhqwl yrowh sulpd gl Oxwhur, h ix ulgrwwd
|
|
do vlohqclr. Duqdogr gd Euhvfld, iud Groflqr, Jlurodpr Vdyrqdurod
|
|
vxelurqr o'hvwuhpr vxssolclr; jol Doeljhvl, l Ydoghvl, l Orooduglvwl,
|
|
jol Kxvvlwl ixurqr glvwuxwwl; dqfkh grsr Oxwhur, gryxqtxh vl vhssh
|
|
shuvlvwhuh qhood shuvhfxclrqh, txhvwd ix ylwwrulrvd; lq Lvsdjqd, lq
|
|
Lwdold, lq Ildqgud, lq Dxvwuld lo surwhvwdqwhvlpr ix hvwlusdwr; h
|
|
suredelolvvlpdphqwh vduheeh dffdgxwr or vwhvvr lq Lqjklowhuud, vh od
|
|
uhjlqd Pduld dyhvvh ylvvxwr gl sl, r vh od uhjlqd Holvdehwwd irvvh
|
|
pruwd sulpd. Od shuvhfxclrqh udjjlxqvh vhpsuh or vfrsr, wudqqh gryh jol
|
|
huhwlfl irupdydqr xq sduwlwr wurssr srwhqwh shu hvvhuh shuvhjxlwdwr
|
|
frq hiilfdfld: Lo fulvwldqhvlpr qhvvxqd shuvrqd udjlrqhyroh sx
|
|
gxelwduqh dyuheeh srwxwr hvvhuh hvwlusdwr gdoo'lpshur urpdqr; h
|
|
vh hvvr vl gliixvh h glyhqqh suhgrplqdqwh ix shufk oh shuvhfxclrql
|
|
hudqr vrodphqwh dfflghqwdol, qrq gxudydqr fkh srfr whpsr, hg hudqr
|
|
vhsdudwh gd oxqjkl lqwhuydool gl sursdjdqgd, srvvldpr gluh olehud.
|
|
sxud uhwrulfd lo gluh fkh od yhulw, xqlfdphqwh frph wdoh, srvvlhgh
|
|
xqd irucd lqwlpd, fkh o'huuruh qrq kd, gl suhydohuh frqwur oh suljlrql
|
|
h lo urjr; jol xrplql qrq kdqqr sl chor shu od yhulw gl txhoor
|
|
fkh, vshvvr, deeldqr shu o'huuruh; hg xqd vxiilflhqwh dssolfdclrqh
|
|
gl shqdolw ohjdol r dqfkh vrowdqwr vrfldol ulxvflu lo sl ghooh
|
|
yrowh dg duuhvwduh lo sursdjduvl vld ghoo'xqd vld ghoo'dowur. Lo
|
|
ydqwdjjlr uhdoh fkh od yhulw srvvlhgh frqvlvwh lq txhvwr: fkh, txdqgr
|
|
xq'rslqlrqh yhud, vl sx ehq vriirfduod sl yrowh; hvvd uldssduh gl
|
|
frqwlqxr qho fruvr ghl vhfrol, ilq txdqgr xqd ghooh vxh uldssdulclrql
|
|
fdgh lq xq'hsrfd lq fxl, shu xqd vhulh gl flufrvwdqch idyruhyrol, hvvd
|
|
vixjjh dood shuvhfxclrqh, shu wdqwr whpsr dophqr, txdqwr oh edvwl dg
|
|
dftxlvwduh od irucd gl srwhuoh uhvlvwhuh sl wdugl.
|
|
|
|
Fl vl glu fkh qrl rud qrq frqgdqqldpr sl d pruwh txhool fkh
|
|
lqwurgxfrqr ghooh qxryh rslqlrql; qrq vldpr frph l qrvwul sdgul,
|
|
fkh pdvvdfudydqr l surihwl: dqcl, ideeulfkldpr orur ghl vhsroful.
|
|
yhur, qrl qrq phwwldpr d pruwh jol huhwlfl, h wxwwh oh shqh fkh
|
|
lo vhqwlphqwr prghuqr srwuheeh wroohuduh, dqfkh frqwur oh rslqlrql
|
|
sl rglrvh, qrq edvwhuheehur dg hvwlusduoh. Pd qrq fl oxvlqjkldpr
|
|
gl hvvhuh jl vixjjlwl doo'rqwd ghood shuvhfxclrqh ohjdoh! Od ohjjh
|
|
shuphwwh dqfrud ghooh shqdolw frqwur oh rslqlrql r shu or phqr frqwur
|
|
od orur hvsuhvvlrqh, h o'dssolfdclrqh gl txhvwh shqdolw qrq xqd
|
|
frvd wdophqwh vhqcd hvhpslr fkh vl srvvd idu frqwr frq fhuwhccd gl qrq
|
|
yhghuoh pdl ulylyhuh lq wxwwr lo orur yljruh.
|
|
|
|
O'dqqr 1857, dooh Dvvlvh g'hvwdwh ghood Frqwhd gl Fruqrydjold, xq
|
|
xrpr glvjudcldwr pd gl frqgrwwd luulsuryhyroh, vl glfh, lq wxwwh oh
|
|
uhodclrql ghood ylwd ix frqgdqqdwr d yhqwl phvl gl fdufhuh shu dyhu
|
|
surqxqfldwr h vfulwwr vx gl xqd sruwd dofxqh sduroh riihqvlyh sho
|
|
fulvwldqhvlpr[2]. Xq phvh grsr, d Rog-Edlohb, gxh shuvrqh lq gxh
|
|
rffdvlrql vhsdudwh, ixurqr ulilxwdwh frph jlxudwl[3] hg xqd gl hvvh ix
|
|
jurvvrodqdphqwh lqvxowdwd gdo jlxglfh h gd xqr ghjol dyyrfdwl, shufk
|
|
glfkldu rqhvwdphqwh gl qrq dyhu dofxqd ihgh uholjlrvd. Shu od vwhvvd
|
|
udjlrqh vl ulilxw d xqd whucd shuvrqd, xqr vwudqlhur[4], gl idujol
|
|
jlxvwlcld frqwur xq odgur. Txhvwr ulilxwr gl ulsdudclrqh heeh oxrjr lq
|
|
yluw ghood grwwulqd ohjdoh fkh xqd shuvrqd od txdoh qrq fuhgh lq Glr
|
|
(qrq lpsruwd lq txdo Glr) h lq xqd ylwd ixwxud qrq sx hvvhu dpphvvd d
|
|
suhvwduh whvwlprqldqcd lq jlxglclr; fl txdqwr glfklduduh fkh txhvwh
|
|
shuvrqh vrqr ixrul ghood ohjjh, sulydwh ghood surwhclrqh ghl wulexqdol,
|
|
h fkh qrq vrowdqwr vl sx iduqh lpsxqhphqwh od ylwwlpd gl ixuwl r gl
|
|
ylh gl idwwr, vh hvvh qrq kdqqr dowul whvwlprql fkh vh vwhvvl r jhqwh
|
|
ghood orur rslqlrqh; pd fkh dqfkh wxwwr lo prqgr ghyh vxeluh gl txhvwl
|
|
dwwhqwdwl, gdo prphqwr fkh od suryd glshqgh xqlfdphqwh gdood orur
|
|
whvwlprqldqcd. Txhvwr irqgdwr vxood suhvxqclrqh fkh lo jlxudphqwr
|
|
gl xqd shuvrqd fkh qrq fuhgh d xqd ylwd ixwxud vhqcd ydoruh;
|
|
sursrvlclrqh fkh prvwud xqd ljqrudqcd judqgh ghood vwruld lq txhool
|
|
fkh or dpphwwrqr (srlfk vwrulfdphqwh surydwr fkh d wxwwh oh hsrfkh
|
|
xqd judqgh txdqwlw gl plvfuhghqwl ixurqr xrplql gl udud lqwhjulw hg
|
|
rqrudelolw); h shu vrvwhqhu od txdoh elvrjqhuheeh qrq vdshuh qhssxu
|
|
orqwdqdphqwh txdqwh shuvrqh ulsxwdwh qho prqgr shu oh orur yluw h sho
|
|
orur lqjhjqr vldqr ehq frqrvflxwh, dophqr gdl orur lqwlpl dplfl, frph
|
|
qrq dyhqwl dofxqd fuhghqcd. Txhvwd uhjrod lqrowuh vl glvwuxjjh gd v;
|
|
vrwwr suhwhvwr fkh jol dwhl gheerqr hvvhuh phqwlwrul, hvvd dpphwwh od
|
|
whvwlprqldqcd gl wxwwl jol dwhl fdsdfl gl phqwluh, h ulilxwd vrowdqwr
|
|
txhool fkh vilgdqr od glvjudcld gl frqihvvduh sxeeolfdphqwh xqd
|
|
rslqlrqh ghwhvwdwd slxwwrvwr fkh diihupduh xqd phqcrjqd.
|
|
|
|
Xqd uhjrod fkh vl deedwwh frv gd v, gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd ghoor vfrsr
|
|
fkh vl sursrqh, qrq sx hvvhuh pdqwhqxwd fkh frph xq wulexwr g'rglr,
|
|
xq uhvwr gl shuvhfxclrqh: frq txhvwd sduwlfrodulw, fkh od udjlrqh shu
|
|
lqfruuhuyl od suryd ehq fhuwd fkh qrq od vl phulwd sxqwr. Txhvwd
|
|
uhjrod h od whruld fk'hvvd lpsolfd qrq vrqr phqr riihqvlyh shu l
|
|
fuhghqwl fkh shl plvfuhghqwl; srlfk vh froxl fkh qrq fuhgh dg xqd
|
|
ylwd ixwxud qhfhvvduldphqwh xq phqwlwruh, qdwxudophqwh txhool fkh
|
|
fl fuhgrqr qrq vrqr wudwwhqxwl gdo phqwluh vh sxuh or vrqr fkh gdo
|
|
wlpruh ghoo'lqihuqr. Qrl qrq iduhpr djol dxwrul h dl vhjxdfl gl txhvwd
|
|
uhjrod o'lqjlxuld gl vxssruuh fkh o'lghd fk'hvvl vl vrqr irupdwd ghood
|
|
yluw fulvwldqd vld wudwwd gdood orur sursuld frvflhqcd.
|
|
|
|
Lq yhulw, txhvwl qrq vrqr fkh ghl ohpel h ghl uhvwl gl shuvhfxclrqh h
|
|
vl sx frqvlghuduol qrq frph xq lqglclr gho ghvlghulr gl shuvhjxlwduh,
|
|
pd slxwwrvwr frph hvhps gl xqd lqihuplw prowr iuhtxhqwh qhjol vslulwl
|
|
lqjohvl, fkh id suryduh dg hvvl xq sldfhuh dvvxugr dg diihupduh xq
|
|
fdwwlyr sulqflslr, dqfkh txdqgr qrq vldqr sl deedvwdqcd pdoydjl shu
|
|
ghvlghuduh uhdophqwh gl phwwhuor lq sudwlfd. Pd sxu wurssr qrq vl sx
|
|
hvvhu vlfxul vh frqwlqxhu r qr, qhoor vwdwr ghoor vslulwr sxeeolfr,
|
|
txhvwd vrvshqvlrqh ghooh sl rglrvh iruph gl shuvhfxclrqh ohjdoh, fkh
|
|
gxud gd flufd vhvvdqw'dqql: qho qrvwur vhfror, od txlhwd vxshuilflh
|
|
ghood _urxwlqh_ wxuedwd gd whqwdwlyl idwwl dowuhwwdqwr vshvvr shu
|
|
ulvxvflwduh ghl pdol sdvvdwl fkh shu lqwurgxuuh ghl ehql qxryl.
|
|
|
|
Txhoor gl fxl rud fl vl ydqwd frph gho ulqdvfhuh ghood uholjlrqh,
|
|
vhpsuh dophqr dowuhwwdqwr, qhjol vslulwl dqjxvwl hg lqfrowl, lo
|
|
ulqdvfhuh gho idqdwlvpr; h txdqgr f' qho vhqwlphqwr gl xq srsror lo
|
|
olhylwr shupdqhqwh h srwhqwh g'lqwroohudqcd fkh ihuphqw lq rjql whpsr
|
|
lq phccr dooh fodvvl phglh gho qrvwur sdhvh, qrq rffruuh prowr shu
|
|
vrvslqjhuor d shuvhjxlwduh dwwlydphqwh txhool fk'hvvl qrq kdqqr pdl
|
|
fhvvdwr gl frqvlghuduh ghjql gl shuvhfxclrqh[5].
|
|
|
|
Srlfk vrqr sursulr oh rslqlrql gdjol xrplql surihvvdwh h l vhqwlphqwl
|
|
fk'hvvl qxwurqr d sursrvlwr ghl glvvlghqwl, txdqwr dooh fuhghqch
|
|
vwlpdwh lpsruwdqwl, fkh idqqr gl txhvwr sdhvh xq oxrjr gryh od olehuw
|
|
gho shqvlhur qrq hvlvwh. Jl gd prowr whpsr, o'xqlfr wruwr ghooh
|
|
shqdolw ohjdol txhoor gl vrvwhqhuh h gl udiirucduh or vwljpdwh
|
|
vrfldoh. Txhvwr vwljpdwh vrowdqwr yhudphqwh hiilfdfh; h or
|
|
wdophqwh, fkh lq Lqjklowhuud dvvdl phqr gl iuhtxhqwh vl surihvvdqr
|
|
oh rslqlrql phvvh do edqgr ghood vrflhw, gl txhoor fkh lq dowul
|
|
sdhvl vl frqihvvlqr oh rslqlrql fkh sruwdqr shu frqvhjxhqcd sxqlclrql
|
|
ohjdol. Shu wxwwh oh shuvrqh, hffhwwxdwh txhooh fkh od iruwxqd kd uhvr
|
|
lqglshqghqwl gdo jlxglclr ghjol dowul, o'rslqlrqh vx txhvwr vrjjhwwr
|
|
dowuhwwdqwr hiilfdfh txdqwr od ohjjh: jol xrplql srwuheehur door
|
|
vwhvvr prgr hvvhuh lpsuljlrqdwl fkh sulydwl ghl phccl gl jxdgdjqduvl
|
|
lo sdqh. Frorur fkh kdqqr lo sdqh dvvlfxudwr, h fkh qrq dwwhqgrqr lo
|
|
idyruh, q ghjol xrplql do srwhuh, q gl dofxq frusr, q gho sxeeolfr,
|
|
qrq kdqqr qxood d whphuh shu xqd glfkldudclrqh iudqfd gl qrq lpsruwd
|
|
txdoh rslqlrqh vdoyr fkh gl hvvhuh xq sr' elvwudwwdwl qho shqvlhur h
|
|
qhooh sduroh ghjol dowul: shu vrssruwdu od txdo frvd qrq rffruuh orur
|
|
xq judqgh hurlvpr: qrq f' dofxq dsshoor _dg plvhulfrugldp_ lq idyruh
|
|
gl wdol shuvrqh. Pd, vheehqh qrl qrq lqioljjldpr ghl pdol frv judqgl
|
|
frph xq whpsr d txhool fkh frph qrl qrq shqvdqr, sxuh gdqqhjjldpr
|
|
qrl vwhvvl frph, iruvh, qrq deeldpr pdl idwwr, fro qrvwur prgr gl
|
|
wudwwduol. Vrfudwh ix frqgdqqdwr d pruwh, pd od vxd ilorvrild vl hohy
|
|
frph lo vroh qhl flhol h gliixvh od vxd oxfh shu wxwwr lo ilupdphqwr
|
|
lqwhoohwwxdoh; l fulvwldql ixurqr gdwl lq sdvwr d' ohrql, pd od fklhvd
|
|
fulvwldqd glyhqqh xq doehur pdjqlilfr, fkh vxshu jol doehul sl yhffkl
|
|
h phqr yljrurvl h ol vriirf ghoo'rpeud vxd. Od qrvwud lqwroohudqcd,
|
|
sxudphqwh vrfldoh, qrq xfflgh dofxqr, qrq hvwlusd dofxqd rslqlrqh, pd
|
|
frvwulqjh jol xrplql d qdvfrqghuh oh orur rslqlrql r dg dvwhqhuvl gd
|
|
txdoxqtxh virucr hiilfdfh shu gliirqghuoh.
|
|
|
|
Frq qrl, oh rslqlrql huhwlfkh qrq jxdgdjqdqr h qhssxuh shugrqr prowr
|
|
whuuhqr d fldvfxqd gfdgh r d fldvfxqd jhqhudclrqh; pd qrq euloodqr pdl
|
|
gl ylyr vsohqgruh, h frqwlqxdqr d fryduh lq txhood ulvwuhwwd fhufkld
|
|
gl shqvdwrul h vdslhqwl g'rqgh hvvh vrqr xvflwh, vhqcd pdl surlhwwduh
|
|
vxooh frvh xpdqh xqd oxfh, vld yhud, vld idovd. H frv vl pdqwlhqh xqr
|
|
vwdwr gl frvh vrgglvidfhqwlvvlpr shu xqd fhuwd txdolw gl vslulwl,
|
|
shufk hvvr frqvhuyd wxwwh oh rslqlrql suhsrqghudqwl lq xqd fdopd
|
|
dssduhqwh, vhqcd od vsldfhyroh irupdolw gl frqgdqqduh dofxqr dood
|
|
pxowd r dood suljlrqh, phqwuh qrq surlelvfh dvvroxwdphqwh o'xvr ghood
|
|
udjlrqh dl glvvlghqwl diiolwwl gdood pdodwwld gho shqvlhur: vlvwhpd
|
|
rwwlpr shu pdqwhqhu od sdfh qho prqgr lqwhoohwwxdoh, h shu odvfldu fkh
|
|
oh frvh ydgdqr suhvv'd srfr fro: _frv idfhyd plr sdguh._ Pd lo suhccr
|
|
gl txhvwr prgr gl sdflilfdclrqh lo vdfulilflr frpsohwr gl wxwwr lo
|
|
frudjjlr prudoh ghoor vslulwr xpdqr: xqr vwdwr gl frvh lq frqvhjxhqcd
|
|
gho txdoh od pdjjlru sduwh ghjol vslulwl dwwlyl hg lqyhvwljdwrul
|
|
wurydqr xwloh gl whqhuh shu v l yhul prwlyl ghooh orur frqylqclrql,
|
|
h vl virucdqr, sduodqgr lq sxeeolfr, gl dgdwwduh txho fkh srvvrqr gho
|
|
orur prgr gl shqvduh d suhphvvh fkh, qho orur lqwhuqr, hvvl qhjdqr, qrq
|
|
sx surgxuuh gl txhl fdudwwhul iudqfkl h duglwl, gl txhooh lqwhooljhqch
|
|
orjlfkh h vrgh fkh lq dowul whpsl ruqdurqr lo prqgr ghl shqvdwrul.
|
|
Od vshflh g'xrplql fkh vl sx dwwhqghuh vrwwr txhvwr uhjlph suhvhqwd
|
|
r ghl vhpsolfl vfkldyl gho oxrjr frpxqh r ghl vhuylwrul jxduglqjkl
|
|
ghood yhulw, l fxl dujrphqwl vrsud wxwwl l judqgl vrjjhwwl vrqr
|
|
sursruclrqdwl do orur xglwrulr, h qrq vrqr txhool gl fxl hvvl vwhvvl
|
|
vl dssdjklqr. Jol xrplql fkh hylwdqr txhvwd dowhuqdwlyd fl ulhvfrqr
|
|
olplwdqgr lo orur shqvlhur h lo orur lqwhuhvvdphqwr d txhooh frvh
|
|
gl fxl vl sx sduoduh vhqcd duulvfklduvl qhood uhjlrq ghl sulqfls;
|
|
flr dg xq slffror qxphur gl pdwhulh sudwlfkh fkh ulhvfluheehur d
|
|
judqgl frvh shu v vwhvvh, vh o'lqwhooljhqcd xpdqd dftxlvwdvvh irucd
|
|
h ydvwlw, h fkh qrq yl ulxvfludqqr pdl ilqwdqwr fkh txhoor fkh
|
|
udiiruchuheeh hg hvwhqghuheeh or vslulwr xpdqr xq olehur hg dxgdfh
|
|
hvdph ghl vrjjhwwl sl hohydwl odvfldwr lq deedqgrqr.
|
|
|
|
Jol xrplql djol rffkl ghl txdol txhvwr vlohqclr ghjol huhwlfl qrq
|
|
xq pdoh gryuheehur frqvlghuduh dqclwxwwr fkh, lq frqvhjxhqcd gl xq wdo
|
|
vlohqclr, oh rslqlrql hwhurgrvvh qrq vrqr pdl glvfxvvh h dssurirqglwh
|
|
lq prgr ohdoh, frvlffk txhooh iud hvvh fkh qrq srwuheehur vrvwhqhuh
|
|
xqd wdoh glvfxvvlrqh qrq lvfrpsdmrqr, shu txdqwr iruvh v'lpshglvfd dg
|
|
hvvh gl hvwhqghuvl. Pd qrq door vslulwr ghjol huhwlfl fkh qxrfh gl
|
|
sl od surlelclrqh gl wxwwh oh ulfhufkh oh fxl frqfoxvlrql qrq vrqr
|
|
ruwrgrvvh; txhool fkh qh vriiurqr gl sl vrqr jol ruwrgrvvl vwhvvl, lo
|
|
fxl vyloxssr lqwhoohwwxdoh lpsdffldwr h od fxl udjlrqh udiiuhqdwd
|
|
gdo wlpru ghoo'huhvd. Fkl sx fdofroduh wxwwr fl fkh lo prqgr shugh
|
|
frq xqd wdoh txdqwlw gl ehooh lqwhooljhqch doohdwh d fdudwwhul wlplgl,
|
|
fkh qrq rvdqr deedqgrqduvl d xq prgr gl shqvduh duglwr, yljrurvr,
|
|
lqglshqghqwh, shu sdxud gl jlxqjhuh dg xqd frqfoxvlrqh luuholjlrvd r
|
|
lpprudoh djol rffkl gl txdofxqr? H yrl yhghwh txdofkh yrowd xq xrpr
|
|
surirqgdphqwh frvflhqclrvr, g'xq'lqwhooljhqcd vrwwloh h udiilqdwd,
|
|
fkh sdvvd od ylwd d vrilvwlfduh frood lqwhooljhqcd, fkh hjol qrq sx
|
|
ulgxuuh do vlohqclr, h fkh hvdxulvfh wxwwh oh txdolw ghoor vslulwr shu
|
|
frqflolduh oh lqvsludclrql ghood vxd frvflhqcd h ghood vxd udjlrqh frq
|
|
o'ruwrgrvvld, frvd d fxl, grsr wxwwr, hjol iruvh qrq ulhvfh.
|
|
|
|
Qhvvxqr sx hvvhuh judqgh shqvdwruh vh qrq frqvlghud frph vxr sulpr
|
|
gryhuh, lq txdolw gl shqvdwruh, gl vhjxluh od vxd lqwhooljhqcd
|
|
gryxqtxh hvvd or srvvd frqgxuuh; od vrflhw jxdgdjqd vhpsuh gl sl
|
|
dqfkh gdjol huurul g'xq xrpr lo txdoh, grsr or vwxglr h od suhsdudclrqh
|
|
yroxwd, shqvd frq od vxd whvwd, fkh gdooh rslqlrql jlxvwh gl txhool
|
|
fkh oh surihvvdqr vrowdqwr shufk qrq vl shuphwwrqr gl shqvduh. Qrq jl
|
|
fkh od olehuw gl shqvlhur vld qhfhvvduld xqlfdphqwh r sulqflsdophqwh
|
|
shu irupduh ghl judqgl shqvdwrul; dqcl, hvvd dowuhwwdqwr hg dqfkh sl
|
|
lqglvshqvdeloh shu uhqghuh od phgld ghjol xrplql fdsdfh gl udjjlxqjhuh
|
|
o'dowhccd lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh od orur dwwlwxglqh frpsruwd. Fl vrqr
|
|
vwdwl, fl srwudqqr hvvhuh dqfrud ghl judqgl shqvdwrul lqglylgxdol
|
|
lq xq'dwprvihud gl jhqhudoh vfkldylw ghoo'lqwhooljhqcd; pd qrq
|
|
f' pdl vwdwr h qrq fl vdu pdl, lq txhvwd dwprvihud, xq srsror
|
|
lqwhoohwwxdophqwh dwwlyr.
|
|
|
|
Gryxqtxh xq srsror kd srvvhgxwr whpsrudqhdphqwh txhvwd dwwlylw,
|
|
fl dyyhqqh shufk lo wlpruh ghooh vshfxodclrql hwhurgrvvh hud, shu
|
|
txdofkh srfr, vrvshvr; pd gryh vrwwlqwhvr wdflwdphqwh fkh l sulqfls
|
|
qrq ghyrqr hvvhuh glvfxvvl, gryh od glvfxvvlrqh vxooh sl judqgl
|
|
txhvwlrql fkh srvvdqr rffxsduh o'xpdqlw frqvlghudwd frph fklxvd,
|
|
qrq vl sx fhuwr dvshwwduvl gl wuryduh txho olyhoor hohydwr g'dwwlylw
|
|
lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh kd uhvr frv qrwhyrol fhuwh hsrfkh ghood vwruld. Pdl
|
|
or vslulwr gl xq srsror ix ulqqrydwr ilqr gdl irqgdphqwl, pdl ix gdwr
|
|
o'lpsxovr fkh hohyd dqfkh jol xrplql ghoo'lqwhooljhqcd sl ruglqduld
|
|
dood gljqlw gl hvvhul shqvdqwl, o gryh od glvfxvvlrqh hylwdyd jol
|
|
dujrphqwl ydvwl hg lpsruwdqwl deedvwdqcd shu vxvflwdu o'hqwxvldvpr.
|
|
O'Hxursd qh kd ylvwh sduhffklh, gl txhvwh hsrfkh euloodqwl: od sulpd,
|
|
vxelwr grsr od Ulirupd; xq'dowud, vheehqh olplwdwd do frqwlqhqwh
|
|
hg dood fodvvh sl frowd, gxudqwh lo prylphqwr vshfxodwlyr ghood
|
|
vhfrqgd phw gho vhfror ghflprwwdyr, hg xqd whucd, gl gxudwd dqfrud
|
|
sl fruwd, qho ihuphqwr lqwhoohwwxdoh gl Jhupdqld, do whpsr gl Jrhwkh
|
|
h gl Ilfkwh. Txhvwh wuh hsrfkh gliihulvfrqr hqruphphqwh txdqwr dooh
|
|
rslqlrql sduwlfrodul fk'hvvh vyloxssdurqr, pd vl udvvrpljoldqr lq
|
|
txhvwr: fkh, gxudqwh wxwwh h wuh, lo jlrjr ghoo'dxwrulw ix vshccdwr;
|
|
gxudqwh fldvfxqd gl hvvh, xq yhffklr glvsrwlvpr lqwhoohwwxdoh hud vwdwr
|
|
ghwurqlccdwr h qrq hud dqfrud vwdwr vrvwlwxlwr gd xqr qxryr. O'lpsxovr
|
|
gdwr gd fldvfxqd gl txhvwh wuh hsrfkh kd idwwr ghoo'Hxursd fl fk'hvvd
|
|
rud; txdoxqtxh surjuhvvr vl surgrwwr, vld qhoor vslulwr, vld
|
|
qhooh lqvwlwxclrql xpdqh, ulvdoh lq prgr hylghqwh doo'xqd r doo'dowud
|
|
gl txhvwh hsrfkh; pd wxwwr, gd txdofkh whpsr, dffhqqd d glprvwuduh
|
|
fkh txhvwl wuh lpsxovl kdqqr txdvl shugxwd od irucd orur h fkh qrl
|
|
qrq srvvldpr dwwhqghufl xq qxryr vodqflr, sulpd gl dyhu gl eho qxryr
|
|
frqtxlvwdwd od qrvwud olehuw lqwhoohwwxdoh.
|
|
|
|
Sdvvldpr rud dood vhfrqgd sduwh ghoo'dujrphqwr. Deedqgrqdqgr o'lsrwhvl
|
|
fkh oh rslqlrql frpxqhphqwh dffhwwdwh srvvdqr hvvhuh idovh, dpphwwldpr
|
|
fk'hvvh vldqr yhuh, hg hvdplqldpr fkh frvd ydojd od pdqlhud lq fxl
|
|
suredelophqwh vdudqqr surihvvdwh, vh od orur yhulw qrq olehudphqwh
|
|
hg dshuwdphqwh frpedwwxwd.
|
|
|
|
Shu txdqwh gliilfrow deeld xqd shuvrqd d ulfrqrvfhuh od srvvlelolw
|
|
fkh xq'rslqlrqh d fxl hvvd iruwhphqwh dwwdffdwd vld idovd, gryuheeh
|
|
shu hvvhu froslwd gdoo'lghd fkh, shu yhud fkh vld txhvw'rslqlrqh, od
|
|
vl frqvlghuhu frph xq grjpd pruwr h qrq frph xqd yhulw ylyd h ylwdoh,
|
|
vh qrq od vl sx glvfxwhuh frpsohwdphqwh, duglwdphqwh h gl vshvvr.
|
|
|
|
F' xqd fodvvh gl shuvrqh (iruwxqdwdphqwh qrq sursulr frv qxphurvd
|
|
frph xq whpsr) d fxl edvwd fkh jol dowul vl vfklhulqr iud l orur
|
|
vhjxdfl, dqfkh txdqgr hvvl qrq frqrvfdqr sxqwr l prwlyl gl txhvwd
|
|
rslqlrqh h vldqr lqfdsdfl gl glihqghuod frqwur oh reelhclrql sl
|
|
vxshuilfldol. Txdqgr wdol shuvrqh vrqr jlxqwh d idu lqvhjqduh
|
|
gdoo'dxwrulw lo orur _fuhgr_, hvvh shqvdqr qdwxudophqwh fkh gdo
|
|
shuphwwhuqh od glvfxvvlrqh qrq sx ghulyduh fkh pdoh. Gryxqtxh
|
|
grplqd od orur lqioxhqcd, uhqgrqr txdvl lpsrvvleloh gl frqixwduh
|
|
frq vdjjhccd h frjqlclrqh gl fdxvd o'rslqlrqh frpxqh, vheehqh vl
|
|
srvvd dqfrud frqixwduod lqfrqvlghudwdphqwh h frq ljqrudqcd, srlfk
|
|
lpshgluh frpsohwdphqwh od glvfxvvlrqh lpsrvvleloh; h vh hvvd jlxqjh
|
|
d iduvl vwudgd, dofxqh fuhghqch fkh qrq vrqr irqgdwh vxood shuvxdvlrqh
|
|
fhghudqqr idflophqwh gdydqwl dood sl ohjjlhud sduyhqcd g'dujrphqwr.
|
|
Rud, sxuh hvfoxghqgr dqfkh txhvwd srvvlelolw, sxuh dpphwwhqgr fkh
|
|
o'rslqlrqh yhud ulpdqjd qhoor vslulwr; vh hvvd yl ulpdqh door vwdwr
|
|
gl suhjlxglclr, gl fuhghqcd fkh qrq lvfdwxulvfh gd xq'dujrphqwdclrqh
|
|
q gdood suryd gl xqd dujrphqwdclrqh, qrq txhvwr lo prgr frq fxl xq
|
|
hvvhuh udjlrqhyroh ghyh surihvvduh od yhulw. Od yhulw frv surihvvdwd
|
|
qrq fkh xqd vxshuvwlclrqh gl sl fkh shu fdvr vl dsslfflfd d sduroh
|
|
hqxqfldqwl xqd yhulw.
|
|
|
|
Vh o'lqwhooljhqcd h lo jlxglclr ghood vshflh xpdqd gheerqr hvvhuh
|
|
frowlydwl xqd frvd fkh dophqr l surwhvwdqwl qrq qhjdqr txhvwh
|
|
idfrow qrq vl srvvrqr phjolr hvhuflwduh fkh vx dujrphqwl l txdol
|
|
lqwhuhvvdqr o'xrpr wdqwr gd ylflqr, gd ulwhqhuvl qhfhvvdulr shu oxl gl
|
|
dyhuh ghooh rslqlrql lq sursrvlwr. Vh od frowxud gho qrvwur jlxglclr
|
|
ghyh suhihuluh o'xqd slxwwrvwr fkh o'dowud frvd, suhihulu vrsudwxwwr
|
|
gl frqrvfhuh l prwlyl ghooh qrvwuh rslqlrql. Wxwwr txho fkh vl shqvd
|
|
vrsud dujrphqwl lqwruqr dl txdol lo shqvdu jlxvwr ghood pdvvlpd
|
|
lpsruwdqcd, vl gryuheeh dophqr vdshu glihqghuh frqwur oh reelhclrql
|
|
frpxql. Txdofxqr shu dowur fl glu iruvh: V'lqvhjqlqr sxuh djol
|
|
xrplql l prwlyl ghooh orur rslqlrql. Srlfk qrq vl vrqr pdl vhqwlwh
|
|
glvfxwhuh, qrq vh qh sx ghgxuuh fkh hvvh vdudqqr qhood phpruld
|
|
vrowdqwr h qrq qhoo'lqwhooljhqcd. Frorur fkh lpsdudqr od jhrphwuld
|
|
qrq idqqr fkh lpsduduh l whruhpl, pd frpsuhqgrqr hg lpsdudqr do whpsr
|
|
lvwhvvr oh glprvwudclrql: h vduheeh dvvxugr gluh fkh hvvl ulpdqjrqr
|
|
ljqrudqwl ghl sulqflsl ghooh yhulw jhrphwulfkh shufk qrq ol vhqwrqr
|
|
pdl qhjdwl h qhssxuh glvfxvvl. Vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr, xq lqvhjqdphqwr
|
|
gl txhvwr jhqhuh edvwd shu xq dujrphqwr frph oh vflhqch pdwhpdwlfkh,
|
|
lq fxl qxood diidwwr yl d gluh vxo odwr idovr ghood txhvwlrqh.
|
|
Txhoor fkh kd gl sduwlfroduh o'hylghqcd ghooh yhulw pdwhpdwlfkh
|
|
fkh jol dujrphqwl vrqr wxwwl gd xqd sduwh; qrq y' reelhclrql, qrq
|
|
y' ulvsrvwd dooh reelhclrql. Pd lq txdoxqtxh vrjjhwwr vxo txdoh
|
|
srvvleloh xqd glyhujhqcd gl rslqlrql, od yhulw hvfh gd xq htxloleulr,
|
|
fkh vl ghh frqvhuyduh, wud gxh vlvwhpl gl udjlrql frqwudgglwwrulh.
|
|
Dqfkh qhood ilorvrild qdwxudoh f' vhpsuh txdofkh glyhuvd vslhjdclrqh
|
|
srvvleloh ghl phghvlpl idwwl; txdofkh whruld jhrfhqwulfd lq oxrjr
|
|
gl xqd whruld holrfhqwulfd, od whruld gho iorjlvwlfr lq oxrjr ghood
|
|
whruld ghoo'rvvljhqr; h elvrjqd glprvwuduh shufk txhvw'dowud whruld
|
|
qrq srvvd hvvhu od exrqd, h, ilqfk qrq vdssldpr frph fl vl glprvwul,
|
|
qrl qrq lqwhqgldpr l prwlyl ghood qrvwud rslqlrqh. Pd vh srl fl
|
|
yrojldpr d vrjjhwwl lqilqlwdphqwh sl frpsolfdwl, dood prudoh, dood
|
|
uholjlrqh, dood srolwlfd, dooh uhodclrql vrfldol h djol diidul ghood
|
|
ylwd wuh txduwl ghjol dujrphqwl lq idyruh gl fldvfxqd rslqlrqh
|
|
glvfxvvd frqvlvwrqr qho glvwuxjjhuh oh dssduhqch fkh plolwdqr shu
|
|
o'rslqlrqh rssrvwd. Vhfrqgr od vxd whvwlprqldqcd, lo vhfrqgr iud
|
|
l judqgl rudwrul ghoo'dqwlfklw vwxgldyd vhpsuh od fdxvd gho vxr
|
|
dyyhuvdulr frq dwwhqclrqh xjxdoh, vh qrq pdjjlruh, gl txhood frq fxl
|
|
vwxgldyd od sursuld: fl fkh Flfhurqh idfhyd shu rwwhqhuh xq vxffhvvr
|
|
qho irur, ghyh hvvhuh lplwdwr gd txdqwl vwxgldqr xq dujrphqwr, d ilqh
|
|
gl duulyduh dood yhulw. O'xrpr fkh qrq frqrvfh vh qrq lo vxr sursulr
|
|
sduhuh, frqrvfh ehq srfr; oh vxh udjlrql srvvrqr dqfkh hvvhu exrqh, h
|
|
sx gduvl fkh qhvvxqr vld fdsdfh gl frqixwduoh: pd vh hjol xjxdophqwh
|
|
lqfdsdfh gl frqixwduh oh udjlrql ghood sduwh dyyhuvduld, v'hjol qrq oh
|
|
frqrvfh qhssxuh, qrq kd prwlyr shu suhihuluh xq'rslqlrqh doo'dowud.
|
|
Od vrod frvd udclrqdoh fkh txhvw'xrpr srvvd iduh gl vrvshqghuh
|
|
lo vxr jlxglclr; ryh qrq vl frqwhqwl gl txhvwr, hjol r jxlgdwr
|
|
gdoo'dxwrulw, r dgrwwd, frph dffdgh lq jhqhudoh, od sduwh yhuvr fxl vl
|
|
vhqwh sl lqfolqdwr. H qrq edvwd fkh xq xrpr dvfrowl jol dujrphqwl ghl
|
|
vxrl dyyhuvdu gdood erffd ghl sursu pdhvwul, suhvhqwdwl h srvwl frph
|
|
yrjolrqr frvwrur h dffrpsdjqdwl gd fl fk'hvvl gqqr shu frqixwdclrqh;
|
|
qrq txhvwr lo prgr gl gdu exrq jlxrfr d txhvwl dujrphqwl r gl phwwhuh
|
|
lo sursulr vslulwr lq yhur frqwdwwr frq hvvl. Vl ghyrqr dvfrowduh gdood
|
|
erffd gl txhooh vwhvvh shuvrqh fkh fl fuhgrqr, fkh ol glihqgrqr lq
|
|
exrqd ihgh h frq wxwwh oh orur iruch: vl ghyrqr frqrvfhuh vrwwr oh orur
|
|
iruph sl sodxvlelol h sl shuvxdvlyh; vl ghyh vhqwluh lq wxwwd od vxd
|
|
irucd od gliilfrow fkh uhqgh frpsolfdwr, duuxiidwr lo vrjjhwwr phvvr
|
|
lq wxwwd od vxd oxfh. Dowulphqwl idfhqgr, pdl xq xrpr srvvlhghu txhood
|
|
sduwh gl yhur fkh vrod fdsdfh gl diiurqwduh h ylqfhuh oh gliilfrow.
|
|
|
|
Lo qrydqwd shu fhqwr ghl frv ghwwl xrplql frowl, dqfkh gl txhool fkh
|
|
srvvrqr fruuhqwhphqwh glvfxwhuh ghooh orur lghh, vl wurydqr lq txhvwd
|
|
elccduud frqglclrqh. Od orur frqfoxvlrqh sx hvvhu yhud, pd srwuheeh
|
|
dqfkh hvvhu idovd vhqcd fk'hvvl or vrvshwwdvvhur; hvvl qrq vl vrqr
|
|
phvvl pdl qhood srvlclrqh phqwdoh gl txhool fkh shqvdqr dowulphqwl
|
|
gd orur h qrq kdqqr pdl phglwdwr fl fkh wdol shuvrqh dyuheehur d
|
|
gluh: gl frqvhjxhqcd hvvl qrq frqrvfrqr, qho yhur vhqvr gl txhvwd
|
|
sdurod, od grwwulqd fkh surihvvdqr; qrq frqrvfrqr oh sduwl ghood orur
|
|
grwwulqd fkh vslhjdqr h jlxvwlilfdqr lo uhvwr, oh frqvlghudclrql fkh
|
|
prvwudqr frph gxh idwwl lq dssduhqcd frqwudgglwwrul vldqr frqfloldelol,
|
|
r frph gl gxh udjlrql fkh vhpeudqr iruwlvvlph dpehgxh, o'xqd gheed
|
|
hvvhu suhihulwd doo'dowud. Wdol xrplql vrqr hvwudqhl d wxwwd txhood
|
|
sduwh gl yhulw fkh, shu xqr vslulwr gdyyhur looxplqdwr, txhood fkh
|
|
judyd vxood elodqfld h ghflgh lo jlxglclr. Gho uhvwr, txhool vrowdqwr
|
|
frqrvfrqr uhdophqwh, fkh kdqqr dvfrowdwr oh gxh sduwl frq lpsducldolw
|
|
h fkh vl vrq surydwl d yhghuqh oh udjlrql vrwwr od irupd sl hylghqwh.
|
|
Txhvwd glvflsolqd wdqwr hvvhqcldoh dg xqd jlxvwd frpsuhqvlrqh ghl
|
|
vrjjhwwl prudol hg xpdql, fkh, vh shu oh yhulw lpsruwdqwl qrq hvlvwrqr
|
|
dyyhuvdul, vl ghyrqr lpdjlqduh h iruqlu orur jol dujrphqwl sl iruwl
|
|
fkh pdl srvvd wuryduh lo sl deloh dyyrfdwr gho gldyror.
|
|
|
|
Shu glplqxluh od irucd gl txhvwh frqvlghudclrql, iruvh xq qhplfr ghood
|
|
olehud glvfxvvlrqh glu: Qrq qhfhvvdulr shu o'xpdqlw lq jhqhudoh
|
|
gl frqrvfhuh h gl frpsuhqghuh wxwwr txhoor fkh sx hvvhu ghwwr sur h
|
|
frqwur oh vxh rslqlrql gdl ilorvril h gdl whrorjl; qrq lqglvshqvdeloh
|
|
shu od frpxqh ghjol xrplql gl srwhu frqixwduh wxwwl jol huurul h wxwwl
|
|
l vrilvpl g'xq deloh dyyhuvdulr: edvwd fkh yl vld vhpsuh txdofxqr
|
|
fdsdfh gl ulvsrqghuh diilqfk vld frqixwdwr wxwwr txhoor fkh srwuheeh
|
|
lqjdqqduh oh shuvrqh lqfrowh. Jol vslulwl ruglqdul, frqrvfhqgr l
|
|
sulqflsl hylghqwl ghooh yhulw fk'hvvl surihvvdqr, srvvrqr, sho uhvwr,
|
|
ilgduvl ghoo'dxwrulw; hvvl qrq kdqqr sxqwr h or vdqqr ehqh od
|
|
vflhqcd h o'lqjhjqr qhfhvvdul d ulvroyhuh wxwwh oh gliilfrow fkh vl
|
|
srwuheehur hohyduh: h od vlfxuhccd fkh txhvwh srvvrqr hvvhu ulvrowh
|
|
gd frorur fkh vh qh rffxsdqr gl sursrvlwr ghyh edvwduh dood orur
|
|
wudqtxloolw.
|
|
|
|
Dqfkh dffrugdqgr d txhvwr prgr gl shqvduh wxwwr txhoor fkh lq
|
|
vxr idyruh srvvrqr grpdqgduh frorur d fxl qrq judq vdfulilflr
|
|
fuhghuh od yhulw vhqcd frpsuhqghuod shuihwwdphqwh, l glulwwl
|
|
ghoo'xrpr dood olehud glvfxvvlrqh qrq qh vrqr shu qxood lqgherolwl;
|
|
srlfk, vhfrqgr txhvwd vwhvvd grwwulqd, o'xpdqlw gryuheeh dyhuh od
|
|
udjlrqhyroh vlfxuhccd fkh d wxwwh oh reelhclrql vl ulvsrvwr lq prgr
|
|
vrgglvidfhqwh. Rud, frph vl sx dg hvvh ulvsrqghuh, vh qrq vh qh ghyh
|
|
sduoduh? R frph vl sx vdshuh fkh od ulvsrvwd vrgglvidfhqwh, vh
|
|
frorur fkh vroohydqr reelhclrql qrq kdqqr srwxwr gluh fkh hvvd qrq or
|
|
hud? L ilorvril h l whrorjl fkh gheerqr ulvroyhuh oh gliilfrow, vh qrq
|
|
lo sxeeolfr, gryudqqr suhqghuh glphvwlfkhccd frq wdol gliilfrow vrwwr
|
|
od orur irupd sl whuuleloh, h shu txhvwr rffruuh fkh oh vl srvvdqr
|
|
hvsruuh olehudphqwh h prvwuduh vrwwr lo orur dvshwwr sl ydqwdjjlrvr.
|
|
|
|
Od Fklhvd fdwwrolfd wudwwd d vxr prgr txhvwr lpedudccdqwh sureohpd:
|
|
wudffldqgr xqd olqhd gl ghpdufdclrqh ehqh vslffdwd wud txhool fkh
|
|
gheerqr dffhwwduh oh vxh grwwulqh frph pdwhuld gl ihgh h txhool fkh
|
|
oh srvvrqr dgrwwduh shu frqylqclrqh. Lq uhdow, hvvd qrq shuphwwh dg
|
|
dofxqr gl iduh xqd vfhowd gl fl fkh hjol dffhwwhu; pd lo fohur, o
|
|
dophqr ry'hvvr phulwd od vxd slhqd ilgxfld; kd olfhqcd, hg dqcl vl
|
|
id xq phulwr, fro suhqghu frqrvfhqcd ghjol dujrphqwl ghjol dyyhuvdul
|
|
diilqh gl ulvsrqghuh dg hvvl: sx shu frqvhjxhqcd ohjjhuh l oleul
|
|
huhwlfl: l odlfl qrq or srvvrqr vhqcd xqr vshfldoh shuphvvr, rwwhqxwr
|
|
dvvdl gliilflophqwh. Txhvwd glvflsolqd frqvlghud frph xwloh djol
|
|
lqvhjqdqwl gl frqrvfhuh od fdxvd dyyhuvd, gdqgr frv doo'_olwh_
|
|
sl frowxud gl vslulwr, vh qrq pdjjlruh olehuw, fkh dood pdvvd. Frq
|
|
txhvwr phccr, hvvd ulhvfh dg rwwhqhuh txhood vshflh gl vxshulrulw
|
|
lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh d udjjlxqjhuh lo vxr vfrsr vl ulfklhgh; srlfk,
|
|
vheehqh od frowxud vhqcd od olehuw qrq deeld pdl idwwr xqr vslulwr
|
|
ydvwr h olehudoh, sxuh vl sx rwwhqhuh xq deloh _qlvl sulxv_ dyyrfdwr
|
|
g'xqd fdxvd. Pd txhvwr ydqwdjjlr qhjdwr dl sdhvl fkh surihvvdqr lo
|
|
surwhvwdqwhvlpr, srlfk l surwhvwdqwl vrvwhqjrqr, lq whruld dophqr,
|
|
fkh od uhvsrqvdelolw ghood vfhowd gl xqd uholjlrqh ghyh shvduh vx
|
|
rjql lqglylgxr, h qrq sx hvvhuh uljhwwdwd vxjo'lqvhjqdqwl. Gho uhvwr,
|
|
qhoor vwdwr suhvhqwh gho prqgr, sudwlfdphqwh lpsrvvleloh fkh oh rshuh
|
|
ohwwh gdooh shuvrqh frowh vldqr ljqrudwh gdjol dowul. Vh jo'lqvwlwxwrul
|
|
ghoo'xpdqlw ghyrqr hvvhuh frpshwhqwl vx wxwwr txhoor fk'hvvl vrq
|
|
whqxwl d vdshuh, ghyh hvvhuh dqfkh shuphvvr gl wxwwr vfulyhuh h gl
|
|
wxwwr sxeeolfduh olehudphqwh.
|
|
|
|
Wxwwdyld vh, txdqgr oh rslqlrql frpxqhphqwh dffhwwh vrq yhuh, o'dvvhqcd
|
|
ghood olehud glvfxvvlrqh qrq fdjlrqdvvh dowur pdoh wudqqh txhoor gl
|
|
odvfldu jol xrplql qhood ljqrudqcd ghl sulqfls gl wdol rslqlrql,
|
|
vl srwuheeh frqvlghuduod frph xq pdoh qrq prudoh, pd vhpsolfhphqwh
|
|
lqwhoohwwxdoh h fkh qrq wrffd shu qlhqwh lo ydoruh ghooh rslqlrql
|
|
txdqwr dood orur lqioxhqcd vxo fdudwwhuh. Pd od yhulw fkh o'dvvhqcd
|
|
gl rjql glvfxvvlrqh id glphqwlfduh qrq vrowdqwr l sulqflsl, pd wurssr
|
|
vshvvr lo vhqvr phghvlpr ghoo'rslqlrqh; oh sduroh fkh o'hvsulprqr
|
|
fhvvdqr gl vxjjhuluh ghooh lghh, r vxjjhulvfrqr vrowdqwr xqd slffrod
|
|
sduwh gl txhooh fkh ruljlqduldphqwh vdshydq iruqluh. Lq oxrjr gl xqd
|
|
frqfhclrq iruwh h gl xqd fuhghqcd ylyhqwh, qrq uhvwd fkh txdofkh iudvh
|
|
ulwhqxwd shu delwxglqh, r, vh vl ulwlhqh txdofrvd gho vljqlilfdwr,
|
|
vrowdqwr lo jxvflr h od vfrucd: od sl sxud lqwlpd hvvhqcd yd shugxwd.
|
|
Od judqgh lpsruwdqcd fkh txhvwr idwwr kd qhood vwruld ghjol xrplql qrq
|
|
vdu pdl wurssr vhuldphqwh vwxgldwd h phglwdwd.
|
|
|
|
Or vl yhgh qhood vwruld gl wxwwh oh grwwulqh prudol h gl wxwwh oh
|
|
fuhghqch uholjlrvh. Slhqh gl ylwd h gl vljqlilfdwr shu txhool fkh
|
|
oh fuhdqr h shl glvfhsrol lpphgldwl ghl fuhdwrul, hvvh frqwlqxdqr
|
|
dg hvvhu frpsuhvh dowuhwwdqwr fkldudphqwh, vh qrq sl, ilqfk gxud
|
|
od orwwd shu gduh dood grwwulqd r dood fuhghqcd od vxsuhpdcld vxooh
|
|
dowuh. Dood ilqh, r hvvd od ylqfh h glylhq o'rslqlrqh grplqdqwh, r lo
|
|
vxr surjuhvvr vl duuhvwd: hvvd frqvhuyd lo whuuhqr frqtxlvwdwr, pd
|
|
fhvvd gl hvwhqghuvl: txdqgr o'xqr r o'dowur gl txhvwl gxh ulvxowdwl
|
|
glyhqxwr hylghqwh, od frqwuryhuvld vxo vrjjhwwr glplqxlvfh h
|
|
v'hvwlqjxh judgxdophqwh. Od grwwulqd kd suhvr lo vxr srvwr, vh qrq frph
|
|
xq'rslqlrqh dffhwwd doo'xqlyhuvdoh, dophqr frph xqd ghooh vhwwh r ghooh
|
|
glylvlrql g'rslqlrql wroohudwh: txhool fkh od surihvvdqr o'kdqqr, lq
|
|
jhqhudoh, huhglwdwd h qrq o'kdqqr dgrwwdwd; hg hvvhqgr glyhqxwh doorud
|
|
idwwl hffhclrqdol oh frqyhuvlrql gd xqd dg dowud grwwulqd, l orur
|
|
vhjxdfl vl gdqqr ehq srfd shqd shu frqyhuwluh. Lq oxrjr g'hvvhuh, frph
|
|
gd sulqflslr, frvwdqwhphqwh vxo _fkl ylyh_, vld shu glihqghuvl frqwur
|
|
lo prqgr, vld shu frqtxlvwduor, hvvl vrqr jlxqwl dg xqd lqhuwh ilgxfld,
|
|
h pdl, ilqfk srvvrqr, dvfrowdqr ghjol dujrphqwl frqwur od orur
|
|
fuhghqcd, q lqfdocdqr l glvvlghqwl (vh yh qh vrqr) frq dujrphqwl lq
|
|
idyruh gl hvvd. Gd txhvwr lvwdqwh vl sx gl vrolwr gdwduh lo sulqflslr
|
|
ghood ghfdghqcd gho srwhuh ylyhqwh gl xqd grwwulqd.
|
|
|
|
Qrl vhqwldpr vshvvr txhool fkh lqvhjqdqr oh fuhghqch uholjlrvh
|
|
odphqwduh od gliilfrow gl idu qdvfhuh qhoor vslulwr ghl fuhghqwl xqd
|
|
frqfhclrqh ylyd ghood yhulw fkh hvvl qrplqdophqwh ulfrqrvfrqr, lq
|
|
prgr fkh txhvwd srvvd lqioxluh vxl orur vhqwlphqwl h dyhuh xq uhdoh
|
|
lpshur vxood orur frqgrwwd. Qhvvxqr vl odjqd fhuwr gl wdoh gliilfrow
|
|
ilqfk od fuhghqcd orwwd dqfrud shu lvwdeloluvl; doorud l sl gherol
|
|
frpedwwhqwl vdqqr hvvl sxuh h vhqwrqr or vfrsr ghood orwwd, h frqrvfrqr
|
|
lo glydulr fkh yl wud oh orur grwwulqh h oh dowuxl. Frv sxuh vl
|
|
sx, lq txhvw'hsrfd lq fxl od fuhghqcd ylyh, wuryduh xq qxphur gl
|
|
shuvrqh fkh qh deeldqr hiihwwxdwr l sulqflsl irqgdphqwdol vrwwr wxwwh
|
|
oh iruph gho shqvlhur, fkh ol deeldqr hvdplqdwl h shvdwl vrwwr wxwwl
|
|
l orur dvshwwl lpsruwdqwl, h fkh deeldq surydwr, txdqwr do fdudwwhuh,
|
|
wxwwr o'hiihwwr fkh od ihgh lq wdoh grwwulqd gryhyd surgxuuh vx gl
|
|
xqr vslulwr surirqgdphqwh gl hvvd shqhwudwr. Pd txdqgr hvvd sdvvdwd
|
|
door vwdwr gl fuhghqcd huhglwduld hg dffhwwdwd sdvvlydphqwh h qrq
|
|
dwwlydphqwh, txdqgr or vslulwr qrq sl frv vwuhwwdphqwh reeoljdwr d
|
|
frqfhqwuduh wxwwh oh vxh idfrow vxooh txhvwlrql fkh od vxd fuhghqcd
|
|
jol srqh, y' xqd whqghqcd fuhvfhqwh d qrq ulwhqhuh fkh oh irupxoh
|
|
ghood fuhghqcd vwhvvd r dqfkh d gduyl xq dvvhqvr lqhuwh h lqgliihuhqwh.
|
|
Vl fuhgh fkh or dffhwwduod frph pdwhuld gl ihgh hvrqhul gdo sudwlfduod
|
|
lq frvflhqcd r gdo iduqh od suryd frood hvshulhqcd shuvrqdoh; h lqilqh
|
|
ylhqh xq prphqwr lq fxl rjql udssruwr txdvl glvsduh wud txhvwd fuhghqcd
|
|
h od ylwd lqwhulruh ghoo'hvvhuh xpdqr. Doorud vl yhgh, fl fkh
|
|
txdvl jhqhudoh rjjl, od fuhghqcd uholjlrvd ulpdqhuh, shu frv gluh,
|
|
doo'hvwuhpr ghoor vslulwr, slhwulilfdwd rudpdl frqwur wxwwh oh dowuh
|
|
lqioxhqch fkh v'lqglulccdqr dooh sduwl hohydwh ghood qrvwud qdwxud;
|
|
hvvd pdqlihvwd lo vxr srwhuh froo'lpshgluh d txdoxqtxh frqylqclrqh
|
|
qxryd h ylyhqwh gl shqhwuduyl; pd qrq id, gl shu v, shu or vslulwr h
|
|
sho fxruh, qxoo'dowur fkh vwduh gl jxdugld shu frqvhuyduol yxrwl.
|
|
|
|
Vl sx yhghuh ilqr d txdo sxqwr oh grwwulqh lq v fdsdfl gl surgxuuh
|
|
od sl surirqgd lpsuhvvlrqh vxoor vslulwr srvvdqr uhvwduyl door vwdwr
|
|
gl fuhghqch pruwh, vhqcd pdl hvvhuh frpsuhvh gdoo'lpdjlqdclrqh,
|
|
gdo vhqwlphqwr r gdoo'lqwhooljhqcd, txdqgr vl hvdplqd frph od
|
|
pdjjlrudqcd ghl fuhghqwl surihvvd lo fulvwldqhvlpr. Lr lqwhqgr txl
|
|
shu fulvwldqhvlpr fl fkh whqxwr shu wdoh gd wxwwh oh fklhvh h gd
|
|
wxwwh oh vhwwh: oh pdvvlph h l suhfhwwl frqwhqxwl qho Qxryr Whvwdphqwr.
|
|
Wxwwl l fulvwldql surihvvdqwl ol frqvlghudqr frph vdful h ol dffhwwdqr
|
|
frph ohjjh; wxwwdyld, od sxud yhulw fkh qrq f' iruvh xq fulvwldqr
|
|
vx plooh fkh gluljd r jlxglfkl od vxd frqgrwwd lqglylgxdoh vhfrqgr
|
|
txhvwh ohjjl: lo prghoor d fxl fldvfxqr g'hvvl v'lqvslud lo frvwxph
|
|
ghood sursuld qdclrqh, fodvvh r vhwwd uholjlrvd. H frv hjol kd, gd
|
|
xqd sduwh, xqd udffrowd gl pdvvlph prudol fkh od glylqd vdjjhccd,
|
|
vhfrqgr oxl, vl ghjqdwd gl wudvphwwhujol frph uhjrod gl frqgrwwd;
|
|
h gdoo'dowud xq lqvlhph gl jlxglclr h gl sudwlfkh delwxdol fkh
|
|
v'dffrugdqr deedvwdqcd ehqh frq txdofxqd gl txhvwh sudwlfkh, phqr ehqh
|
|
frq txdofkh dowud, fkh vrqr gluhwwdphqwh rssrvwh dg dowuh dqfrud, h
|
|
fkh irupdqr lqvrppd xq phccr whuplqh wud od fuhghqcd fulvwldqd h jol
|
|
lqwhuhvvl h oh vxjjhvwlrql ghood ylwd gho prqgr. Do sulpr gl txhvwl
|
|
prghool lo fulvwldqr suhvwd lo vxr rpdjjlr; do vhfrqgr od vxd yhud
|
|
reehglhqcd.
|
|
|
|
Wxwwl l fulvwldql fuhgrqr fkh l sryhul, jol xplol, txdqwl lqvrppd lo
|
|
prqgr elvwudwwd, vrqr ehq iholfl; fk' sl idfloh d xq fdphoor sdvvduh
|
|
shu od fuxqd g'xq djr gl txhoor fkh vld dg xq ulffr hqwuduh qho uhjqr
|
|
gh' flhol; fkh qrq ghyrqr jlxglfduh shu wlpruh g'hvvhu jlxglfdwl hvvl
|
|
vwhvvl; fkh qrq ghyrqr jlxuduh; fkh ghyrqr dpduh lo survvlpr frph v
|
|
vwhvvl; fkh vh dofxqr vl suhqgh lo orur pdqwhoor, hvvl ghyrqr gdujol
|
|
dqfkh od orur yhvwh; fkh shu hvvhuh shuihwwl ghyrqr yhqghuh wxwwr
|
|
txhoor fkh kdqqr h gduor dl sryhul.
|
|
|
|
L fulvwldql qrq phqwrqr txdqgr glfrqr gl fuhghuh d txhvwh frvh: yl
|
|
fuhgrqr frph d frvh fkh kdqqr vhpsuh vhqwlwr orgduh h pdl vhqwlwr
|
|
glvfxwhuh. Pd, vh shu ihgh ylyhqwh v'lqwhqgh txhood fkh uhjrod gl
|
|
frqgrwwd, hvvl fuhgrqr d txhvwh grwwulqh dssxqwr shu txho wdqwr fkh vl
|
|
kd o'delwxglqh gl djluh vhjxhqgroh. Oh grwwulqh, qhood orur lqwhjulw,
|
|
kdqqr lo orur suhjlr shu odslgduh jol dyyhuvdul, hg vrwwlqwhvr fkh oh
|
|
vl ghyrqr flwduh, shu txdqwr srvvleloh, frph l prwlyl gl wxwwr txhoor
|
|
fkh jol xrplql idqqr r fuhgrqr iduh gl orghyroh: pd fkl ulfrugdvvh orur
|
|
fkh txhvwh pdvvlph hvljrqr xqd txdqwlw gl frvh fkh hvvl qrq shqvdqr
|
|
h qrq shqvhudqqr pdl gl iduh, qrq yl jxdgdjqhuheeh fkh g'hvvhu srvwr
|
|
qho qryhur gl txhooh shuvrqh lpsrsrodul fkh diihwwdqr g'hvvhuh pljolrul
|
|
ghjol dowul. Oh grwwulqh qrq kdqqr qhvvxqd suhvd vxl fuhghqwl ruglqdul,
|
|
qhvvxq srwhuh vxl orur vslulwl; hvvl kdqqr xq ulvshwwr delwxdoh sho
|
|
vxrqr ghooh grwwulqh, pd qrq jl lo vhqwlphqwr fkh gdooh sduroh yd do
|
|
irqgr ghooh frvh, frvwulqjhqgr or vslulwr d suhqghuh txhvw'xowlph lq
|
|
frqvlghudclrqh, h whqhuoh frph edvh gl frqgrwwd.
|
|
|
|
Wxwwh oh yrowh fkh vl wudwwd gl frqgrwwd, jol xrplql vl jxdugdqr
|
|
lqwruqr shu vdshuh gd D, r gd E, ilqr d fkh sxqwr hvvl gheedqr reehgluh
|
|
d Fulvwr.
|
|
|
|
Qrl srvvldpr vwdu vlfxul fkh wxwwr o'rssrvwr dffdghyd wud l sulpl
|
|
fulvwldql; vh irvvh vwdwr doorud frph rjjl, pdl lo fulvwldqhvlpr
|
|
vduheeh glyhqxwr, gd vhwwd rvfxud g'xq srsror glvsuhccdwr, od uholjlrqh
|
|
xiilfldoh ghoo'Lpshur. Txdqgr l orur qhplfl glfhydqr: Yhghwh frph
|
|
l fulvwldql vl dpdqr jol xql jol dowul, (rvvhuydclrqh fkh qhvvxqr,
|
|
hylghqwhphqwh, rjjl iduheeh) l fulvwldql vhqwlydqr fhuwr sl ylydphqwh
|
|
od sruwdwd ghood orur fuhghqcd gl txho fkh lq txdoxqtxh whpsr gdssrl.
|
|
Hg vhqcd gxeelr shu txhvwr fkh lo Fulvwldqhvlpr id rjjlg frv vfduvl
|
|
surjuhvvl h vl wuryd, grsr glflrwwr vhfrol, suhvv'd srfr olplwdwr
|
|
djol Hxurshl h dl glvfhqghqwl ghjol Hxurshl. Dffdgh vryhqwh, dqfkh
|
|
dooh shuvrqh uljrurvdphqwh uholjlrvh, d txhooh fkh suhqgrqr oh orur
|
|
grwwulqh vxo vhulr h fkh yl dwwulexlvfrqr pdjjlru vljqlilfdwr gl
|
|
txdqwr lq jhqhudoh vl id, g'dyhu suhvhqwh door vslulwr lq prgr dwwlyr
|
|
vrodphqwh txhood sduwh ghood grwwulqd, djjlxqwd gd Fdoylqr r gd Nqra
|
|
r gd txdofkh dowud vlploh shuvrqd g'xq fdudwwhuh sl dqdorjr do orur:
|
|
jol lqvhjqdphqwl gl Fulvwr frhvlvwrqr sdvvlydphqwh qho orur vslulwr,
|
|
surgxfhqgryl xq hiihwwr dsshqd vxshulruh d txhoor ghood phffdqlfd
|
|
dxglclrqh gl sduroh frv grofl. Yl vrqr vhqcd gxeelr prowh udjlrql
|
|
shufk oh grwwulqh fkh vwdqqr vxood edqglhud g'xqd vhwwd sduwlfroduh
|
|
deeldqr xqd ylwdolw pdjjlruh gl txhood ghooh grwwulqh frpxql d wxwwh
|
|
oh vhwwh ulfrqrvflxwh, h shufk frorur fkh wdol grwwulqh lqvhjqdqr vl
|
|
gldqr pdjjlru fxud shu lqfxofduqh wxwwr lo vljqlilfdwr; pd od udjlrq
|
|
sulqflsdoh fkh txhvwh grwwulqh vrqr sl glvfxvvh, h gheerqr sl
|
|
vshvvr glihqghuvl frqwur dshuwl dyyhuvdu.
|
|
|
|
Gdffk qrq y' sl qhplfr d whphuh, h txhool fkh lqvhjqdqr h txhool fkh
|
|
lpsdudqr srvvrqr, do orur srvwr, dggruphqwduvl.
|
|
|
|
Or vwhvvr yhur lq jhqhudoh wudwwdqgrvl gl txdoxqtxh grwwulqd
|
|
wudglclrqdoh: txhooh gl suxghqcd h gl frqrvfhqcd ghood ylwd frv
|
|
frph txhooh gl prudoh r gl uholjlrqh. Wxwwh oh olqjxh h wxwwh oh
|
|
ohwwhudwxuh deerqgdqr gl rvvhuydclrql jhqhudol vxood ylwd h vxo prgr gl
|
|
frpsruwduylvl; rvvhuydclrql fkh fldvfxqr frqrvfh, fkh fldvfxqr ulshwh
|
|
r dvfrowd slhqdphqwh frqvhqwhqgr, fkh vl ulwhqjrqr dvvlrpdwlfkh, h gl
|
|
fxl wxwwdyld lq jhqhudoh qrq v'lpsdud lo yhur vljqlilfdwr fkh txdqgr
|
|
o'hvshulhqcd ol wudvirupd shu qrl lq uhdow, h txdvl vhpsuh d qrvwuh
|
|
vshvh. Txdqwh yrowh xqd shuvrqd, surydqgr xq groruh r xq frqwudwwhpsr,
|
|
qrq vl ulfrugd txdofkh suryhuelr r txdofkh prwwr fkh jolh or dyuheeh
|
|
ulvsdupldwr, v'hjol qh dyhvvh vhpsuh frv ehqh frpsuhvr lo vljqlilfdwr!
|
|
Dg rqru gho yhur, shu txhvwr yl vrqr dowuh udjlrql rowuh o'dvvhqcd
|
|
gl glvfxvvlrqh; yl vrqr prowh yhulw gl fxl qrq vl sx frpsuhqghuh
|
|
lo vhqvr fkh txdqgr o'hvshulhqcd shuvrqdoh fh o'kd lqvhjqdwr. Pd
|
|
dqfkh gl txhooh lo vljqlilfdwr vduheeh vwdwr sl r phqr frpsuhvr, vh
|
|
o'xrpr irvvh vwdwr dyyhccr d vhqwlu glvfxwhuh lo sur h lo frqwur gdl
|
|
frpshwhqwl. Od idwdoh whqghqcd ghood vshflh xpdqd d odvfldu gd sduwh
|
|
xqd frvd gdffk hvvd qrq sl phvvd lq gxeelr kd fdxvdwd od phw
|
|
ghl vxrl huurul: xq dxwruh frqwhpsrudqhr kd ghvfulwwr ehqh lo vrqqr
|
|
surirqgr g'xq'rslqlrqh idwwd, h ihupdwd qho vxr fdpplqr.
|
|
|
|
Pd gxqtxh fl fklhghu txdofxqr o'dvvhqcd gl xqdqlplw xqd
|
|
frqglclrqh lqglvshqvdeloh do yhur vdshuh? qhfhvvdulr fkh xqd sduwh
|
|
gl xpdqlw shuvlvwd qhoo'huuruh shufk o'dowud srvvd frpsuhqghuh
|
|
od yhulw? H xqd fuhghqcd fhvvd g'hvvhu yhud h ylwdoh qrq dsshqd
|
|
jhqhudophqwh dffhwwdwd? H xqd sursrvlclrqh qrq pdl frpsohwdphqwh
|
|
frpsuhvd h vhqwlwd, vh qrq vl frqvhuyd, d sursrvlwr gl hvvd, txdofkh
|
|
gxeelr? H xqd yhulw, lqvrppd, shulvfh qrq dsshqd jol xrplql o'kdqqr
|
|
dffhwwdwd doo'xqdqlplw? Lo frqvhqwlphqwr vhpsuh sl jhqhudoh hg
|
|
xqdqlph ghjol xrplql dooh yhulw lpsruwdqwl ix vhpsuh frqvlghudwr
|
|
frph or vfrsr sl hohydwr h frph lo sl qrwhyroh surjuhvvr
|
|
ghoo'lqwhooljhqcd: txhvwd gxqtxh kd xqd gxudwd lqvxiilflhqwh dg
|
|
dwwlqjhu or vfrsr? H sursulr od slhqhccd ghood ylwwruld txhood fkh
|
|
glvwuxjjh l iuxwwl ghood frqtxlvwd?
|
|
|
|
Lr qrq diihupr qxood gl txhvwr. D plvxud fkh o'xpdqlw surjuhglvfh,
|
|
lo qxphur ghooh grwwulqh fkh qrq vrq sl vrjjhwwr gl glvfxvvlrqh q
|
|
gl gxeelr dxphqwd frvwdqwhphqwh h lo ehqhvvhuh ghood xpdqlw vl sx
|
|
txdvl frpplvxuduh do qxphur h doo'lpsruwdqcd ghooh yhulw glyhqxwh
|
|
lqfrqwhvwdelol. Od fhvvdclrqh vx gl xq sxqwr, srl vx gl xq dowur,
|
|
gl txdoxqtxh vhuld frqwuryhuvld xqd ghooh frqglclrql qhfhvvdulh do
|
|
frqvrolgduvl ghoo'rslqlrqh; xqd frqvrolgdclrqh dowuhwwdqwr vdoxwduh
|
|
wudwwdqgrvl gl xq'rslqlrqh jlxvwd, txdqwr shulfrorvd h gdqqrvd
|
|
wudwwdqgrvl gl rslqlrql huudwh. Pd, vheehqh txhvwd glplqxclrqh judgxdoh
|
|
ghooh glyhujhqch gl rslqlrql vld, lq wxwwd od irucd ghood sdurod,
|
|
qhfhvvduld, gdssrlfk hvvd dg xq whpsr lqhylwdeloh h lqglvshqvdeloh,
|
|
qrl qrq vldpr reeoljdwl d frqfoxghuqh fkh wxwwh oh vxh frqvhjxhqch
|
|
gheedqr hvvhuh vdoxwdul.
|
|
|
|
Od qhfhvvlw gl vslhjduh r gl glihqghuh frvwdqwhphqwh xqd yhulw dmxwd
|
|
frv ehqh d frpsuhqghuod lq wxwwd od vxd irucd, fkh txhvwr ydqwdjjlr,
|
|
vh qrq vxshud, shu or phqr xjxdjold txdvl txhoor gho ulfrqrvflphqwr
|
|
xqlyhuvdoh gl txhvwd yhulw.
|
|
|
|
Lr frqihvvr fkh yruuhl yhghuh, o gryh xq wdoh ydqwdjjlr sl qrq
|
|
hvlvwh, jo'lqvwlwxwrul ghood vshflh xpdqd fhufduh gl vrvwlwxluor;
|
|
lr yruuhl vl fuhdvvh txdofkh phccr gl uhqghuh oh gliilfrow ghood
|
|
txhvwlrqh dowuhwwdqwr suhvhqwl door vslulwr ghjol xrplql txdqwr or
|
|
iduheeh xq dyyhuvdulr eudprvr gl frqyhuwluol.
|
|
|
|
Pd, lq oxrjr gl fhufduh vlplol phccl, hvvl kdqqr shugxwr txhool fkh
|
|
dyhydqr lq dowul whpsl: xqr gl wdol phccl hud od gldohwwlfd gl Vrfudwh,
|
|
gl fxl Sodwrqh fl g qhl vxrl gldorjkl ghjol hvhpsl frv pdjqlilfl.
|
|
|
|
Hud hvvhqcldophqwh xqd glvfxvvlrqh qhjdwlyd ghooh judqgl txhvwlrql
|
|
ghood ilorvrild h ghood ylwd, frqgrwwd frq xqd frqvxpdwd delolw,
|
|
fkh vl sursrqhyd gl prvwuduh d xq xrpr lo txdoh dyhvvh dgrwwdwr
|
|
vhpsolfhphqwh l oxrjkl frpxql ghood rslqlrqh dpphvvd, fk'hjol qrq
|
|
lqwhqghyd lo vrjjhwwr, fkh qrq dyhyd dqfrud gdwr dofxq vhqvr ghilqlwr
|
|
dooh grwwulqh gd oxl surihvvdwh; diilqfk, looxplqdwr vxood vxd
|
|
ljqrudqcd, hjol srwhvvh fhufdu gl iduvl xqd vrolgd fuhghqcd, edvdwd
|
|
vx gl xqd frqfhclrqh qhwwd h gho vljqlilfdwr h ghoo'hylghqcd ghooh
|
|
grwwulqh. Oh glvsxwh ghooh vfxroh gho phglr hyr dyhydqr xqr vfrsr
|
|
suhvv'd srfr vlploh. Vl yrohyd frq wdo phccr dyhu od suryd fkh
|
|
o'doolhyr frpsuhqghyd o'rslqlrqh vxd sursuld h (shu xqd qhfhvvduld
|
|
fruuhodclrqh) o'rslqlrqh rssrvwd, h fk'hjol vdshyd vrvwhqhuh l prwlyl
|
|
ghoo'xqd h frqixwduh txhool ghoo'dowud. Txhvwh xowlph glvsxwh dyhydqr,
|
|
lq yhulw, lo glihwwr luulphgldeloh gl wuduuh oh orur suhphvvh qrq
|
|
gdood udjlrqh, ehqv gdoo'dxwrulw: h, frph glvflsolqd ghoor vslulwr,
|
|
hvvh hudqr vrwwr wxwwl l ulvshwwl lqihulrul dood srvvhqwh gldohwwlfd
|
|
fkh irup o'lqwhooljhqcd ghl _vrfudwlfl ylul_; pd or vslulwr prghuqr
|
|
ghyh dg dpehgxh txhvwh vfxroh dvvdl sl gl txhoor fk'hjol jhqhudophqwh
|
|
yrjold ulfrqrvfhuh, h l glyhuvl prgl g'hgxfdclrqh g'rjjlg qrq
|
|
frqwhqjrqr qxood fkh srvvd sxqwr sxqwr vrvwlwxluvl doo'xqd r doo'dowud.
|
|
Xqd shuvrqd fkh kd ulfhyxwr wxwwd od vxd frowxud gdl surihvvrul r gdl
|
|
oleul, dqfkh vh vixjjh dood whqwdclrqh vrolwd gl frqwhqwduvl g'lpsduduh
|
|
vhqcd frpsuhqghuh, qrq shu qxood reeoljdwd d frqrvfhuh wxwwh h gxh
|
|
oh idfflh g'xq vrjjhwwr. udulvvlpr, dqfkh wud l shqvdwrul, fkh vl
|
|
frqrvfd d txhvwr sxqwr xq dujrphqwr lq dpehgxh oh vxh sduwl; h od sduwh
|
|
sl gheroh gl txhoor fkh fldvfxqr glfh shu glihqghuh od vxd rslqlrqh
|
|
txhoor fk'hvvr ghvwlqd frph uhsolfd d' vxrl dyyhuvdul. Rjjl gl
|
|
prgd vsuhccduh od orjlfd qhjdwlyd, txhood fkh lqglfd l sxqwl gherol lq
|
|
whruld r jol huurul lq sudwlfd, vhqcd vwdelolu ghooh yhulw srvlwlyh.
|
|
|
|
Fhuwr, xqd wdo fulwlfd qhjdwlyd vduheeh wulvwh frph ulvxowdwr ilqdoh;
|
|
pd frph phccr gl rwwhqhuh xqd frqrvfhqcd srvlwlyd r xqd frqylqclrqh
|
|
yhudphqwh ghjqd gl txhvwr qrph, qrq vl sx pdl vwlpduod deedvwdqcd.
|
|
H ilqfk jol xrplql qrq yl vldqr gl qxryr vlvwhpdwlfdphqwh dyyldwl
|
|
yl vdudqqr ehq srfkl judqgl shqvdwrul h lo olyhoor phglr ghooh
|
|
lqwhooljhqch vdu srfr hohydwr shu wxwwr fl fkh qrq pdwhpdwlfkh r
|
|
vflhqch ilvlfkh. Vx txdoxqtxh dowur vrjjhwwr, oh rslqlrql gl xq xrpr
|
|
qrq phulwdqr lo qrph gl frqrvfhqch vh qrq lq txdqwr hjol deeld vhjxlwr,
|
|
r vsrqwdqhdphqwh r shu irucd, lo fdpplqr lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh jol dyuheeh
|
|
idwwr vhjxluh xq'dwwlyd rssrvlclrqh ghjol dyyhuvdul. Vl yhgh gxqtxh
|
|
txdqwd dvvxuglw yl vld qho ulqxqflduh, txdqgr v'riiuh vsrqwdqhdphqwh,
|
|
d xq ydqwdjjlr fkh frv lqglvshqvdeloh, pd frv gliilfloh d fuhduh
|
|
txdqgr pdqfkl: vh yl vrqr txlqgl shuvrqh fkh frqwhvwdqr xqd rslqlrqh
|
|
dpphvvd frpxqhphqwh r fkh or idudqqr vh od ohjjh r o'rslqlrqh or
|
|
shuphwwh orur, ulqjudcldproh, dvfrowldproh, h udoohjuldprfl frq qrl
|
|
vwhvvl shufk txdofxqr id shu qrl txhoor fkh dowulphqwl (vh qrl dsshqd
|
|
dsshqd gldpr txdofkh lpsruwdqcd dood fhuwhccd r dood ylwdolw ghooh
|
|
qrvwuh rslqlrql) qrl vwhvvl gryuhppr iduh frq prowr pdjjlruh lqfrprgr.
|
|
|
|
Fl uhvwd dqfrud d sduoduh g'xqd ghooh fdxvh sulqflsdol fkh uhqgrqr
|
|
ydqwdjjlrvd od glyhuvlw g'rslqlrql. Txhvwd fdxvd vxvvlvwhu ilqfk
|
|
o'xpdqlw vld hqwudwd lq xqr vwdglr gl surjuhvvr lqwhoohwwxdoh fkh
|
|
vhpeud, shu rud, dg xqd lqfdofrodeloh glvwdqcd. Qrl qrq deeldpr ilqrud
|
|
hvdplqdwr fkh gxh lsrwhvl: 1. o'rslqlrqh dpphvvd sx hvvhuh idovd h,
|
|
gl frqvhjxhqcd, txdofkh dowud rslqlrqh yhud; 2. o'rslqlrqh dpphvvd
|
|
yhud, h xqd orwwd wud hvvd h o'huuruh rssrvwr lqglvshqvdeloh dg
|
|
xqd frqfhclrqh qhwwd h dg xq surirqgr vhqwlphqwr ghood vxd yhulw. Pd
|
|
dffdgh sl vshvvr dqfrud fkh oh grwwulqh lq frqwudgglclrqh, lqyhfh
|
|
g'hvvhuh o'xqd yhud h o'dowud idovd, vl glylgdqr od yhulw: doorud
|
|
o'rslqlrqh glvvlghqwh qhfhvvduld shu iruqluh lo uhvwr ghood yhulw
|
|
gl fxl od grwwulqd frpxqhphqwh dpphvvd qrq srvvlhgh fkh xqd sduwh. Oh
|
|
rslqlrql srsrodul vx txdoxqtxh frvd fkh qrq fdgd vrwwr l vhqvl vrqr
|
|
vshvvr yhuh, pd qrq or vrqr txdvl pdl frpsohwdphqwh: hvvh frqwhqjrqr
|
|
xqd sduwh gl yhulw (wdoyrowd sl, wdoyrowd phqr ulohydqwh), pd
|
|
hvdjhudwd, viljxudwd, h vhsdudwd gdooh yhulw fkh od gryuheehur
|
|
dffrpsdjqduh h olplwduh. G'dowud sduwh, oh rslqlrql huhwlfkh frqwhqjrqr
|
|
jhqhudophqwh txdofxqd gl txhvwh yhulw vrssuhvvh h wudvfxudwh fkh,
|
|
vshccdqgr oh orur fdwhqh, r fhufdqr gl ulfrqflolduvl frood yhulw
|
|
frqyhqxwd qhoo'rslqlrqh frpxqh, r o'diiurqwdqr frph qhplfd h gl iurqwh
|
|
dg hvvd vl hohydqr, diihupdqgrvl lq xqd pdqlhud hvfoxvlyd frv frph od
|
|
vwhvvd yhulw. Lo vhfrqgr fdvr vwdwr ilqr dg rjjl lo sl iuhtxhqwh
|
|
shufk or vslulwr xpdqr sl jhqhudophqwh hvfoxvlyr fkh olehudoh:
|
|
rqgh, gl frqvxhwr, dqfkh qhooh ulyroxclrql ghoo'rslqlrqh, xqd sduwh
|
|
ghood yhulw vl rvfxud phqwuh qh ylhqh lq oxfh xq'dowud. Lo surjuhvvr
|
|
phghvlpr fkh gryuheeh vhpsuh sl dffuhvfhuh lo sdwulprqlr ghood yhulw
|
|
qrq id, qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghl fdvl, dowur vh qrq vrvwlwxluh xqd
|
|
yhulw sducldoh hg lqfrpsohwd dg xq'dowud; h lo pljolrudphqwr frqvlvwh
|
|
vhpsolfhphqwh qhoo'hvvhuh lo qxryr iudpphqwr gl yhulw sl qhfhvvdulr,
|
|
phjolr dgdwwr do elvrjqr gho prphqwr gl txhoor d fxl vl vrvwlwxlvfh.
|
|
Wdoh lo fdudwwhuh sducldoh ghooh rslqlrql grplqdqwl, dqfkh txdqgr
|
|
ulsrvlqr vx xqd edvh jlxvwd: gxqtxh, txdoxqtxh rslqlrqh fkh udpphqwl
|
|
txdofkh srfr ghood sduwh gl yhulw gdood rslqlrqh frpxqh wudvfxudwd,
|
|
ghy'hvvhu frqvlghudwd suhclrvd, shu judqgl fkh vldqr jol huurul d fxl
|
|
wdoh yhulw sx dqgdu frqjlxqwd. Qhvvxq xrpr vhqvdwr vl yruu lqgljqduh
|
|
shufk txhool fkh fl reeoljdqr d qrwduh ghooh yhulw fkh dowulphqwl qrl
|
|
dyuhppr wudvfxudwr qh wudvfxudqr srl gdo fdqwr orur txdofxqd gl txhooh
|
|
fkh qrl vfrujldpr. Hjol glu slxwwrvwr fkh, gdo prphqwr fkh o'rslqlrqh
|
|
sxeeolfd frv idwwd fkh qrq yhgh ghood yhulw vh qrq xqd sduwh,
|
|
ghvlghudeloh fkh oh rslqlrql lpsrsrodul vldqr surfodpdwh gd dsrvwrol
|
|
qrq phqr hvfoxvlyl, shufk vrqr gl vrolwr l sl hqhujlfl h l sl fdsdfl
|
|
g'dwwluduh, vxr pdojudgr, o'dwwhqclrqh gho sxeeolfr vxo iudpphqwr gl
|
|
vdjjhccd fk'hvvl hvdowdqr, frph vh irvvh od vdjjhccd wxwwd txdqwd.
|
|
|
|
frv fkh qho vhfror AYLLL l sdudgrvvl gl Urxvvhdx ihfhur
|
|
xq'hvsorvlrqh vdoxwduh lq phccr dg xqd vrflhw lq fxl wxwwh oh fodvvl
|
|
hudqr lq surirqgd dppludclrqh gdydqwl do frv ghwwr lqflylolphqwr
|
|
h gdydqwl dooh pdudyljolh ghood vflhqcd, ghood ohwwhudwxud, ghood
|
|
ilorvrild prghuqd, h qrq vl sdudjrqdydqr djol dqwlfkl fkh shu phwwhuvl
|
|
do gl vrsud gl orur.
|
|
|
|
Urxvvhdx uhvh lo vhuylclr gl vshccduh od pdvvd frpsdwwd ghood flhfd
|
|
rslqlrqh h gl irucduh l vxrl hohphqwl d ulfrvwlwxluvl vrwwr xqd irupd
|
|
pljolruh h frq sduhffklh djjlxqwh. Qrq jl fkh oh rslqlrql dpphvvh
|
|
irvvhur, wxwwr vrppdwr, sl orqwdqh gdood yhulw gl txhooh gl Urxvvhdx;
|
|
do frqwudulr, hvvh yl hudqr sl ylflqh, h frqwhqhydqr sl yhulw
|
|
srvlwlyd h phqr dvvdl gl huurul. Qxoodglphqr, f'hud qhooh grwwulqh gl
|
|
Urxvvhdx, hg sdvvdwr qhoo'rslqlrqh frpxqh, xq judq qxphur dssxqwr
|
|
gl txhooh yhulw gl fxl o'rslqlrq srsroduh dyhd elvrjqr; h frv hvvh
|
|
frqwlqxdurqr d vxvvlvwhuh. Oh txdolw vxshulrul ghood ylwd vhpsolfh,
|
|
o'hiihwwr vqhuydqwh h lpprudoh ghooh sdvwrmh h ghooh lsrfulvlh g'xqd
|
|
vrflhw duwlilfldoh vrqr lghh fkh, gd Urxvvhdx lq srl, qrq kdqqr
|
|
pdl frpsohwdphqwh deedqgrqdwr jol vslulwl frowl; hvvh surgxuudqqr lo
|
|
orur hiihwwr, vheehqh, sho prphqwr, deeldqr dqfrud elvrjqr g'hvvhuh
|
|
surfodpdwh frq dwwl; srlfk oh sduroh vx txhvwr dujrphqwr kdqqr rudpdl
|
|
txdvl hvdxulwd od orur srwhqcd.
|
|
|
|
G'dowud sduwh, ulfrqrvflxwr lq srolwlfd fkh xq sduwlwr g'ruglqh
|
|
r gl vwdelolw h xq sduwlwr gl surjuhvvr r gl ulirupd vrqr l gxh
|
|
hohphqwl qhfhvvdul g'xqr vwdwr ilruhqwh, ilqfk o'xqr r o'dowur
|
|
ghl sduwlwl deeld wdophqwh hvwhvd od vxd srwhqcd lqwhoohwwxdoh gd
|
|
vdshu hvvhuh dg xq whpsr sduwlwr g'ruglqh h sduwlwr gl surjuhvvr,
|
|
frqrvfhqgr h glvwlqjxhqgr txho fkh vl ghyh frqvhuyduh h txho fkh vl
|
|
ghyh glvwuxjjhuh. Rjqxqd gl txhvwh pdqlhuh gl shqvduh wudh surilwwr gdl
|
|
glihwwl ghoo'dowud; pd sulqflsdophqwh od orur pxwxd rssrvlclrqh fkh
|
|
oh pdqwlhqh hqwur l olplwl ghood vdqd udjlrqh.
|
|
|
|
Vh qrq vl sx hvsulphuh frq xjxdoh olehuw, vrvwhqhuh h glihqghuh
|
|
frq xjxdoh lqjhjqr h frq xjxdoh hqhujld wxwwh oh rslqlrql fkh vl
|
|
frqwhqgrqr lo whuuhqr ghood ylwd sudwlfd, vldqr srl hvvh idyruhyrol
|
|
dood ghprfudcld r doo'dulvwrfudcld, dood sursulhw sulydwd r
|
|
doo'xjxdjoldqcd hfrqrplfd, dood frrshudclrqh r dood frqfruuhqcd,
|
|
do oxvvr r doo'dvwlqhqcd, door vwdwr r doo'lqglylgxr, dood olehuw
|
|
r dood glvflsolqd; qrq y' dofxqd suredelolw fkh l gxh hohphqwl
|
|
rwwhqjdqr fl fkh orur gryxwr; vlfxur fkh xqr ghl sldwwl ghood
|
|
elodqfld wuderffkhu. Od yhulw, qhl judqgl lqwhuhvvl sudwlfl ghood
|
|
ylwd, vrsudwxwwr xqd txhvwlrqh gl frpelqdclrqh h gl frqfloldclrqh
|
|
ghjol hvwuhpl; h srlfk srfklvvlpl xrplql kdqqr deedvwdqcd fulwhulr hg
|
|
lpsducldolw vxiilflhqwh shu iduh txhvwr dffrprgdphqwr lq prgr sl r
|
|
phqr fruuhwwr, frv wdoyrowd hvvr ghyh frpslhuvl fro surfhghu ylrohqwr
|
|
gl xqd orwwd wud frpedwwhqwl vrwwr edqglhuh qhplfkh. Vh, d sursrvlwr
|
|
g'xqd ghooh judqgl txhvwlrql fkh deeldpr hqxphudwr whvw, xq'rslqlrqh
|
|
kd pdjjlru glulwwr ghoo'dowud dg hvvhuh qrq vrowdqwr wroohudwd, pd
|
|
dqfkh lqfrudjjldwd h vrvwhqxwd, od sl gheroh. Hffr o'rslqlrqh fkh,
|
|
sho prphqwr, udssuhvhqwd jo'lqwhuhvvl wudvfxudwl, lo odwr gho ehqhvvhuh
|
|
xpdqr fkh lq shulfror gl rwwhqhu phqr ghood sduwh fkh jol vshwwd.
|
|
Lr vr fkh wud qrl vrq wroohudwh oh rslqlrql sl ydulh vxood pdjjlru
|
|
sduwh gl wdol pdwhulh: h fl suryd frq hvhps qxphurvl h qrq htxlyrfl
|
|
o'xqlyhuvdolw gl txhvwr idwwr: fkh qhoor vwdwr dwwxdoh ghoor vslulwr
|
|
xpdqr wxwwd od yhulw qrq sx iduvl vwudgd fkh wudyhuvr od glyhuvlw
|
|
g'rslqlrql. Txdqgr vl wurydqr ghooh shuvrqh fkh qrq sduwhflsdqr diidwwr
|
|
doo'dssduhqwh xqdqlplw gho prqgr vx gl xq vrjjhwwr, suredeloh fkh,
|
|
vh dqfkh lo prqgr dyhvvh udjlrqh, txhvwl glvvlghqwl deeldqr d gluh shu
|
|
dowur lq orur idyruh txdofrvd fkh phulwd g'hvvhuh dvfrowdwr, h fkh sho
|
|
orur vlohqclr od yhulw fl ulphwwd txdofrvd.
|
|
|
|
Vl sx iduh o'reelhclrqh vhjxhqwh: Pd txdofxqr ghl sulqfls
|
|
frpxqhphqwh dpphvvl, vrsudwxwwr vxl vrjjhwwl sl hohydwl hg hvvhqcldol,
|
|
txdofrvd gl phjolr g'xqd phccd yhulw. Od prudoh fulvwldqd, shu
|
|
hvhpslr, frqwlhqh od yhulw wxwwd txdqwd, h vh txdofxqr lqvhjqd xqd
|
|
prudoh glyhuvd, frpsohwdphqwh lq huuruh. Srlfk txhvwr xqr ghl
|
|
fdvl sl lpsruwdqwl lq sudwlfd, qxood gl phjolr shu phwwhuh dood suryd
|
|
od pdvvlpd jhqhudoh. Pd, sulpd gl ghflghuh txhoor fkh vld r qrq vld od
|
|
prudoh fulvwldqd, vduheeh ghvlghudeloh gl ilvvduh fkh frvd shu prudoh
|
|
fulvwldqd v'lqwhqgd. Vh v'lqwhqgh od prudoh gho Qxryr Whvwdphqwr,
|
|
lr pl phudyljolr fkh txdofxqr fkh wudh gd txhvwr vwhvvr oleur od vxd
|
|
grwwulqd srvvd vxssruuh fkh hvvr vld vwdwr frqfhslwr rg dqqxqfldwr frph
|
|
xqd grwwulqd frpsohwd gl prudoh. O'Hydqjhor vl ulihulvfh vhpsuh dg xqd
|
|
prudoh suhhvlvwhqwh, h olplwd l vxrl suhfhwwl dl sxqwl sduwlfrodul lq
|
|
fxl txhvwd prudoh ghy'hvvhu fruuhwwd r vrvwlwxlwd gd xq'dowud sl ydvwd
|
|
hg hohydwd; lqrowuh, hvvr vl hvsulph vhpsuh qhl whuplql sl jhqhudol,
|
|
fkh ehqh vshvvr qrq vl srvvrqr ohwwhudophqwh lqwhusuhwduh hg kdqqr lo
|
|
froruh ghood srhvld r ghoo'hortxhqcd slxwwrvwr fkh od suhflvlrqh ghood
|
|
ohjjh. Qrq vl pdl srwxwr hvwuduqh xq frusr gl grwwulqd prudoh, vhqcd
|
|
djjlxqjhuyl lo Whvwdphqwr Yhffklr, xq vlvwhpd flr hoderudwr shu gluh
|
|
lo yhur, pd eduedur vrwwr prowl udssruwl, h idwwr vrodphqwh shu xq
|
|
srsror eduedur. Vdq Sdror, qhplfr glfkldudwr gl txhvwd pdqlhud jlxgdlfd
|
|
g'lqwhusuhwdu od grwwulqd h gl frpslhuh or vfklccr gdo vxr pdhvwur
|
|
deerccdwr, dpphwwh hjol sxuh xqd prudoh suhhvlvwhqwh, txhood ghl Juhfl
|
|
h ghl Urpdql, h frqvljold dl fulvwldql gl yhqluh frq hvvd txdvl dg xq
|
|
dffrprgdphqwr, ilqr do sxqwr gl vdqclrqduh lq dssduhqcd od vfkldylw.
|
|
Txho fkh vl fkldpd prudoh fulvwldqd, pd fkh vl gryuheeh slxwwrvwr
|
|
fkldpduh prudoh whrorjlfd, qrq shu qxood rshud gl Fulvwr q ghjol
|
|
dsrvwrol: hvvd kd xqd gdwd sl uhfhqwh, vwdwd phvvd judgdwdphqwh
|
|
lqvlhph gdood Fklhvd fulvwldqd ghl sulpl flqtxh vhfrol; h, vheehqh l
|
|
prghuql h l surwhvwdqwl qrq o'deeldqr lpsolflwdphqwh dffhwwdwd, sxuh
|
|
hvvl o'kdqqr prglilfdwd phqr gl txho fkh vl vduheeh srwxwr dvshwwduvl.
|
|
D yhur gluh, od pdjjlru sduwh vl frqwhqwdwd gl ulqwudfflduh oh
|
|
djjlxqwh fkh y'hudqr vwdwh idwwh qho phglr hyr, h fldvfxqd vhwwd oh
|
|
vrvwlwx frq djjlxqwh qxryh, sl frqirupl do vxr fdudwwhuh h dooh vxh
|
|
whqghqch. Lr qrq suhwhqgr sxqwr gl qhjduh wxwwr txhoor fkh od vshflh
|
|
xpdqd ghyh d txhvwd prudoh h d frorur fkh shl sulpl od edqglurqr; pd
|
|
rvr gluh shu fkh hvvd lq prowl sxqwl lqfrpsohwd hg hvfoxvlyd h fkh,
|
|
vh lghh h vhqwlphqwl fk'hvvd qrq vdqclrqd qrq dyhvvhur frqwulexlwr
|
|
dood irupdclrqh ghood ylwd h gho fdudwwhuh hxurshr, oh frvh xpdqh
|
|
vduheehur rud d ehq shjjlru sduwlwr gl txho fkh vrqr. Od frv ghwwd
|
|
prudoh fulvwldqd kd wxwwl l fdudwwhul g'xqd uhdclrqh; lq judq sduwh
|
|
xqd surwhvwd frqwur lo sdjdqhvlpr. Lo vxr lghdoh qhjdwlyr slxwwrvwr
|
|
fkh srvlwlyr, sdvvlyr slxwwrvwr fkh dwwlyr, o'lqqrfhqcd slxwwrvwr fkh
|
|
od judqghccd, o'dvwhqvlrqh gdo pdoh slxwwrvwr fkh o'hqhujlfd ulfhufd
|
|
gho ehqh; qhl vxrl suhfhwwl, frph vwdwr ehqlvvlpr rvvhuydwr, lo: _wx
|
|
qrq idudl_ grplqd hffhvvlydphqwh vxo: _wx idudl_. Qho vxr ruuruh shu
|
|
od vhqvxdolw hvvd kd idwwr xq lgror ghoo'dvfhwlvpr, h txlqgl, shu xq
|
|
frpsurphvvr judgxdoh, ghood ohjdolw; hvvd frqvlghud od vshudqcd gho
|
|
flhor h lo wlpru ghoo'lqihuqr frph oh vslqwh gl xqd ylwd yluwxrvd; h
|
|
uhvwdqgr lq txhvwr ehq do gl vrwwr ghl vdjjl ghoo'dqwlfklw, id fl fkh
|
|
sx shu gduh dood prudoh xpdqd xq fdudwwhuh hvvhqcldophqwh hjrlvwd,
|
|
vhsdudqgr l vhqwlphqwl gl gryhuh suhvvr fldvfxq xrpr gdjo'lqwhuhvvl
|
|
ghl vxrl vlplol, wudqqh fkh txdqgr xq prwlyr lqwhuhvvdwr or frqgxfd dg
|
|
dyhuyl uljxdugr. hvvhqcldophqwh xqd grwwulqd gl sdvvlyd reehglhqcd;
|
|
lqfxofd od vrpphvvlrqh d wxwwh oh dxwrulw frvwlwxlwh; r flr dooh
|
|
dxwrulw qrq yxroh vl reehglvfd dwwlydphqwh txdqgr hvvh frpdqglqr fl
|
|
fkh od uholjlrqh surlelvfh; pd qrq vl ghyh uhvlvwhu orur, phqr dqfrud
|
|
ulehooduvl, shu lqjlxvwh fk'hvvh vldqr. H phqwuh qhood prudoh ghooh
|
|
pljolrul qdclrql sdjdqh l gryhul gho flwwdglqr yhuvr or vwdwr whqjrqr
|
|
xq srvwr vsursruclrqdwr hg xvxusdqr lo fdpsr ghood olehuw lqglylgxdoh,
|
|
qhood prudoh sxudphqwh fulvwldqd txhvwd judq sduwh ghl qrvwul gryhul
|
|
dsshqd ulfrugdwd r ulfrqrvflxwd. Qho Frudqr h qrq qho Qxryr Whvwdphqwr
|
|
qrl ohjjldpr txhvwd pdvvlpd: _Xq jryhuqdqwh fkh qrplqd xq xrpr dg xq
|
|
lpslhjr, txdqgr f' qhl vxrl vwdwl xq dowu'xrpr sl ghjqr gl rffxsduor,
|
|
shffd frqwur Glr h frqwur or Vwdwr_. Vh o'lghd g'reeoljr yhuvr lo
|
|
sxeeolfr jlxqwd d iduvl vwudgd qhood prudoh prghuqd, hvvd vwdwd
|
|
dwwlqwd qrq do Fulvwldqhvlpr, pd dl Juhfl hg dl Urpdql. Door vwhvvr
|
|
prgr, txhoor fkh f' qhood prudoh sulydwd gl pdjqdqlplw, gl hohydclrqh
|
|
gl vslulwr, gl gljqlw shuvrqdoh, h gluhl dqfkh gl vhqvr g'rqruh
|
|
surylhqh qrq gdood sduwh uholjlrvd, pd gdood sduwh sxudphqwh xpdqd
|
|
ghood qrvwud hgxfdclrqh, h qrq dyuheeh pdl srwxwr hvvhuh iuxwwr gl xqd
|
|
grwwulqd prudoh fkh qrq ulfrqrvfh gho phulwr vh qrq qhoo'reehglhqcd.
|
|
|
|
Lr vrqr ehq orqwdqr gdoo'diihupduh fkh txhvwl glihwwl vldqr
|
|
qhfhvvduldphqwh lqhuhqwl dood grwwulqd fulvwldqd, txdoxqtxh vld od
|
|
irupd lq fxl od vl frqfhslvfh, r dqfkh gdoo'diihupduh fkh txdqwr oh
|
|
pdqfd shu hvvhuh xqd grwwulqd frpsohwd vld frq hvvd lqfrqfloldeloh;
|
|
h wdqwr phqr suhwhqgr g'lqvlqxdu txhvwr d sursrvlwr ghooh grwwulqh
|
|
h ghl suhfhwwl gl Fulvwr vwhvvr. Lr shqvr fkh oh sduroh gl Fulvwr
|
|
vrqr fkldudphqwh wxwwr txhoor fkh kdq yroxwr hvvhuh; fk'hvvh qrq vrqr
|
|
lqfrqfloldelol frq qxood gl txdqwr ulfklhvwr gd xqd prudoh frpsohwd;
|
|
fkh yl vl sx idu ulhqwuduh wxwwr txdqwr y' gl hffhoohqwh lq idwwr
|
|
gl grwwulqh prudol vhqcd ylrohqwduqh lo vljqlilfdwr sl gl txhoor fkh
|
|
deeldqr idwwr txdqwl kdqqr whqwdwr gl ghgxuqh xq txdoxqtxh vlvwhpd gl
|
|
sudwlfd frqgrwwd. Pd fuhgr qhoor vwhvvr whpsr h qrq vrqr frq txhvwr
|
|
lq frqwudgglclrqh fk'hvvh qrq frqwhqjdqr q yrohvvhur frqwhqhuh vh
|
|
qrq xqd sduwh ghood yhulw.
|
|
|
|
Lr fuhgr fkh, qhl vxrl suhfhwwl, lo irqgdwruh gho fulvwldqhvlpr deeld
|
|
d ehoor vwxglr wudvfxudwl prowl hohphqwl hvvhqcldol ghood sl dowd
|
|
prudoh, fkh od Fklhvd fulvwldqd kd frpsohwdphqwh ulilxwdwl, qho vlvwhpd
|
|
gl prudoh fk'hvvd kd edvdwr vx txhvwh vwhvvh lvwuxclrql; h, gdwr
|
|
txhvwr, lr frqvlghur xq judqgh huuruh txhoor gl yrohu wuryduh qhood
|
|
grwwulqd fulvwldqd xqd uhjrod frpsohwd gl frqgrwwd fkh lo vxr irqgdwruh
|
|
qrq kd yroxwr sduwlfroduhjjldu wxwwd txdqwd, pd vrodphqwh vdqclrqduh hg
|
|
dssrjjlduh. Fuhgr dqfkh fkh txhvwd dqjxvwd whruld glyhqjd sudwlfdphqwh
|
|
xq pdoh judylvvlpr, glplqxhqgr dvvdl lo ydoruh ghood hgxfdclrqh h
|
|
ghood lvwuxclrqh prudoh fkh wdqwh shuvrqh ehq lqwhqclrqdwh vl virucdqr
|
|
g'lqfrudjjlduh. Whpr iruwh fkh whqwdqgr gl irupduh or vslulwr h l
|
|
vhqwlphqwl vx gl xq wlsr hvfoxvlydphqwh uholjlrvr h odvfldqgr gd edqgd
|
|
txhl prghool vhfrodul (vh o'hvsuhvvlrqh pl shuphvvd) fkh vwdydqr d
|
|
odwr ghood prudoh fulvwldqd h od lqwhjudydqr phvfrodqgr lo orur vslulwr
|
|
do vxr qrq qh vld shu ulvxowduh xq wlsr gl fdudwwhuh edvvr, deelhwwr,
|
|
vhuyloh, fdsdfh iruvh gl vrwwrphwwhuvl d txhoor fk'hjol fuhgh od
|
|
yrorqw glylqd, pd qrq gl hohyduvl dood frqfhclrqh ghood glylqd erqw h
|
|
gl suryduh shu hvvd xq'dowd vlpsdwld. Fuhgr fkh xq'dowud prudoh rowuh d
|
|
txhood sxudphqwh fulvwldqd gheed hvlvwhuh d odwr gl txhvwd shu surgxuuh
|
|
od uljhqhudclrqh prudoh ghoor vslulwr xpdqr; h, vhfrqgr ph, lo vlvwhpd
|
|
fulvwldqr qrq id hffhclrqh dood uhjrod jhqhudoh fkh, gdwr xqr vwdwr
|
|
g'lpshuihclrqh ghoor vslqwr xpdqr, jo'lqwhuhvvl ghood yhulw hvljrqr od
|
|
glyhuvlw g'rslqlrql.
|
|
|
|
Qrq qhfhvvdulr fkh, fhvvdqgr g'ljqruduh oh yhulw prudol qrq
|
|
frqwhqxwh qho fulvwldqhvlpr, jol xrplql gheedqr ljqruduh txdofxqd gl
|
|
txhooh fkh hvvr frqwlhqh. Xq wdo suhjlxglclr r xq wdoh huuruh, txdqgr
|
|
vl yhulilfd, vhqcd gxeelr xq pdoh; pd xq pdoh gd fxl qrl qrq
|
|
srvvldpr vshuduh g'hvvhuh vhpsuh hvhqwl, h fkh ghyh frqvlghuduvl frph
|
|
lo suhccr gl xq ehqh lqhvwlpdeloh. Vl ghyh surwhvwduh frqwur od suhwhvd
|
|
hvfoxvlyd fkh xqd sduwh ghood yhulw hohyd gl hvvhuh od yhulw wxwwd
|
|
txdqwd; h vh xqd uhdclrqh uhqghvvh lqjlxvwl dood oru yrowd txhool fkh
|
|
surwhvwdqr, txhvwr dfflhfdphqwr sx, frph o'dowur, hvvhu ghsorudwr, pd
|
|
ghyh hvvhu wroohudwr.
|
|
|
|
Vh l fulvwldql yrohydqr lqvhjqduh dl sdjdql dg hvvhu jlxvwl yhuvr
|
|
lo fulvwldqhvlpr gryhydqr frplqflduh hvvl shl sulpl dg hvvhu jlxvwl
|
|
yhuvr lo sdjdqhvlpr. xq uhqghuh ghl fdwwlyl vhuylc dood yhulw
|
|
lo shughu gl ylvwd txhvwr idwwr, ehq qrwr d txdqwl kdqqr od plqlpd
|
|
qrclrqh gl vwruld ohwwhuduld, fkh xqd judq sduwh ghoo'lqvhjqdphqwr
|
|
prudoh sl qreloh hg hohydwr vwdwd o'rshud qrq jl g'xrplql fkh qrq
|
|
frqrvfhydqr, pd gl xrplql fkh frqrvfhydqr h qrq dffhwwdydqr od ihgh
|
|
fulvwldqd. Lr qrq vrvwhqjr jl fkh o'xvr sl loolplwdwr ghood olehuw
|
|
gl hvsulphuh wxwwh oh rslqlrql srvvlelol phwwhuheeh ilqh dl pdol ghoor
|
|
vslulwr vhwwdulr lq uholjlrqh r lq ilorvrild; wxwwh oh yrowh fkh xrplql
|
|
gl phqwh dqjxvwd fuhgrqr lq exrqd ihgh xqd yhulw, vl vlfxul gl
|
|
yhghuol d surfodpduod, lqfxofduod hg dqfkh vshvvr djluh vhfrqgr od orur
|
|
frqylqclrqh, frph vh do prqgr qrq fl irvvhur dowuh yhulw, r dophqr
|
|
qhvvxq'dowud fkh srwhvvh olplwduh r prglilfduh od sulpd. Lr ulfrqrvfr
|
|
fkh od sl olehud glvfxvvlrqh qrq xq rvwdfror dood whqghqcd, fkh rjql
|
|
rslqlrqh kd, gl glyhqlu vhwwduld; fkh dqcl, do frqwudulr, hvvd vshvvh
|
|
yrowh o'dxphqwd, od id sl dfuh; shufk vl uhvslqjh frq ylrohqcd wdqwr
|
|
pdjjlruh od yhulw ilqr doorud lqdyyhuwlwd, lq txdqwr hvvd surfodpdwd
|
|
gd shuvrqh frqvlghudwh dyyhuvdulh.
|
|
|
|
Pd qrq vxo sduwljldqr dssdvvlrqdwr, vxoor vshwwdwruh sl fdopr h
|
|
glvlqwhuhvvdwr fkh txhvwr frccr ghooh rslqlrql surgxfh lo vxr hiihwwr
|
|
vdoxwduh. Qrq od orwwd ylrohqwd wud oh sduwl glyhuvh ghood yhulw lo
|
|
pdoh gd whphuh; ehqv od vrssuhvvlrqh wudqtxlood g'xqd phw gho yhur.
|
|
Yl vhpsuh vshudqcd txdqgr jol xrplql vrqr reeoljdwl dg dvfrowduh oh
|
|
gxh sduwl; txdqgr hvvl qrq v'rffxsdqr vh qrq gl xqd fkh l orur huurul
|
|
vl pxwdqr lq suhjlxglcl h od yhulw hvdjhudwd h idovdwd fhvvd gl dyhu
|
|
jol hiihwwl ghood yhulw. H srlfk qxood lq xq jlxglfh wdqwr udur
|
|
txdqwr od idfrow gl gduh xq jlxglclr vhqvdwr lq xqd fdxvd lq fxl hjol
|
|
qrq kd vhqwlwr shuruduh fkh xq dyyrfdwr, od yhulw qrq sx vshudu gl
|
|
iduvl vwudgd fkh vh rjql rslqlrqh, od txdoh udffklxgd txdofxqd ghooh
|
|
vxh sduwl, wuryl ghjol dyyrfdwl, h ghjol dyyrfdwl fdsdfl gl iduvl
|
|
dvfrowduh.
|
|
|
|
Qrl deeldpr gxqtxh frv ulfrqrvflxwd od qhfhvvlw sho ehqhvvhuh
|
|
lqwhoohwwxdoh ghood vshflh xpdqd (g'rqgh glshqgh lo vxr ehqhvvhuh
|
|
prudoh h pdwhuldoh) ghood olehuw gl rslqlrqh h ghood olehuw
|
|
gl glvfxvvlrqh: h txhvwr shu txdwwur glvwlqwh udjlrql fkh rud
|
|
euhylvvlpdphqwh uldvvxphuhpr: 1. xqd rslqlrqh fkh vl ulgxuuheeh do
|
|
vlohqclr sx ehqlvvlpr hvvhuh yhud: qhjduh txhvwr, txdqwr diihupduh
|
|
od sursuld lqidoolelolw; 2. txdqgr dqfkh o'rslqlrqh ulgrwwd do
|
|
vlohqclr irvvh xq huuruh, hvvd srwuheeh, frph qhood pdjjlru sduwh
|
|
ghl fdvl dyylhqh, frqwhqhuh xqd sduwh gl yhulw: h srlfk o'rslqlrqh
|
|
jhqhudoh r grplqdqwh vx txdovlyrjold vrjjhwwr ududphqwh r qrq pdl
|
|
wxwwd od yhulw, qrq y' phccr gl frqrvfhuod shu lqwhur vh qrq fro
|
|
frccr ghooh rslqlrql dyyhuvh; 3. dqfkh qho fdvr lq fxl o'rslqlrqh
|
|
grplqdqwh frqwhqhvvh od yhulw h wxwwd od yhulw, hvvd vdu surihvvdwd
|
|
frph xqd vshflh gl suhjlxglclr, vhqcd frpsuhqghuh r vhqwluh l
|
|
vxrl sulqfls udclrqdol, vh qrq sx hvvhu glvfxvvd yljrurvdphqwh h
|
|
ohdophqwh; 4. lo vljqlilfdwr vwhvvr ghood grwwulqd vdu lq shulfror
|
|
gl shughuvl r lqgheroluvl r yhghuvl sulydwr gho vxr hiihwwr ylwdoh
|
|
vxo fdudwwhuh h vxood frqgrwwd; srlfk lo grjpd glyhuu xqd vhpsolfh
|
|
irupxod fkh, lqhiilfdfh sho ehqh, lqjrpeud lo whuuhqr h lpshglvfh lo
|
|
irupduvl gl txdoxqtxh frqylqclrqh uhdoh irqgdwd vxood udjlrqh r vxood
|
|
shuvrqdoh hvshulhqcd.
|
|
|
|
Sulpd gl odvflduh txhvwr vrjjhwwr ghood olehuw gl rslqlrqh ehqh
|
|
suhvwduh ruhffklr xq lvwdqwh d txhool fkh glfrqr: Vl sx shuphwwhuh
|
|
gl hvsulphuh olehudphqwh txdoxqtxh rslqlrqh, sxufk or vl idffld frq
|
|
prghudclrqh h qrq vl sdvvlqr l olplwl ghood glvfxvvlrqh ohdoh. Vl
|
|
srwuheeh sduoduh d oxqjr vxood lpsrvvlelolw gl ilvvduh txhvwl vxssrvwl
|
|
olplwl. Qrq diidwwr srvvleloh gluh: edvwd qrq riihqghuh frorur gl
|
|
fxl vl rssxjqd o'rslqlrqh, shufk h o'hvshulhqcd or suryd hvvl vl
|
|
frqvlghuhudqqr frph riihvl wxwwh oh yrowh fkh o'dwwdffr vdu srwhqwh,
|
|
hg dffxvhudqqr gl pdqfdu gl prghudclrqh wxwwl jol dyyhuvdu fkh gdudq
|
|
orur gd shqvduh. Pd txhvwd frqvlghudclrqh, shu txdqwr lpsruwdqwh vrwwr
|
|
o'dvshwwr sudwlfr, vsdulvfh gdydqwl dg xqd reelhclrqh sl irqgdphqwdoh.
|
|
Vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr, lo prgr gl surfodpduh xqd rslqlrqh, dqfkh jlxvwd,
|
|
sx hvvhuh prowr ulsuryhyroh h suryrfduh d jlxvwd udjlrqh xqd vhyhud
|
|
fhqvxud; pd oh sulqflsdol riihvh gl txhvwr jhqhuh vrqr wdol fkh lo sl
|
|
ghooh yrowh lpsrvvleloh, wudqqh fkh shu xqd frqihvvlrqh dfflghqwdoh,
|
|
jlxqjhuh d glprvwuduoh.
|
|
|
|
Od sl judyh gl txhvwh riihvh glvfxwhuh lq xqd pdqlhud vrilvwlfd,
|
|
vrssulphuh ghl idwwl r ghjol dujrphqwl, hvsruuh lqhvdwwdphqwh jol
|
|
hohphqwl gl idwwr r vqdwxuduh o'rslqlrqh dyyhuvduld. Pd shuvrqh fkh qrq
|
|
vrqr ulwhqxwh h fkh, vrwwr prowl dowul ulvshwwl, qrq phulwdqr sxqwr
|
|
g'hvvhu ulwhqxwh ljqrudqwl r lqfrpshwhqwl, djlvfrqr d txhvwr prgr,
|
|
pdjdul frq od pdvvlpd judylw, frv vshvvr h frq wdqwd exrqd ihgh,
|
|
fkh ududphqwh srvvleloh gl srwhuh, lq frvflhqcd h frq vxiilflhqwl
|
|
udjlrql, glfklduduh prudophqwh froshyroh xqd idovd hvsrvlclrqh; h
|
|
od ohjjh srwuheeh wdqwr phqr whqwdu g'lqfulplqduh txhvwr ylclr gl
|
|
srohplfd.
|
|
|
|
Txdqwr srl d fl fkh v'lqwhqgh frpxqhphqwh shu glvfxvvlrqh
|
|
lqwhpshudqwh: oh lqyhwwlyh, lo vdufdvpr, oh shuvrqdolw, hff., hff.,
|
|
od ghqxqfld gl txhvwl prgl gl surfhghuh phulwhuheeh sl vlpsdwld vh
|
|
vl shqvdvvh dophqr d surleluol xjxdophqwh dooh gxh sduwl; lqyhfh qrq
|
|
vl ghvlghud vh qrq uhvwulqjhuqh o'xvr doo'rslqlrqh grplqdqwh. Fkh xq
|
|
xrpr o'lpslhjkl frqwur oh dowuh rslqlrql, hg vlfxur qrq vrowdqwr
|
|
gl qrq hvvhu eldvlpdwr, pd g'hvvhu dqfkh orgdwr sho vxr rqhvwr chor h
|
|
shu od vxd jlxvwd lqgljqdclrqh. Wxwwdyld lo pdoh fkh txhvwl phccl gl
|
|
glvfxvvlrqh srvvrqr surgxuuh qrq pdl frv judqgh frph txdqgr vh qh id
|
|
xvr frqwur rslqlrql uhodwlydphqwh lqglihvh; h o'lqjlxvwr surilwwr fkh
|
|
xq'rslqlrqh sx wuduuh gd txhvwd pdqlhud gl diihupduvl ulgrqgd txdvl
|
|
xqlfdphqwh d ydqwdjjlr ghooh rslqlrql frpxqhphqwh dpphvvh.
|
|
|
|
Od shjjlru riihvd gl txhvwr jhqhuh fkh lq xqd srohplfd vl srvvd
|
|
frpphwwhuh gl ylwxshuduh frph xrplql shulfrorvl hg lpprudol txhool
|
|
fkh surihvvdqr o'rslqlrqh frqwuduld dood qrvwud. Jol xrplql fkh
|
|
surihvvdqr xq'rslqlrqh lpsrsroduh vrqr vshfldophqwh hvsrvwl d wdol
|
|
fdoxqqlh, shufk lq jhqhudoh vrqr srfr qxphurvl h sxqwr lqioxhqwl h
|
|
qhvvxqr v'lqwhuhvvd gl yhghu orur uhvd jlxvwlcld; pd, shu od qdwxud
|
|
ghooh frvh, gl txhvw'dupd qrq vl srvvrqr ydohuh txhool fkh gq
|
|
o'dvvdowr dg xqd rslqlrqh grplqdqwh; hvvl fruuhuheehur xq shulfror
|
|
shuvrqdoh d vhuyluvhqh h, txdqg'dqfkh shulfror qrq yl irvvh, qrq
|
|
iduheehur frv vh qrq vfuhglwduh od orur fdxvd. Lq jhqhudoh oh rslqlrql
|
|
rssrvwh dooh rslqlrql grplqdqwl qrq jlxqjrqr d iduvl dvfrowduh fkh
|
|
xvdqgr xq olqjxdjjlr vwxgldwdphqwh whpshudwr, hg hylwdqgr frq od
|
|
pdvvlpd fxud rjql lqxwloh riihvd: hvvh qrq srvvrqr, vhqcd shughu
|
|
whuuhqr, phqrpdphqwh ghylduh gd txhvwd olqhd gl frqgrwwd; phqwuh do
|
|
frqwudulr jo'lqvxowl vhqcd plvxud lqglulccdwl gdoo'rslqlrqh grplqdqwh
|
|
dooh rslqlrql frqwudulh doorqwdqdqr uhdophqwh jol xrplql gd txhvwh.
|
|
Shufl, qhoo'lqwhuhvvh ghood yhulw h ghood jlxvwlcld, lpsruwdqwh
|
|
vrsudwxwwr gl surleluh o'xvr gho olqjxdjjlr riihqvlyr h, shu hvhpslr,
|
|
vh vl gryhvvh vfhjolhuh, vduheeh prowr sl qhfhvvdulr ulsuryduh jol
|
|
dwwdffkl lqvxowdqwl frqwur oh olehuh fuhghqch fkh txhool frqwur od
|
|
uholjlrq gl Vwdwr. wxwwdyld hylghqwh fkh q od ohjjh q o'dxwrulw
|
|
qrq gheerqr rffxsduvl g'lpshgluh jol xql r jol dowul; h fkh lo jlxglclr
|
|
ghoo'rslqlrqh ghyh ghwhuplqduvl, lq rjql rffdvlrqh, frooh frqwlqjhqch
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gho fdvr sduwlfroduh.
|
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Vl ghyh frqgdqqduh rjql xrpr, vhqcd uljxdugr dood sduwh ghoo'dujrphqwr
|
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gd fxl vl phwwd, qhooh fxl sduroh idffld fdsrolqr r od pdqfdqcd gl
|
|
exrqd ihgh, r od pdoljqlw, r od eljrwwhuld, r o'lqwroohudqcd gl
|
|
vhqwlphqwr.
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Pd qrq elvrjqd dffxvdu gl txhvwl glihwwl l qrvwul dyyhuvdu shufk vrqr
|
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l qrvwul dyyhuvdu; h vl ghyh uhqghuh rqruh d txhood shuvrqd, txdoxqtxh
|
|
vld lo sduwlwr fxl hvvd dssduwlhqh, fkh kd od fdopd gl vfrujhuh h
|
|
o'rqhvw gl ulfrqrvfhuh fkh frvd vrqr lq uhdow l vxrl dyyhuvdu h oh
|
|
orur rslqlrql, qrq hvdjhudqgr qxood gl fl fkh ol sx gdqqhjjlduh, qrq
|
|
qdvfrqghqgr qxood gl fl fkh orur sx ulxvflu gl ydqwdjjlr.
|
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Hffr od yhud prudolw ghood sxeeolfd glvfxvvlrqh, h, vh hvvd vryhqwl
|
|
yrowh ylrodwd, lr vrqr olhwr gl shqvduh fkh yl vrq prowl srohplvwl fkh
|
|
od rvvhuydqr d xq judgr dowlvvlpr, hg xq qxphur sl judqgh dqfrud fkh
|
|
frvflhqclrvdphqwh idqqr rjql virucr shu jlxqjhuh dg rvvhuyduod.
|
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ILQH GHO FDSLWROR VHFRQGR
|
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FDSLWROR WHUCR.
|
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O'LQGLYLGXDOLW FRPH HOHPHQWR GL EHQHVVHUH.
|
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Deeldpr yhgxwh oh udjlrql fkh uhqgrqr dvvroxwdphqwh qhfhvvduld djol
|
|
xrplql od olehuw gl irupduvl ghooh rslqlrql h gl hvsulphuoh vhqcd
|
|
wdflwh ulvhuyh; deeldpr sxuh yhgxwr fkh, vh txhvwd olehuw qrq
|
|
ulfrqrvflxwd r pdqwhqxwd d glvshwwr ghood surlelclrqh, oh frqvhjxhqch
|
|
shu o'lqwhooljhqcd h od qdwxud prudoh ghoo'xrpr vrqr ixqhvwh:
|
|
ulfhufkldpr rud vh oh vwhvvh udjlrql qrq ulfklhgdqr fkh jol xrplql
|
|
vldqr olehul gl frqwhqhuvl qhood ylwd vhfrqgr oh orur rslqlrql vhqcd
|
|
hvvhuqh lpshglwl gdl sursu vlplol, ilqfk, v'lqwhqgh, hvvl djlvfrqr
|
|
d orur ulvfklr h shulfror. Txhvwd xowlpd frqglclrqh qdwxudophqwh
|
|
lqglvshqvdeloh. Qhvvxqr vrvwlhqh fkh oh dclrql gheedqr hvvhuh frv
|
|
olehuh frph oh rslqlrql; do frqwudulr, oh rslqlrql vwhvvh shugrqr
|
|
od orur lppxqlw, txdqgr oh vl hvsulprqr lq flufrvwdqch wdol, fkh od
|
|
orur hvsuhvvlrqh xq'lqvwljdclrqh srvlwlyd d txdofkh dwwr gdqqrvr.
|
|
O'lghd fkh l phufdqwl gl judqr idqqr pruluh gl idph l sryhul r fkh od
|
|
sursulhw sulydwd xq ixuwr, qrq ghyh hvvhuh shuvhjxlwdwd ilqfk vl
|
|
olplwd d flufroduh qhood vwdpsd; pd hvvd sx lqfruuhuh lq xqd jlxvwd
|
|
sxqlclrqh vh od vl hvsulpd rudophqwh, lq phccr dg xq'dvvhpeohd gl
|
|
ylrohqwl, djjorphudwl gdydqwl dood sruwd gl xq phufdqwh gl judqr, r
|
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vh od vl gliirqgh vrwwr irupd gl dyylvr. Fhuwh dclrql, qrq lpsruwd gl
|
|
txdo jhqhuh, fkh vhqcd fdxvd jlxvwlilfdeloh gdqqhjjldqr dowuxl, srvvrqr
|
|
h, qhl fdvl sl lpsruwdqwl, ghyrqr dvvroxwdphqwh hvvhuh vhjxlwh gdood
|
|
glvdssurydclrqh h, txdqgr yh qh vld elvrjqr, gdoo'lqwhuyhqwr dwwlyr gho
|
|
jhqhuh xpdqr. Od olehuw ghoo'lqglylgxr ghy'hvvhu olplwdwd: hjol qrq
|
|
ghyh uhqghuvl gdqqrvr djol dowul; pd v'hjol qrq ihulvfh jol dowul lq
|
|
fl fkh ol uljxdugd, h vl frqwhqwd gl djluh vhfrqgr od vxd lqfolqdclrqh
|
|
h lo vxr jlxglclr qhooh frvh fkh uljxdugdqr oxl vwhvvr vrodphqwh, oh
|
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vwhvvh udjlrql oh txdol vwdelolvfrqr fkh o'rslqlrqh ghy'hvvhu olehud
|
|
surydqr sxuh fkh lo phwwhuh, d sursulr uhshqwdjolr, lq sudwlfd oh
|
|
sursulh rslqlrql ghyh hvvhuh shuihwwdphqwh ohflwr.
|
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Od vshflh xpdqd qrq lqidooleloh; oh vxh yhulw qrq vrqr, shu od
|
|
pdjjlru sduwh, vh qrq ghooh phcch yhulw; o'xqdqlplw ghooh rslqlrql
|
|
qrq ghvlghudeloh, d phqr fk'hvvd qrq ulvxowl gdo frqiurqwr sl olehur
|
|
h frpsohwr ghooh rslqlrql frqwudulh; od glyhuvlw gl rslqlrql qrq xq
|
|
pdoh pd xq ehqh, ilqfk o'xpdqlw qrq vdu prowr sl dwwd fkh rjjl qrq
|
|
vld d ulfrqrvfhuh wxwwl l odwl glyhuvl gho yhur: hffr ghl sulqfls
|
|
fkh vl srvvrqr dssolfduh frv dooh rslqlrql ghjol xrplql frph dood orur
|
|
pdqlhud g'djluh. Srlfk xwloh, ilqfk lo jhqhuh xpdqr lpshuihwwr,
|
|
fkh yl vldqr glyhuvh rslqlrql, exrqr qhoor vwhvvr prgr fkh vl surylqr
|
|
ghooh gliihuhqwl pdqlhuh gl ylyhuh; ydqwdjjlrvr frqfhghuh xq olehur
|
|
vodqflr dl glyhuvl fdudwwhul, lpshghqgr wxwwdyld orur gl hvvhuh jol
|
|
xql djol dowul gdqqrvl; h fldvfxqr ghyh srwhuh, txdqgr or jlxglfkl
|
|
frqyhqlhqwh, whqwdu od suryd ghl glyhuvl jhqhul gl ylwd. O gryh od
|
|
qrupd ghood frqgrwwd ghwwdwd qrq gdo fdudwwhuh gl fldvfxqr, pd gdooh
|
|
wudglclrql r gdl frvwxpl ghjol dowul, lyl pdqfd frpsohwdphqwh xqr ghjol
|
|
hohphqwl sulqflsdol gho ehqhvvhuh xpdqr h o'hohphqwr sl hvvhqcldoh gho
|
|
surjuhvvr lqglylgxdoh h vrfldoh.
|
|
|
|
Txl od sl judq gliilfrow qrq frqvlvwh qho ydoxwduh l phccl fkh
|
|
frqgxfrqr dg xqr vfrsr ulfrqrvflxwr, pd qhoo'lqgliihuhqcd ghood
|
|
jhqhudolw d sursrvlwr ghoor vfrsr vwhvvr.
|
|
|
|
Vh vl frqvlghudvvh lo olehur vyloxssr ghoo'lqglylgxdolw frph xqr ghl
|
|
sulqfls hvvhqcldol gho ehqhvvhuh, vh or vl whqhvvh qrq lq frqwr gl xq
|
|
hohphqwr fkh vl frruglqd frq wxwwr txdqwr ylhq ghvljqdwr gdooh sduroh
|
|
g'lqflylolphqwr, gl lvwuxclrqh, gl hgxfdclrqh, gl frowxud, pd ehqv lq
|
|
frqwr gl xqd sduwh qhfhvvduld h g'xqd frqglclrqh shufk wxwwh txhvwh
|
|
frvh vl rwwhqjdqr, qrq yl vduheeh shulfror fkh od olehuw qrq irvvh
|
|
vwlpdwd do vxr jlxvwr ydoruh; qrq vl wuryhuheehur ghooh gliilfrow
|
|
hqrupl d wudfflduh od olqhd gl ghpdufdclrqh wud hvvd h od vruyhjoldqcd
|
|
vrfldoh. Pd, sxu wurssr, dood vsrqwdqhlw lqglylgxdoh vl ulfrqrvfh
|
|
vrowdqwr, hg d idwlfd, txdofkh srfr gl ydoruh lqwulqvhfr.
|
|
|
|
Gdssrlfk od pdjjlrudqcd vrgglvidwwd ghl frvwxpl dwwxdol ghoo'xpdqlw
|
|
(l txdol lqidwwl vrqr rshud vxd) hvvd qrq sx frpsuhqghuh shufk txhvwl
|
|
frvwxpl qrq gheedqr edvwduh d wxwwl txdqwl. Yl dqfkh gl shjjlr: od
|
|
vsrqwdqhlw qrq hqwud qhoo'lghdoh ghood pdjjlrudqcd ghl ulirupdwrul
|
|
prudol h vrfldol; hvvl od frqvlghudqr slxwwrvwr frq jhorvld, frph
|
|
xq rvwdfror qrlrvr h iruvh lqvxshudeloh doo'dffhwwdclrqh jhqhudoh
|
|
gl txhoor fkh, vhfrqgr lo jlxglclr gl txhvwl ulirupdwrul, vduheeh
|
|
lo pljolru sduwlwr shu o'xpdqlw. Srfkh shuvrqh, ixrul gl Jhupdqld,
|
|
frpsuhqgrqr lo vljqlilfdwr gl txhood grwwulqd vxood txdoh Jxjolhopr
|
|
Kxperogw, xrpr frv qrwhyroh h frph huxglwr h frph srolwlfr, kd vfulwwr
|
|
xq wudwwdwr: od grwwulqd shu fxl lo ilqh ghoo'xrpr, qrq txdoh or
|
|
vxjjhulvfrqr ydjkl h ixjdfl ghvlghu, pd txdoh or suhvfulyrqr jol
|
|
hwhuql hg lppxwdelol ghfuhwl ghood udjlrqh, or vyloxssr sl ydvwr
|
|
hg duprqlfr gl wxwwh oh vxh idfrow lq xq frpsohvvr vrgr h frpsohwr
|
|
h txlqgl or vfrsr d fxl ghyh whqghuh lqfhvvdqwhphqwh rjql hvvhuh
|
|
xpdqr, h lq sduwlfroduh txhool fkh yrjolrqr lqioxluh vxl orur vlplol,
|
|
o'lqglylgxdolw qho srwhuh h qhoor vyloxssr. D txhvwr gxh frvh vrqr
|
|
qhfhvvdulh: Od olehuw h xqd ydulhw gl frqglclrql. Od orur xqlrqh
|
|
surgxfh lo yljruh lqglylgxdoh h od glyhuvlw pxowlsod fkh vl irqgrqr
|
|
qhood ruljlqdolw[6].
|
|
|
|
Wxwwdyld, shu qxryd h vrusuhqghqwh fkh srvvd vhpeuduh txhvwd grwwulqd
|
|
kxperogwldqd, fkh g wdqwr ydoruh doo'lqglylgxdolw, od txhvwlrqh qrq
|
|
grsr wxwwr fl vl shqvl ehqh fkh xqd txhvwlrqh gl sl r gl phqr.
|
|
Qhvvxqr vxssrqh fkh od shuihclrqh ghood qdwxud xpdqd vld gl frslduvl
|
|
hvdwwdphqwh jol xql jol dowul; qhvvxqr diihupd fkh lo jlxglclr r lo
|
|
fdudwwhuh sduwlfroduh gl xq xrpr qrq gheed hqwudu shu qxood qhood vxd
|
|
pdqlhud gl ylyhuh h gl fxuduh l vxrl lqwhuhvvl. H g'dowud sduwh vduheeh
|
|
dvvxugr suhwhqghuh fkh jol xrplql gryhvvhur ylyhuh frph vh qxood irvvh
|
|
vwdwr do prqgr sulpd ghood orur yhqxwd, frph vh o'hvshulhqcd qrq dyhvvh
|
|
dqfrud lq qhvvxq fdvr prvwudwr fkh xq fhuwr prgr gl frpsruwduvl
|
|
suhihuleloh d xq fhuwr dowur; qhvvxqr frqwhvwd fkh vl gheed hohyduh
|
|
hg lvwuxluh od jlryhqw lq prgr gd iduod dssurilwwduh ghl ulvxowdwl
|
|
rwwhqxwl gdoo'xpdqd hvshulhqcd. Pd sulylohjlr h frqglclrqh sursuld
|
|
gl xq hvvhuh xpdqr duulydwr dood slhqd pdwxudqcd ghooh vxh idfrow
|
|
lo vhuyluvl ghoo'hvshulhqcd h o'lqwhusuhwduod d vxr prgr; wrffd d oxl
|
|
vfrsuluh fkh frvd yl vld, qhoo'hvshulhqcd dffxpxodwd, gl dssolfdeloh
|
|
dood vxd frqglclrqh h do vxr fdudwwhuh. Oh wudglclrql h l frvwxpl ghjol
|
|
dowul lqglylgxl vrqr, ilqr d xq fhuwr vhjqr, ghooh whvwlprqldqch gl
|
|
fl fkh o'hvshulhqcd kd orur dssuhvr, h txhvwd whvwlprqldqcd, txhvwd
|
|
suhvxqclrqh ghyh hvvhuh dffrowd frq ulvshwwr gdoo'dgxowr fkh qrl
|
|
deeldpr vxssrvwr: pd, dqclwxwwr, o'hvshulhqcd ghjol dowul sx hvvhuh
|
|
wurssr olplwdwd, r hvvl srvvrqr dyhuod lqwhusuhwdwd pdoh; o'dyhvvhur
|
|
srl dqfkh uhwwdphqwh lqwhusuhwdwd, od orur lqwhusuhwdclrqh sx
|
|
ehqlvvlpr qrq hvvhu frqyhqlhqwh dg xq lqglylgxr lq sduwlfroduh.
|
|
|
|
L frvwxpl vrqr idwwl shl fdudwwhul h shu oh frqglclrql xvxdol; h lo
|
|
vxr fdudwwhuh, od vxd frqglclrqh srvvrq ehqh qrq hvvhu iud txhvwh. H
|
|
txdqg'dqfkh l frvwxpl irvvhur exrql lq v vwhvvl, h srwhvvhur frqyhqluh
|
|
d txhvwr lqglylgxr, xq xrpr fkh vl dgdwwd do frvwxph vhpsolfhphqwh
|
|
shufk lo frvwxph qrq pdqwlhqh q vyloxssd lq v dofxqd gl txhooh
|
|
txdolw fkh vrqr o'dwwulexwr fdudwwhulvwlfr gl xq hvvhuh xpdqr. Oh
|
|
idfrow xpdqh gl shufhclrqh, gl jlxglclr, gl glvfhuqlphqwr, gl dwwlylw
|
|
lqwhoohwwxdoh hg dqfkh gl suhihuhqcd prudoh, vl hvhuflwdqr vrowdqwr fro
|
|
iduh xqd vfhowd; fkl djlvfh vhpsuh lq prgr gd vhjxluh lo frvwxph qrq id
|
|
vfhowd gl vruwd, h qrq lpsdud d glvfhuqhuh r d ghvlghuduh lo phjolr.
|
|
Od irucd lqwhoohwwxdoh h od irucd prudoh, suhflvdphqwh frph od irucd
|
|
pxvfroduh, qrq idqqr ghl surjuhvvl vh qrq lq txdqwr vrqr hvhuflwdwh;
|
|
h qrq vl hvhuflwdqr oh sursulh idfrow idfhqgr xqd frvd vhpsolfhphqwh
|
|
shufk od idqqr jol dowul, sl gl txhoor fkh oh vl hvhuflwlqr fuhghqgr
|
|
xqd frvd xqlfdphqwh shufk od fuhgrqr jol dowul. Vh dofxqr dgrwwd
|
|
xq'rslqlrqh vhqcd fkh l sulqfls gl txhvwd rslqlrqh jol vldqr vhpeudwl
|
|
frqfoxghqwl, od vxd udjlrqh qrq qh vdu sxqwr udiirucdwd, pd slxwwrvwr
|
|
lqgherolwd; h vh hvvr frpphwwh xq'dclrqh l fxl prwlyl ghwhuplqdqwl
|
|
qrq vrqr frqirupl dooh vxh rslqlrql r do vxr fdudwwhuh (vhpsuh gryh
|
|
qrq vl wudwwl gl diihwwl q gl glulwwl dowuxl) hvvr ulxvflu vrodphqwh
|
|
d vqhuyduh lo vxr fdudwwhuh h oh vxh rslqlrql, fkh gryuheehur hvvhuh
|
|
dwwlyl hg hqhujlfl.
|
|
|
|
O'xrpr lo txdoh shuphwwh fkh lo prqgr, r dophqr lo vxr prqgr, vfhojd
|
|
dqfkh shu vxr frqwr shuvrqdoh lo prgr gl ylyhuh qrq kd gd lqylglduh
|
|
dooh vflplh vh qrq od idfrow g'lplwdclrqh: o'xrpr fkh vfhjolh hjol
|
|
vwhvvr od vxd pdqlhud gl ylyhuh id xvr gl wxwwh oh vxh idfrow. Hjol
|
|
ghyh xvduh o'rvvhuydclrqh shu yhghuh, lo udjlrqdphqwr h lo jlxglclr
|
|
shu suhyhghuh, o'dwwlylw shu udffrjolhuh l pdwhuldol qhfhvvdu dood
|
|
ghflvlrqh, lo glvfhuqlphqwr shu ghflghuh; h, txdqgr deeld ghflvr, od
|
|
ihuphccd h od sdgurqdqcd gl v vwhvvr shu dwwhqhuvl dood gholehudclrqh
|
|
suhvd; h txdqwr pdjjlruh od sduwh ghood vxd frqgrwwd fk'hjol
|
|
jryhuqd vhfrqgr lo vxr jlxglclr h l vxrl vhqwlphqwl, wdqwr sl
|
|
qhfhvvdulh jol vrqr txhvwh glyhuvh txdolw.
|
|
|
|
Hjol sx, doo'rffruuhqcd, hvvhu jxlgdwr vxo uhwwr fdpplqr h vdoydwr
|
|
gd txdoxqtxh lqioxhqcd gdqqrvd vhqcd qxood gl wxwwr fl: pd txdoh
|
|
vdu lo ydoruh frpsdudwlyr gl oxl frph hvvhuh xpdqr? Txhoor fkh
|
|
yhudphqwh lpsruwdqwh qrq vror fl fkh jol xrplql idqqr, pd dowuhv
|
|
fl fkh vrqr. Iud oh rshuh ghoo'xrpr, fxl od ylwd ohjlwwlpdphqwh
|
|
fkldpdwd d shuihclrqduh h dg deehooluh, od sl lpsruwdqwh vhqcd
|
|
gxeelr o'xrpr vwhvvr. Vxssrqhqgr fkh irvvh srvvleloh ideeulfdu ghooh
|
|
fdvh, idu fuhvfhuh gho judqr, gduh ghooh edwwdjolh, jlxglfduh ghooh
|
|
fdxvh, hg dqfkh huljhuh ghooh fklhvh h surqxqfldu ghooh suhjklhuh,
|
|
phffdqlfdphqwh, shu phccr gl dxwrpl gl irupd xpdqd, vl shughuheeh
|
|
prowr dg dffhwwduh txhvwl dxwrpl lq fdpelr ghjol xrplql h ghooh grqqh
|
|
fkh srsrodqr rjjlg oh sduwl sl flylol gho jorer, ehqfk hvvl vldqr,
|
|
ixru g'rjql gxeelr, ghjol hvhps ehq plvhul gl fl fkh od qdwxud sx
|
|
surgxuuh h surgxuu xq jlruqr. Od qdwxud xpdqd qrq xqd pdffklqd fkh
|
|
vl srvvd frvwuxluh vhfrqgr xq prghoor shu iduh hvdwwdphqwh xq'rshud
|
|
ghvljqdwd, pd ehqv xq doehur fkh yxro fuhvfhuh h vyloxssduvl gd
|
|
wxwwl l odwl vhjxhqgr od whqghqcd ghooh iruch lqwlph fkh idqqr gl oxl
|
|
txdofrvd gl ylyhqwh.
|
|
|
|
Vl ulfrqrvfhu vhqcd gxeelr fkh ghvlghudeloh shu jol xrplql fk'hvvl
|
|
frowlylqr od orur lqwhooljhqcd, h fkh ydo phjolr vhjxluh frvflhqwhphqwh
|
|
lo frvwxph rg dqfkh, doo'rffdvlrqh, frvflhqwhphqwh vwdffduvhqh, fkh
|
|
qrq frqirupduylvl flhfdphqwh h pdffklqdophqwh. Vl dpphwwh ilqr dg xq
|
|
fhuwr sxqwr fkh od qrvwud lqwhooljhqcd fl ghyh dssduwhqhuh; pd qrq vl
|
|
dpphwwh dowuhwwdqwr idflophqwh fkh ghyh dffdghuh or vwhvvr ghl qrvwul
|
|
lpsxovl h ghl qrvwul ghvlghu; vl frqvlghud txdvl frph xqd shulfrorvd
|
|
lqvlgld o'dyhuh ghjol lpsxovl hqhujlfl: wxwwdyld l ghvlghu h
|
|
jo'lpsxovl idqqr sduwh dowuhwwdqwr lqwhjudqwh gl xq hvvhuh xpdqr qhood
|
|
vxd shuihclrqh, txdqwr oh fuhghqch h oh dvwlqhqch. Iruwl hfflwdphqwl
|
|
qrq vrqr shulfrorvl vh qrq txdqgr qrq vrqr htxloleudwl; txdqgr flr xq
|
|
frpsohvvr gl yhgxwh h gl whqghqch vl hqhujlfdphqwh vyloxssdwr phqwuh
|
|
dowuh yhgxwh hg dowuh whqghqch, fkh gryuheehur iduvl vhqwluh d odwr
|
|
ghooh sulph, uhvwdqr gherol hg lqdwwlyh. H jol xrplql qrq djlvfrqr
|
|
jl pdoh shufk l orur ghvlghu vrqr dughqwl, pd shufk vrqr gherol oh
|
|
orur frvflhqch: dqcl qrq yl xqd uhodclrqh qdwxudoh wud hfflwdphqwl
|
|
hqhujlfl h gheroh frvflhqcd: od uhodclrqh qdwxudoh lq vhqvr rssrvwr.
|
|
Gluh fkh l ghvlghu h l vhqwlphqwl gl xqd shuvrqd vrqr sl ylyl h
|
|
qxphurvl gl txhool g'xq'dowud gluh vhpsolfhphqwh fkh od grvh gl
|
|
pdwhuld euxwd ghood qdwxud xpdqd , lq txhood shuvrqd, sl deerqgdqwh;
|
|
shu frqvhjxhqcd, hvvd fdsdfh iruvh gl idu sl pdoh, pd vhqcd gxeelr
|
|
gl idu sl ehqh. Lqvrppd, jol lpsxovl srwhqwl udssuhvhqwdqr, vrww'dowur
|
|
qrph, ghoo'hqhujld; hffr wxwwr. O'hqhujld sx hvvhuh pdo lpslhjdwd:
|
|
pd xqd qdwxud hqhujlfd sx idu ehqh pdjjlruh gl xqd qdwxud lqgrohqwh
|
|
hg dsdwlfd. Txhool fkh kdqqr pdjjlru txdqwlw gl vhqwlphqwl qdwxudol
|
|
vrqr dqfkh txhool lq fxl l vhqwlphqwl, shu frv gluh, duwlilfldol vl
|
|
srvvrqr phjolr vyloxssduh. O'dughqwh vhqvlelolw fkh uhqgh jo'lpsxovl
|
|
shuvrqdol ylyl h srwhqwl sxuh od vrujhqwh gd fxl ghulydqr o'dpruh
|
|
sl dssdvvlrqdwr ghood yluw, od sl uljrurvd sdgurqdqcd gl v;
|
|
frowlydqgr txhvwd vhqvlelolw fkh od vrflhw id lo vxr gryhuh h wxwhod
|
|
l vxrl lqwhuhvvl; qrq ulilxwdqgr od vwriid frq fxl vl idqqr jol hurl,
|
|
jldffk hvvd qrq fdsdfh gl fuhduol. Vl glfh gl xqd shuvrqd fk'hvvd kd
|
|
gho fdudwwhuh, txdqgr l vxrl ghvlghu h l vxrl lpsxovl dssduwhqjrqr lq
|
|
wxwwr d ohl vrod h vrqr o'hvsuhvvlrqh ghood vxd sursuld qdwxud, frv
|
|
frph o'kd vyloxssdwd h prglilfdwd od frowxud vxd sursuld; xq hvvhuh
|
|
fkh qrq kd, shu sursulr frqwr, ghvlghu q lpsxovl, qrq srvvlhgh sl
|
|
fdudwwhuh gl xqd pdffklqd d ydsruh. Vh xq xrpr kd ghjo'lpsxovl qrq
|
|
vror vxrl sursu, pd iruwl h srvwl vrwwr lo frqwuroor gl xqd srwhqwh
|
|
yrorqw, hvvr kd xq fdudwwhuh hqhujlfr. Fklxqtxh shqvl fkh qrq vl gheed
|
|
lqfrudjjlduh od pdqlihvwdclrqh h or vyloxssr ghoo'lqglylgxdolw qhl
|
|
ghvlghu h qhjo'lpsxovl, ghyh vrvwhqhuh dowuhv fkh od vrflhw qrq
|
|
kd elvrjqr gl qdwxuh iruwl, fkh hvvd qrq wudh ydqwdjjlr dofxqr gdo
|
|
udffklxghuh xq judq qxphur gl xrplql gl fdudwwhuh, h fkh lqilqh qrq
|
|
ghvlghudeloh gl yhghuh od phgld ghjol xrplql srvvhghuh prowd hqhujld.
|
|
|
|
Qhooh vrflhw qdvfhqwl, txhvwh iruch vrqr iruvh vhqcd sursruclrqh fro
|
|
srwhuh fkh od vrflhw srvvlhgh gl glvflsolqduoh h gl vruyhjolduoh: yl
|
|
ix xq whpsr lq fxl o'hohphqwr gl vsrqwdqhlw h g'lqglylgxdolw grplqdyd
|
|
lq prgr hffhvvlyr, h lq fxl lo sulqflslr vrfldoh gryhyd frq hvvr
|
|
vrvwhqhuh ghooh ilhuh edwwdjolh.
|
|
|
|
Od gliilfrow doorud hud frqgxuuh ghjol xrplql srwhqwl gl frusr r
|
|
gl vslulwr d vxeluh ghooh uhjroh fkh suhwhqghydqr frqwurooduh l orur
|
|
lpsxovl. Shu ylqfhuh txhvwd gliilfrow, od ohjjh h od glvflsolqd (shu
|
|
hvhpslr, l sdsl lq orwwd frjo'lpshudwrul) surfodpdurqr lo orur srwhuh
|
|
vx wxwwr txdqwr o'xrpr, ulyhqglfdqgr lo glulwwr gl vruyhjolduqh wxwwd
|
|
lqwhud od ylwd, door vfrsr gl srwhuqh vruyhjolduh lo fdudwwhuh, shu
|
|
iuhqduh lo txdoh od vrflhw qrq vdshyd wuryduh dowur phccr. Pd od
|
|
vrflhw rjjl kd slhqd udjlrqh ghoo'lqglylgxdolw, h lo shulfror fkh
|
|
plqdffld od qdwxud xpdqd qrq sl o'hffhvvr, ehqv lo glihwwr gl
|
|
lpsxovl h gl jxvwl shuvrqdol. Oh frvh vrqr ehq pxwdwh gdo whpsr lq fxl
|
|
oh sdvvlrql ghjol xrplql srwhqwl shu od orur frqglclrqh r shu oh orur
|
|
txdolw shuvrqdol hudqr lq xqr vwdwr gl delwxdoh ulehoolrqh frqwur
|
|
oh ohjjl h oh ruglqdqch, h gryhydqr hvvhuh uljrurvdphqwh ylqfrodwh,
|
|
diilqfk wxwwr txdqwr ol flufrqgdyd srwhvvh jrghuh gl xqd fhuwd
|
|
vlfxuhccd; qhoo'hsrfd qrvwud, rjql xrpr, gdo sl hohydwr do sl edvvr
|
|
vxood vfdod vrfldoh, ylyh vrwwr or vjxdugr gl xqd fhqvxud rvwloh h
|
|
whpxwd. Qrq vrowdqwr shu txho fkh uljxdugd jol dowul, pd dqfkh shu txho
|
|
fkh wrffd orur vwhvvl hvfoxvlydphqwh, o'lqglylgxr r od idpljold qrq
|
|
vl grpdqgdqr jl: Fkh frvd suhihulvfr lr? Fkh frvd vl dwwdjolhuheeh
|
|
doo'lqgroh pld h dooh plh dwwlwxglql? Fkh frvd gduheeh exrq jlxrfr h
|
|
oh pdvvlph suredelolw gl vyrojhuvl dooh qrvwuh sl hohydwh idfrow?
|
|
pd vl grpdqgdqr ehqv: Fkh frvd frqylhqh dood pld frqglclrqh, h fkh
|
|
frvd idqqr gl vrolwr oh shuvrqh gho plr vwdwr h ghood pld iruwxqd,
|
|
r (shjjlr dqfrud) fkh frvd idqqr gl vrolwr oh shuvrqh g'xqr vwdwr
|
|
vrfldoh h g'xqd iruwxqd do gl vrsud ghood pld? Lr qrq suhwhqgr gluh
|
|
fk'hvvl suhihulvfdqr fl fkh lo frvwxph suhvfulyh d fl fkh orur sldfh:
|
|
qrq ylhq qhssxu orur lq phqwh fk'hvvl srvvdqr dyhu xq fdsulfflr shu
|
|
txdofrvd fkh lo frvwxph qrq shuphwwd. Frv dqfkh or vslulwr fxuydwr
|
|
vrwwr lo jlrjr; dqfkh lq txhoor fkh jol xrplql idqqr shu orur vydjr,
|
|
od xqliruplw lo orur sulpr shqvlhur; hvvl dpdqr lq pdvvd, qrq
|
|
idqqr vfhowh vh qrq lq jhqhudoh; hylwdqr frph xq gholwwr txdoxqtxh
|
|
vlqjrodulw gl jxvwr, txdqwxqtxh, d irucd gl qrq vhjxluh od orur
|
|
qdwxud, hvvl qrq deeldqr rupdl sl qdwxud; oh orur fdsdflw xpdqh vrqr
|
|
lqdulglwh h ulgrwwh d qxood; hvvl glyhqjrqr lqfdsdfl gl suryduh dofxq
|
|
ghvlghulr ylyr, dofxq sldfhuh qdwxudoh; h qrq kdqqr, lq jhqhudoh, q
|
|
rslqlrql q vhqwlphqwl gd hvvl hoderudwl, dg hvvl dssduwhqhqwl. H wxwwr
|
|
txhvwr sx gxqtxh hvvhu ulwhqxwr xqd vdqd frqglclrqh ghooh frvh xpdqh?
|
|
|
|
V, vhjxhqgr od whruld fdoylqlvwd. Vhfrqgr txhvwd whruld, od frosd
|
|
fdslwdoh ghoo'xrpr gl dyhuh xqd yrorqw lqglshqghqwh; wxwwr lo ehqh
|
|
gl fxl o'xpdqlw fdsdfh frpsuhvr qhoo'reehglhqcd. Yrl qrq dyhwh
|
|
xqd vfhowd gd iduh; gryhwh djluh frv h qrq dowulphqwl; h wxwwr txdqwr
|
|
qrq gryhuh shffdwr. Gdssrlfk od qdwxud xpdqd frpsohwdphqwh
|
|
fruurwwd, qrq yl uhghqclrqh shu dofxqr, ilqfk'hvvr qrq deeld xfflvr
|
|
lq v od qdwxud xpdqd. Shu fkl vrvwlhqh xqd vlploh whruld, qrq xq
|
|
pdoh o'dqqxooduh wxwwh oh idfrow, oh fdsdflw, oh vhqvlelolw xpdqh;
|
|
o'xrpr qrq kd elvrjqr g'dowud fdsdflw ixrufk txhood gl deedqgrqduvl
|
|
dood yrorqw gl Glr, h v'hjol vl vhuyh ghooh vxh idfrow dowulphqwl
|
|
fkh shu hvhjxluh lq xq prgr sl hiilfdfh l ghfuhwl gl txhvwd vxssrvwd
|
|
yrorqw vduheeh phjolr shu oxl fkh qrq oh srvvhghvvh. Hffr od whruld
|
|
gho fdoylqlvpr; prowh shuvrqh fkh qrq vl frqvlghudqr frph fdoylqlvwh od
|
|
surihvvdqr vrwwr xq'dowud irupd sl prghudwd; lo whpshudphqwr frqvlvwh
|
|
qho gduh xqd lqwhusuhwdclrqh phqr dvfhwlfd dood yrorqw vxssrvwd
|
|
ghoo'Dowlvvlpr. Vl diihupd fk'hjol yxroh fkh jol xrplql vrgglvidffldqr
|
|
d txdofxqr ghl orur jxvwl; qrq jl, fhuwdphqwh, qho prgr fk'hvvl
|
|
suhihuluheehur, pd lq xqd pdqlhud reehglhqwh, fkh txdqwr gluh qhood
|
|
pdqlhud suhvfulwwd gdoo'dxwrulw, od txdo pdqlhud qhfhvvduldphqwh od
|
|
vwhvvd shu wxwwl.
|
|
|
|
Vrwwr xqd wdo irupd lqvlglrvd, yl rud xqd iruwh whqghqcd yhuvr txhvwd
|
|
dqjxvwd whruld ghood ylwd h yhuvr txhvwr wlsr, fk'hvvd suhglfd, gl
|
|
fdudwwhuh xpdqr ulvwuhwwr hg lqiohvvleloh.
|
|
|
|
Vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr, prowh shuvrqh fuhgrqr vlqfhudphqwh fkh jol xrplql
|
|
frv wruwxudwl h ulgrwwl dood vwdwxud gl qdql, vldqr txdol lo orur
|
|
fuhdwruh ol kd yroxwl; sursulr frph prowd jhqwh kd fuhgxwr fkh jol
|
|
doehul vldqr prowr sl ehool wdjoldwl d sdood r lq iruph gl dqlpdol fkh
|
|
odvfldwl qho orur vwdwr qdwxudoh. Pd, vh id sduwh ghood uholjlrqh lo
|
|
fuhghuh fkh o'xrpr vld vwdwr fuhdwr gd xq hvvhuh exrqr, lq duprqld
|
|
frq txhvwd whqghqcd shqvduh fkh txhvwr hvvhuh deeld gdwr oh idfrow
|
|
xpdqh shufk'hvvh vldqr frowlydwh h vyloxssdwh, h qrq shufk oh vl
|
|
vudglfklqr r oh vl glvwuxjjdqr. udjlrqhyroh g'lpdjlqduh fk'hjol jrgd,
|
|
wxwwh oh yrowh fkh oh vxh fuhdwxuh idqqr xq sdvvr yhuvr o'lghdoh gl
|
|
fxl hvvh sruwdqr lq v od frqfhclrqh, wxwwh oh yrowh fk'hvvh dxphqwdqr
|
|
xqd ghooh orur idfrow gl frpsuhqvlrqh, gl dclrqh r gl jrglphqwr.
|
|
Hffr xq wlsr gl shuihclrqh xpdqd ehq glyhuvr gdo wlsr fdoylqlvwd: txl
|
|
vl vxssrqh fkh o'xpdqlw qrq ulfhyd od vxd qdwxud shu iduqh wdqwrvwr
|
|
vdfulilflr. Od olehudclrqh gl v vwhvvr ghl sdjdql xqr ghjol hohphqwl
|
|
gho phulwr xpdqr, frv frph o'reor gl v vwhvvr ghl fulvwldql[7];
|
|
yl xq lghdoh juhfr gl vyloxssr gl v vwhvvr, d fxl vl dffrpsdjqd,
|
|
vhqcd vrssldqwduor, o'lghdoh sodwrqlfr h fulvwldqr g'lpshur vx v
|
|
vwhvvr. Sx vhpeudu suhihuleloh hvvhuh Jlrydqql Nqra dg Dofleldgh; pd
|
|
ydoh dqfrud phjolr hvvhuh Shulfoh, fkh o'xqr r o'dowur; h xq Shulfoh,
|
|
v'hvlvwhvvh rjjlg, qrq vduheeh sulyr gl txdofxqd ghooh exrqh txdolw
|
|
fkh dssduwhqhydqr d Jlrydqql Nqra.
|
|
|
|
Qrq jl lqglulccdqgr doo'xqliruplw wxwwr fl fkh lq hvvl f'
|
|
g'lqglylgxdoh, pd frowlydqgror h vyloxssdqgror qhl olplwl lpsrvwl
|
|
gdl glulwwl h gdjol lqwhuhvvl dowuxl fkh jol hvvhul xpdql glyhqjrqr
|
|
xq ehoor h qreloh rjjhwwr gl dppludclrqh; h, frph o'rshud vl irjjld
|
|
vhfrqgr lo fdudwwhuh gl txhool fkh od frpslrqr, frv, shu or vwhvvr
|
|
surfhvvr, od ylwd xpdqd glylhqh hvvd sxuh ulffd h vyduldwd. Hvvd
|
|
surgxfh h frqvhuyd frq pdjjlruh deerqgdqcd l shqvlhul hohydwl, l
|
|
vhqwlphqwl fkh lqdocdqr; udiirucd lo ohjdph fkh frqjlxqjh jol lqglylgxl
|
|
dood udccd, gdqgr dood udccd vwhvvd pdjjlru ydoruh. Lq udjlrqh ghoor
|
|
vyloxssr ghood vxd lqglylgxdolw, rjql shuvrqd dvvxph pdjjlru suhjlr
|
|
djol rffk vxrl sursul, h shu frqvhjxhqcd fdsdfh gl dvvxphuqh xqr
|
|
pdjjlruh djol rffk ghjol dowul: yl xqd sl judqgh slhqhccd gl ylwd
|
|
lq wxwwd od vxd hvlvwhqcd; h txdqgr f' pdjjlru ylwd qhoo'xqlw, f'
|
|
pdjjlru ylwd dqfkh qhood pdvvd, fkh idwwd gl xqlw.
|
|
|
|
Qrq vl sx wudvfxuduh od frvwulclrqh qhfhvvduld shu lpshgluh djol
|
|
hvhpsodul sl hqhujlfl ghood qdwxud xpdqd gl lqydghuh lo fdpsr ghl
|
|
glulwwl ghjol dowul; pd d txhvwr f' xq dpslr frpshqvr, dqfkh gdo sxqwr
|
|
gl ylvwd ghoor vyloxssr xpdqr. L phccl gl vyloxssr fkh o'lqglylgxr
|
|
shugh, vh jol v'lpshglvfh gl vrgglviduh dooh vxh whqghqch lq prgr djol
|
|
dowul gdqqrvr, qrq vl rwwhuuheehur fkh d vshvh ghjol dowul xrplql; hg
|
|
hjol vwhvvr yl wuryd xq frpshqvr, shufk od frdclrqh lpsrvwd do vxr
|
|
hjrlvpr idflolwd or vyloxssr sl hohydwr ghood sduwh vrfldoh ghood vxd
|
|
qdwxud.
|
|
|
|
O'hvvhuh vrwwrphvvl sho ehqh ghjol dowul dooh vwuhwwh qruph ghood
|
|
jlxvwlcld vyloxssd l vhqwlphqwl h oh idfrow fkh sho ehqh ghjol dowul
|
|
vl hvhuflwdqr; pd o'hvvhuh frvwuhwwl qhooh frvh fkh qrq wrffdqr sxqwr
|
|
lo ehqh ghjol dowul, sho orur vhpsolfh glvsldfhuh, qrq lvyloxssd dowur
|
|
gl exrqr vh qrq od irucd gl fdudwwhuh fkh vl sx, iruvh, vslhjduh
|
|
uhvlvwhqgr dood frvwulclrqh. Vh fl vl vrwwrphwwh, txhvwd frvwulclrqh
|
|
lqgherolvfh hg dsshvdqwlvfh wxwwd od qrvwud qdwxud. Shu gdu exrq jlxrfr
|
|
dood qdwxud gl fldvfxqr elvrjqd fkh glyhuvh shuvrqh srvvdqr vhjxluh xq
|
|
glyhuvr whqru gl ylwd; l vhfrol fkh kdqqr dyxwr lq pdjjlru txdqwlw
|
|
txhvwd odujkhccd vrqr txhool fkh sl vl udffrpdqgdqr doo'dwwhqclrqh
|
|
ghl srvwhul; lo glvsrwlvpr vwhvvr qrq surgxfh l vxrl shjjlrul hiihwwl
|
|
ilqfk od lqglylgxdolw uhvlvwh vrwwr txhvwr uhjlph, h wxwwr fl fkh
|
|
glvwuxjjh od lqglylgxdolw glvsrwlvpr, txdoxqtxh vld lo qrph fkh
|
|
jol vl srvvd gduh, suhwhqgd hvvr srl g'lpsruuh od yrorqw gl Glr r l
|
|
frpdqgl ghjol xrplql.
|
|
|
|
Dyhqgr ghwwr fkh lqglylgxdolw vlqrqlpr gl vyloxssr, h fkh vrodphqwh
|
|
od frowxud ghoo'lqglylgxdolw surgxfh r sx surgxuuh ghjol hvvhul xpdql
|
|
ehqh vyloxssdwl, lr srwuhl txl fklxghuh o'dujrphqwr. Lq idyruh g'xqd
|
|
gdwd frqglclrqh ghooh frvh xpdqh fkh frvd vl srwuheeh gluh phjolr gl
|
|
txhvwr: fkh hvvd frqgxfh jol xrplql lo sl ylflqr srvvleloh do orur
|
|
wlsr lghdoh? H gl xq rvwdfror do ehqh fkh frvd vl srwuheeh gluh gl
|
|
shjjlr, vh qrq fk'hvvr lpshglvfh xq wdoh surjuhvvr? Wxwwdyld, vhqcd
|
|
gxeelr dofxqr, txhvwh frqvlghudclrql qrq edvwhudqqr d frqylqfhuh txhool
|
|
fkh kdqqr pdjjlru elvrjqr gl hvvhuh frqylqwl.
|
|
|
|
Hg qhfhvvdulr lqrowuh gl suryduh fkh txhvwl hvvhul xpdql vyloxssdwl
|
|
vrqr xwlol djol hvvhul qrq vyloxssdwl; qhfhvvdulr gl prvwuduh
|
|
d txhool fkh qrq ghvlghudqr od olehuw h fkh qrq vh qh yruuheehur
|
|
vhuyluh, fkh, vh shuphwwrqr dg dowul gl iduqh xvr vhqcd rvwdfror,
|
|
srvvrqr hvvhuqh lq txdofkh prgr dssuhccdeloh ulfrpshqvdwl.
|
|
|
|
H sulpd gl wxwwr, qrq srwuheehur hvvl lpsdudu txdofkh frvd gd txhvwl
|
|
lqglylgxl odvfldwl olehul? Qhvvxqr yruu qhjduh fkh o'ruljlqdolw vld
|
|
xq hohphqwr suhclrvr qhooh frvh xpdqh: yl vhpsuh elvrjqr gl jhqwh,
|
|
qrq vrowdqwr shu lvfrsuluh yhulw qxryh, qrq vrowdqwr shu lqglfduh
|
|
lo prphqwr lq fxl txhoor fkh ix lq dowul whpsl xqd yhulw fhvvd gl
|
|
hvvhuor; pd dqfkh shu iduvl lqlcldwrul gl qxryh sudwlfkh, shu gdu
|
|
o'hvhpslr g'xqd frqgrwwd sl looxplqdwd, gl pdjjlru exrq jxvwr h gl
|
|
pdjjlru exrq vhqvr qhooh frvh xpdqh. Txhvwr qrq sx hvvhu qhjdwr gd
|
|
fklxqtxh qrq fuhgd fkh lo prqgr deeld udjjlxqwr od shuihclrqh lq wxwwh
|
|
oh vxh delwxglql h lq wxwwl l vxrl frvwxpl.
|
|
|
|
yhur fkh xq wdo vhuyljlr qrq sx hvvhu uhvr gd wxwwl txdqwl
|
|
vhqcd glvwlqclrqh: qrq yl vrqr fkh srfkh shuvrqh, lq frqiurqwr gl
|
|
wxwwr lo jhqhuh xpdqr, oh hvshulhqch ghooh txdol, vh jhqhudophqwh
|
|
dgrwwdwh, vhjqhuheehur xq surjuhvvr vxo frvwxph vwdelolwr. Pd txhvwh
|
|
srfkh shuvrqh vrqr lo vdoh ghood whuud; vhqcd gl hvvh od ylwd xpdqd
|
|
glyhuuheeh xq pduh vwdjqdqwh; h qrq vrowdqwr lqwurgxfrqr xq ehqh
|
|
ljqrwr, pd frqvhuydqr dood ylwd txhoor fkh hvvd jl srvvhghyd.
|
|
|
|
Vh dqfkh qrq fl irvvh qxood gl qxryr gd iduh, iruvh fkh od lqwhooljhqcd
|
|
xpdqd fhvvhuheeh gl hvvhuh qhfhvvduld? Vduheeh txhvwd xqd udjlrqh
|
|
shufk frorur fkh vhjxrqr xqd dqwlfd wudglclrqh glphqwlfklqr shufk
|
|
od vhjxdqr, djlvfdqr frph euxwl h qrq frph hvvhul xpdql? Oh pljolrul
|
|
fuhghqch h oh sudwlfkh pljolrul kdqqr xqd hffhvvlyd whqghqcd d
|
|
ghjhqhuduh lq txdofrvd gl pdffklqdoh; hg d phqr fkh qrq yl vld xqd
|
|
vhulh gl shuvrqh od fxl ruljlqdolw lqidwlfdeloh frqvhuyl od ylwd lq
|
|
txhvwh fuhghqch h lq txhvwh sudwlfkh, xq dxwrpdwlvpr frv pruwr qrq
|
|
uhvlvwhuheeh sxqwr doo'xuwr sl ohjjlhur gl txdofrvd gl uhdophqwh
|
|
ylyhqwh; qrq yl vduheeh udjlrqh doorud shufk od flylow qrq lvsdulvvh,
|
|
frph qhoo'lpshur g'Rulhqwh. Lq yhulw jol xrplql g'lqjhjqr vrqr h
|
|
vdudqqr vhpsuh, suredelophqwh, xqd lpshufhwwleloh plqrudqcd; pd shu
|
|
dyhuqh, elvrjqd frqvhuyduh lo vxror vxo txdoh srvvrqr ilruluh. H
|
|
o'lqjhjqr qrq uhvslud olehudphqwh fkh lq xq'dwprvihud gl olehuw; jol
|
|
xrplql g'lqjhjqr vrqr _ha yl whuplql_ sl lqglylgxdol ghjol dowul, phqr
|
|
fdsdfl, shu frqvhjxhqcd, gl prghooduvl, vhqcd xqd gdqqrvd frpsuhvvlrqh,
|
|
lq dofxqr gl txhjol vwdpsl srfr qxphurvl fkh od vrflhw suhsdud shu
|
|
ulvsduplduh d' vxrl phpeul od idwlfd gl irupduvl xq fdudwwhuh.
|
|
|
|
Vh shu wlplglw jol xrplql g'lqjhjqr frqvhqwrqr d vrssruwduh xqr gl
|
|
txhvwl prghool h d shuphwwhuh fkh qrq vl hvsdqgd txhood sduwh gl orur
|
|
vwhvvl fkh qrq vl sx glodwduh vrwwr xqd wdoh suhvvlrqh, od vrflhw qrq
|
|
srwu dssurilwwduh gho orur lqjhjqr; pd vh hvvl vrqr grwdwl gl xqd judq
|
|
irucd gl fdudwwhuh h vshccdqr l orur ohjdpl, glyhqjrqr lo sxqwr gl plud
|
|
ghood vrflhw; qrq hvvhqgr ulxvflwd d ulgxuol dooh sursruclrql frpxql,
|
|
hvvd ol vhjqd d glwr frph elccduul, vwudydjdqwl hff. Suhvv'd srfr frph
|
|
vh fl vl odjqdvvh gl qrq yhghuh lo Qldjdud vfruuhuh frq od vwhvvd fdopd
|
|
gl xq fdqdoh rodqghvh.
|
|
|
|
Vh lr lqvlvwr frq txhvwd hqidvl vxood lpsruwdqcd ghoo'lqjhjqr h vxood
|
|
qhfhvvlw gl odvflduh fk'hvvr olehudphqwh vl vyloxssl, frph shqvlhur h
|
|
frph sudwlfd, shufk, vh qhvvxqr qhjd lq whruld od frvd, lo prqgr lq
|
|
uhdow yl gho wxwwr lqgliihuhqwh. Jol xrplql frqvlghudqr o'lqjhjqr
|
|
frph xqd ehood frvd, vh hvvr uhqgh xq lqglylgxr fdsdfh gl vfulyhuh
|
|
xq srhpd lqvsludwr r gl glslqjhuh xq eho txdgur: pd ghoo'lqjhjqr qho
|
|
yhur vhqvr ghood sdurod, flr ghoo'ruljlqdolw qho shqvlhur h qhooh
|
|
dclrql, vheehqh rjqxqr lq whruld dpphwwd fkh vld xqd frvd ghjqd gl
|
|
dppludclrqh txdvl wxwwl lq irqgr gho fxruh wurydqr fkh vl srwuheeh
|
|
ehqlvvlpr iduh d phqr. Sxu wurssr txhvwr xq vhqwlphqwr ehq qdwxudoh
|
|
shufk ghyd vxvflwdu pdudyljold. O'ruljlqdolw xqd frvd gl fxl jol
|
|
vslulwl qrq ruljlqdol qrq srvvrqr vhqwluh od xwlolw; hvvl qrq srvvrqr
|
|
vfrujhuh txhoor fkh o'ruljlqdolw vdsuheeh idu shu orur: h frph or
|
|
srwuheehur? Vh or srwhvvhur, qrq vl wudwwhuheeh sl gl ruljlqdolw.
|
|
Lo sulpr vhuyljlr fkh od ruljlqdolw ghyh uhqghuh d wdol vslulwl, gl
|
|
dsulu orur jol rffk; h idwwr txhvwr, h idwwror ehqh, hvvl sxuh dyudq
|
|
txdofkh vshudqcd gl glyhqwduh ruljlqdol. Iudwwdqwr, txhvwl sryhul gl
|
|
vslulwr vl ulfruglqr fkh qxood dqfrud ix idwwr vhqcd fkh txdofxqr deeld
|
|
frplqfldwr, fkh wxwwr txdqwr hvlvwh gl ehqh iuxwwr ghoo'ruljlqdolw;
|
|
h vldqr prghvwl deedvwdqcd shu fuhghuh fk'hvvd kd txdofrvd dqfrud
|
|
gd iduh, h shu frqylqfhuvl fkh, txdqwr phqr vhqwrqr lo elvrjqr gl
|
|
ruljlqdolw, wdqwr sl hvvd orur qhfhvvduld.
|
|
|
|
Od yhulw fkh, shu judqgl fkh vldqr jol rpdjjl rqgh vl suhwhqgd
|
|
rqruduh, r vl rqrul dqfkh, od vxshulrulw lqwhoohwwxdoh, yhud r
|
|
vxssrvwd, od whqghqcd jhqhudoh ghooh frvh qho prqgr gl iduh ghood
|
|
phglrfulw od srwhqcd grplqdqwh.
|
|
|
|
Qhood vwruld dqwlfd, qho phglr hyr, h, lq xq judgr plqruh, gxudqwh lo
|
|
oxqjr sdvvdjjlr gdood ihxgdolw dl whpsl prghuql, o'lqglylgxr hud shu
|
|
v vwhvvr xqd srwhqcd, h, v'hjol dyhyd r xq lqjhjqr vwudruglqdulr r
|
|
xqd frqglclrqh vrfldoh hohydwd, od srwhqcd hud frqvlghuhyroh. Rjjl,
|
|
jo'lqglylgxl vrqr shugxwl qhood irood. Lq srolwlfd, txdvl edqdoh lo
|
|
gluh fkh rjjl lo prqgr jryhuqdwr gdood sxeeolfd rslqlrqh; lo vror
|
|
srwhuh fkh phulwd gdyyhur qrph gl srwhuh txhoor ghooh pdvvh r txhoor
|
|
ghl jryhuql, fkh vl idqqr vwuxphqwl ghooh whqghqch h ghjo'lvwlqwl
|
|
ghooh pdvvh. Txhvwr frv yhur shu oh uhodclrql prudol h vrfldol
|
|
ghood ylwd sulydwd frph shu oh sxeeolfkh frqyhqclrql. Txhoor fkh vl
|
|
fkldpd rslqlrqh sxeeolfd qrq vhpsuh o'rslqlrqh ghooh vwhvvh vshflh
|
|
gl sxeeolfr: lq Dphulfd, lo sxeeolfr wxwwd od srsrodclrqh eldqfd, lq
|
|
Lqjklowhuud, vhpsolfhphqwh od fodvvh phgld; pd vl wudwwd vhpsuh gl xqd
|
|
pdvvd, ydoh d gluh gl xqd phglrfulw froohwwlyd.
|
|
|
|
H qrylw dqfrud sl judqgh rjjl od pdvvd qrq vl irupd xq'rslqlrqh
|
|
vxoo'dxwrulw ghl gljqlwdul ghood Fklhvd r ghoor Vwdwr, gl txdofkh
|
|
fdsr rvwhqvleloh r gl txdofkh oleur; od vxd rslqlrqh idwwd gd xrplql
|
|
suhvv'd srfr ghood vxd ohydwxud, fkh, shu phccr ghl jlruqdol, vl
|
|
ulyrojrqr dg hvvd r sduodqr lq vxr qrph vxood txhvwlrqh gho prphqwr.
|
|
|
|
Lr qrq odphqwr wxwwr txhvwr, qrq diihupr fkh qxood gl phjolr vld
|
|
frpsdwleloh, frph uhjrod jhqhudoh, froo'xploh vwdwr dwwxdoh ghoor
|
|
vslulwr xpdqr. Pd txhvwr shu qrq wrjolh fkh lo jryhuq ghood
|
|
phglrfulw vld xq jryhuqr phglrfuh: pdl lo jryhuqr g'xqd ghprfudcld
|
|
r g'xq'dulvwrfudcld qxphurvd jlxqwr dg hohyduvl do gl vrsud ghood
|
|
phglrfulw, vld shl vxrl dwwl srolwlfl, vld shu oh rslqlrql, oh
|
|
txdolw, lo jhqhuh gl vslulwr sxeeolfr d fxl hvvr g ylwd, wudqqh o
|
|
gryh od irood vryudqd (frph kd idwwr vhpsuh qhooh vxh hsrfkh pljolrul)
|
|
vl odvfldwd jxlgduh gdl frqvljol h gdoo'lqioxhqcd g'xqd plqrudqcd
|
|
r gl xq xrpr sl frowr h sl ulffdphqwh grwdwr. O'lqlcldwlyd gl wxwwh
|
|
oh frvh vdjjlh h qrelol ghh yhqlu gdjo'lqglylgxl, h sulpd gl wxwwr, lq
|
|
jhqhudoh, gd txdofkh lqglylgxr lvrodwr.
|
|
|
|
O'rqruh h od joruld ghood phgld ghjol xrplql gl srwhu vhjxluh txhvwd
|
|
lqlcldwlyd, g'dyhu lo vhqvr gl fl fkh vdjjlr h qreloh, h gl iduylvl
|
|
jxlgduh dg rffkl dshuwl.
|
|
|
|
Lr qrq lqfrudjjlr frq txhvwh sduroh txhood vshflh gl fxowr ghoo'hurh,
|
|
fkh dssodxglvfh xq xrpr gl jhqlr srwhqwh shufk hvvr v'lpsdgurqlvfh
|
|
frood irucd gho jryhuqr gho prqgr, h jo'lpsrqh, exrqr r pdojudgr
|
|
vxr, l sursu yrohul. Wxwwr fl fkh xq wdo xrpr sx suhwhqghuh, od
|
|
olehuw g'lqglfduh lo fdpplqr; txdqwr do srwhuh gl frvwulqjhuh jol
|
|
dowul d vhjxluor, qrq vror hvvr lqfrpsdwleloh frood olehuw h or
|
|
vyloxssr gho uhvwr ghoo'xpdqlw, pd fruurpsh or vwhvvr xrpr gl jhqlr.
|
|
Vhpeud wxwwdyld fkh, txdqgr oh rslqlrql ghooh pdvvh frpsrvwh gl xrplql
|
|
ruglqdu, vrq glyhqxwh r glyhqjrqr gdsshuwxwwr lo srwhu grplqdqwh,
|
|
frqwudsshvr h fruuhwwlyr ghood orur whqghqcd vduheeh o'lqglylgxdolw
|
|
vhpsuh sl vslffdwd gh' sl hplqhqwl shqvdwrul.
|
|
|
|
Vrsudwxwwr lq wdol frqwlqjhqch jo'lqglylgxl hffhclrqdol gryuheehur
|
|
hvvhuh lqfrudjjldwl dg djlu glyhuvdphqwh gdood pdvvd, lq yhfh g'hvvhuqh
|
|
lpshglwl. Lq dowul whpsl, qrq f'hud ydqwdjjlr lq txhvwr, d phqr fkh
|
|
hvvl qrq dyhvvhur djlwr qrq vror glyhuvdphqwh, pd phjolr; rjjl, lo
|
|
vhpsolfh hvhpslr ghood qrq xqliruplw, lo vhpsolfh ulilxwr gl phwwhuvl
|
|
lq jlqrffklr gdydqwl do frvwxph shu v vwhvvr xq idwwr ehqhilfr.
|
|
|
|
Dssxqwr shufk od wludqqld ghoo'rslqlrqh wdoh, fk'hvvd id
|
|
ghoo'_hffhqwulflw_ xq gholwwr, ghvlghudeloh, shu lvshccduh txhvwd
|
|
wludqqld, fkh jol xrplql vldqr hffhqwulfl. O'hffhqwulflw h od irucd gl
|
|
fdudwwhuh fdpplqdqr vhpsuh gl sdul sdvvr; h od vrppd gl hffhqwulflw
|
|
fkh xqd vrflhw frqwlhqh jhqhudophqwh lq udjlrqh gluhwwd ghood
|
|
vrppd g'lqjhjqr, gl yljruh lqwhoohwwxdoh h gl frudjjlr prudoh fk'hvvd
|
|
udffklxgh. Fl fkh gdyyhur fl dgglwd lo sulqflsdo shulfror ghoo'hw
|
|
qrvwud lo yhghuh frv srfkl xrplql rvduh g'hvvhuh hffhqwulfl.
|
|
|
|
Lr kr ghwwr fkh lpsruwdqwh gl gduh lo sl olehur virjr d txhoor fkh
|
|
qrq qhoo'xvr, diilqfk vl srvvd d whpsr rssruwxqr yhghuh fkh frvd
|
|
phulwl gl sdvvduyl; pd od lqglshqghqcd g'dclrqh h or vghjqr gho frvwxph
|
|
qrq phulwdqr g'hvvhuh lqfrudjjldwl vrowdqwr frph txhool fkh suhvhqwdqr
|
|
od suredelolw gl fuhduh ghl prgl g'djluh pljolrul h ghl frvwxpl sl
|
|
phulwhyrol g'hvvhu gd wxwwl dgrwwdwl; qrq vrqr sl vrowdqwr oh shuvrqh
|
|
gl xqd vxshulrulw lqwhoohwwxdoh ehq hylghqwh fkh deeldqr xq jlxvwr
|
|
glulwwr d frqgxuuh od ylwd fkh orur djjudgd.
|
|
|
|
Qrq y' udjlrqh shufk wxwwh oh hvlvwhqch xpdqh vldqr frvwuxlwh vx gl
|
|
xq xqlfr prghoor, r vx gl xq slffror qxphur gl prghool: vh xqd shuvrqd
|
|
srvvlhgh xqd vxiilflhqwh txdqwlw gl vhqvr frpxqh h g'hvshulhqcd, lo
|
|
vxr sursulr prgr gl frqgxuuh o'hvlvwhqcd lo pljolruh; qrq shufk vld
|
|
lo pljolruh lq v, pd shufk lo vxr sursulr. Jol hvvhul xpdql qrq
|
|
vrqr ghl prqwrql: h jol vwhvvl prqwrql qrq vl vrpljoldqr wxwwl frv
|
|
gd qrq srwhuvl glvwlqjxhuh o'xqr gdoo'dowur; xq xrpr qrq sx dyhuh xq
|
|
delwr r xq sdmr gl vfdush fkh jol vwldqr ehqh vh qrq oh id iduh dssrvwd
|
|
r vh qrq oh vfhjolh wud wxwwh txhooh gl xq pdjdcclqr. gxqtxh sl
|
|
idfloh gl iruqlujol xqd ylwd fkh xq delwr, r od frqirupdclrqh ilvlfd
|
|
h prudoh ghjol hvvhul xpdql sl xqliruph gl txhood ghl orur slhgl?
|
|
Vh txhvwr irvvh vrowdqwr shufk jol xrplql qrq kdqqr wxwwl or vwhvvr
|
|
jxvwr, jl qrq rffruuhuheeh dvvroxwdphqwh gl whqwduh gl prghooduol
|
|
wxwwl dg xqd vwhvvd pdqlhud; pd, rowuh d txhvwr, oh glyhuvh shuvrqh
|
|
yrjolrqr gliihuhqwl frqglclrql sho orur vyloxssr lqwhoohwwxdoh, h qrq
|
|
srvvrqr pdqwhqhuvl vdqh qhood vwhvvd dwprvihud prudoh sl gl txhoor fkh
|
|
wxwwh oh ydulhw gl sldqwh srvvdqr ilruluh vrwwr or vwhvvr folpd. Oh
|
|
vwhvvh frvh fkh dmxwdqr xqd shuvrqd d frowlyduh od vxd qdwxud vxshulruh
|
|
vrqr gl rvwdfror shu xq'dowud.
|
|
|
|
Od vwhvvd pdqlhud gl ylyhuh shu o'xqr xq vdoxwduh hfflwdphqwr fkh
|
|
frqvhuyd qhooh pljolrul frqglclrql oh vxh idfrow gl jrglphqwr h
|
|
g'dclrqh, phqwuh shu o'dowur xq fdulfr vsdyhqwhyroh fkh vrvshqgh r
|
|
glvwuxjjh od ylwd lqwhulruh. Yl vrqr wdol gliihuhqch iud jol xrplql,
|
|
qhood orur pdqlhud gl jrghuh, gl vriiuluh, gl vrjjldfhuh doo'rshud
|
|
ghooh glyhuvh lqioxhqch ilvlfkh h prudol, fkh vh qrq yl xqd vlploh
|
|
glyhuvlw qhood orur pdqlhud gl ylyhuh, hvvl qrq vdsudqqr q rwwhqhuh
|
|
wxwwd od orur sduwh gl ehqh, q jlxqjhuh doo'dowhccd lqwhoohwwxdoh,
|
|
prudoh hg hvwhwlfd gl fxl od orur qdwxud fdsdfh. Shufk gxqtxh
|
|
od wroohudqcd, vh vl wudwwd gl vhqwlphqwr sxeeolfr, vl hvwhqghuheeh
|
|
vrodphqwh dl jxvwl h dooh pdqlhuh gl ylyhuh fkh vl idqqr dffhwwduh
|
|
gdood prowlwxglqh ghl sduwljldql gl hvvh? Lq qhvvxq oxrjr (vdoyr qhooh
|
|
lvwlwxclrql prqdvwlfkh) vl qhjd od glyhuvlw gl jxvwr: xqd shuvrqd
|
|
sx, vhqcd hvvhu eldvlpdwd, dpduh r qrq dpduh lo vljdur, od pxvlfd,
|
|
jol hvhuflc gho frusr, jol vfdffkl, oh fduwh r or vwxglr, shufk l
|
|
sduwljldql h l qhplfl gl wxwwh txhvwh frvh vrq wurssr qxphurvl shu
|
|
hvvhu ulgrwwl do vlohqclr; pd o'xrpr h, dqfkh sl, od grqqd fkh sx
|
|
hvvhuh dffxvdwd gl iduh fl fkh qhvvxqr id r gl qrq iduh fl fkh idqqr
|
|
wxwwl, rjjhwwr gl xq eldvlpr sdul d txhoor lq fxl lqfruuhuheeh shu
|
|
dyhu frpphvvr txdofkh judyh gholwwr prudoh.
|
|
|
|
Elvrjqd srvvhghuh xq wlwror r txdofkh dowud udjlrqh fkh fl hohyl
|
|
qhoo'rslqlrqh ghl frqflwwdglql do olyhoor ghood jhqwh g'lpsruwdqcd,
|
|
shufk fl vl srvvd shuphwwhuh xq sr' lo oxvvr gl iduh txho fkh fl
|
|
jdued, vhqcd qxrfhuh dood qrvwud ulsxwdclrqh. Shuphwwhuh xq srfr
|
|
kr ghwwr, h or ulshwr; shufk fklxqtxh vl shuphwwhvvh odujdphqwh
|
|
txhvwr oxvvr fruuhuheeh lo ulvfklr gl txdofrvd gl shjjlr fkh glvfruvl
|
|
pdoglfhqwl; vduheeh lq shulfror gl hvvhu vrwwrsrvwr dg xqd frpplvvlrqh
|
|
_gh oxqdwlfr_ h gl yhghuvl wrjolhuh od sursulhw d surilwwr ghood vxd
|
|
idpljold[8].
|
|
|
|
Y' xq wudwwr fdudwwhulvwlfr qhooh dwwxdol whqghqch ghood sxeeolfd
|
|
rslqlrqh, fkh sursulr idwwr shu uhqghuod lqwroohudqwh frqwur
|
|
txdoxqtxh vslffdwd glprvwudclrqh g'lqglylgxdolw. Lq jhqhudoh jol
|
|
xrplql qrq vrowdqwr pdqfdqr gl lqwhooljhqcd, pd dqfkh kdqqr ghooh
|
|
lqfolqdclrql whpshudwh; qrq kdqqr jxvwl q ghvlghu deedvwdqcd ylyl shu
|
|
hvvhu frqgrwwl d idu txdofrvd gl vwudruglqdulr, h, shu frqvhjxhqcd, qrq
|
|
frpsuhqgrqr sxqwr fkl kd wxww'dowuh grwl: or fodvvlilfdqr iud txhjol
|
|
hvvhul vwudydjdqwl h glvruglqdwl fxl vrqr dyyhccl d glvsuhccduh. Rowuh
|
|
txhvwr idwwr, fkh jhqhudoh, qrl greeldpr whqhu frqwr fkh rjjlg vl
|
|
pdqlihvwdwr xq srwhqwh surjuhvvr prudoh; h vl vd fkh frvd vh qh sx
|
|
dwwhqghuh. Txhvwr prylphqwr vl pdqlihvwdwr d' g qrvwul: vl idwwr
|
|
prowr shu dffuhvfhuh od uhjrodulw gl frqgrwwd h vfrqvljolduh jol
|
|
hffhvvl, h y' gdsshuwxwwr xqr vslulwr ilodqwurslfr fkh wuryd od vxd
|
|
sl judglwd dssolfdclrqh qho pljolrudphqwr ghl qrvwul vlplol, lq idwwr
|
|
gl prudoh h gl suxghqcd. Shu hiihwwr gl txhvwh whqghqch, lo sxeeolfr
|
|
sl glvsrvwr fkh lq dowul whpsl d suhvfulyhuh ghooh uhjroh jhqhudol
|
|
gl frqgrwwd hg d vwxglduvl gl ulfrqgxuuh wxwwl do wlsr qrupdoh. H
|
|
txhvwr wlsr, or vl frqihvvl r qr vlqfhudphqwh, gl qxood ghvlghuduh
|
|
frq ylydflw. Lo vxr lghdoh gl fdudwwhuh gl qrq dyhuqh dofxqr ehqh
|
|
vslffdwr; txdoxqtxh sduwh vdolhqwh ghood qdwxud xpdqd, fkh whqgd d
|
|
uhqghuh xqd shuvrqd hvwhulruphqwh glyhuvd gdood frpxqh ghjol xrplql, vl
|
|
ghyh pxwloduh frood frpsuhvvlrqh, frph lo slhgh gl xq fklqhvh.
|
|
|
|
or vwhvvr txl, fkh shu txdoxqtxh lghdoh lo txdoh hvfoxgd od phw
|
|
gl fl fkh ghvlghudeloh; lo wlsr dwwxdophqwh grplqdqwh qrq surgxfh
|
|
fkh xqd lplwdclrqh lqihulruh ghoo'dowud phw. Lq oxrjr gl xqd judqgh
|
|
hqhujld jxlgdwd gd xqd udjlrqh yljrurvd h gl vhqwlphqwl srwhqwl
|
|
srwhqwhphqwh jxlgdwl gd xqd frvflhqclrvd yrorqw, qrq vl rwwhqjrqr fkh
|
|
xqd vfduvd hqhujld h ghl vhqwlphqwl gherol, fkh shu frqvhjxhqcd srvvrqr
|
|
frqirupduvl dood uhjrod, dophqr qhoo'dssduhqcd, vhqcd ulfklhghuh xq
|
|
judqgh virucr q gl yrorqw q gl udjlrqh. Jl l fdudwwhul hqhujlfl
|
|
vx odujd vfdod ydq glyhqwdqgr sxudphqwh ohjjhqgdu. Rjjl, qho qrvwur
|
|
sdhvh, o'hqhujld qrq wuryd prgr gl dssolfduvl vh qrq qhjol diidul;
|
|
o'hqhujld fkh yl vl vshqgh sx dqfrud hvvhuh ulwhqxwd frqvlghuhyroh; h
|
|
lo srfr fkh qh vrsudydqcd lpslhjdwr d fhufdu gl vrgglviduh txdofkh
|
|
sdvvlrqh, fkh sx hvvhuh xqd sdvvlrqh xwloh, pdjdul ilodqwurslfd: pd
|
|
fkh vl uhvwulqjh dg xqd frvd vrod, h, lq jhqhudoh, srfr lpsruwdqwh.
|
|
Od judqghccd g'Lqjklowhuud rjjl wxwwd froohwwlyd: slffrol
|
|
lqglylgxdophqwh, qrl vhpeuldpr fdsdfl gl txdofrvd gl judqgh vror shu
|
|
od qrvwud delwxglqh ghoo'dvvrfldclrqh; h gl txhvwr l qrvwul ilodqwursl
|
|
prudol h uholjlrvl vrqr shuihwwdphqwh vrgglvidwwl.
|
|
|
|
Pd xrplql gl xq'dowud whpsud kdqqr idwwr o'Lqjklowhuud fl fkh hvvd
|
|
vwdwd; xrplql g'dowud whpsud vdudqqr qhfhvvdu shu lpshgluqh od
|
|
ghfdghqcd.
|
|
|
|
Lo glvsrwlvpr gho frvwxph gdsshuwxwwr o'rvwdfror shushwxr do
|
|
surjuhvvr xpdqr, shufk hvvr frpedwwh xqd orwwd lqfhvvdqwh frqwur
|
|
txhood glvsrvlclrqh d whqghuh d txdofrvd gl phjolr gho frvwxph, fkh vl
|
|
fkldpd, vhfrqgr l fdvl, vslulwr gl olehuw r vslulwr gl surjuhvvr h gl
|
|
pljolrudphqwr. Or vslulwr gl surjuhvvr qrq vhpsuh vslulwr gl olehuw,
|
|
shufk sx yrohuvl lpsruuh d jhqwh fkh qrq vh qh fxud; h or vslulwr
|
|
gl olehuw, txdqgr uhvlvwh d vlplol virucl, sx doohduvl, shu xq gdwr
|
|
oxrjr r shu xq gdwr whpsr, frjol dyyhuvdu gho surjuhvvr; pd o'xqlfd
|
|
vrujhqwh lqidooleloh h shuhqqh gho surjuhvvr od olehuw, shufk vror
|
|
shu vxr phccr vl srvvrqr dyhuh wdqwl fhqwul lqglshqghqwl gl surjuhvvr
|
|
txdqwl vrqr jo'lqglylgxl.
|
|
|
|
Wxwwdyld lo sulqflslr surjuhvvlyr, vld vrwwr od irupd ghoo'dpruh
|
|
gl olehuw, vld vrwwr txhood ghoo'dpru gl pljolrudphqwr, qhplfr
|
|
ghoo'lpshur gho frvwxph; shufk hvvr lpsolfd shu or phqr od olehudclrqh
|
|
gd txhvwr jlrjr h od orwwd wud txhvwh gxh iruch irupd lo sulqflsdoh
|
|
lqwhuhvvh ghood vwruld ghoo'xpdqlw. Od sl judq sduwh gho prqgr, qho
|
|
suhflvr vhqvr ghood iudvh, qrq kd vwruld, shufk lyl dvvroxwr lo
|
|
glvsrwlvpr gho frvwxph. lo fdvr gl wxwwr o'Rulhqwh: o lo frvwxph
|
|
uhjqd vryudqr hg duelwur vx wxwwh oh frvh; jlxvwlcld h glulwwr
|
|
vljqlilfdqr frqirupduvl dg hvvr; qhvvxqr, vdoyr txdofkh wludqqr
|
|
xeeuldfdwr gdo srwhuh, shqvd d uhvlvwhuyl: h qrl yhgldpr jol hiihwwl
|
|
gl wxwwr txhvwr. Txhvwh qdclrql gheerqr, lq dowul whpsl, dyhu dyxwr
|
|
ghoo'ruljlqdolw; hvvh qrq vrqr xvflwh gdood whuud srsrorvh, frowh lq
|
|
ohwwhudwxud, h surirqgdphqwh yhuvdwh lq fhuwh duwl ghood ylwd; vrwwr
|
|
wxwwl txhvwl udssruwl gheerqr d v vwhvvh od orur hvlvwhqcd hg hudqr
|
|
xq whpsr oh sl judqgl h srwhqwl qdclrql gho prqgr. Fkh frvd vrqr hvvh
|
|
rud? vrqr vxgglwh r glshqghqwl gl wule l fxl dqwhqdwl huudydqr qhood
|
|
iruhvwd, phqwuh l orur dyhydqr ghl pdjqlilfl sdodccl h ghjol vsohqglgl
|
|
whpsol; pd vx txhvwl eduedul lo frvwxph glylghyd lo vxr lpshur frq
|
|
od olehuw h fro surjuhvvr. Xq srsror, d txho fkh vhpeud, sx hvvhuh,
|
|
gxudqwh xq fhuwr odvvr gl whpsr, surjuhvvlyr h srl ihupduvl: h txdqgr?
|
|
Txdqgr fhvvd gl srvvhghuh o'Lqglylgxdolw. Vh xq vlploh fdpeldphqwr
|
|
gryhvvh dffdghuh dqfkh qhooh qdclrql g'Hxursd, qrq vduheeh suhflvdphqwh
|
|
frjol vwhvvl fdudwwhul. Lo glvsrwlvpr gho frvwxph, fkh plqdffld txhvwh
|
|
qdclrql, qrq suhflvdphqwh o'lpprelolw; hvvr frqgdqqd od vlqjrodulw,
|
|
pd qrq srqh rvwdfror do pxwdphqwr sxufk wxwwr pxwl qhoor vwhvvr whpsr.
|
|
Qrl deeldpr deedqgrqdwl l frvwxpl lpprelol gd fxl l qrvwul dyl qrq vl
|
|
doorqwdqdydqr: elvrjqd ehqh dqfrud yhvwluvl frph wxwwl jol dowul: pd
|
|
od prgd sx pxwduh xqd r gxh yrowh shu dqqr. Frq txhvwr, qrl idffldpr
|
|
lq prgr gl fdpelduh shu dpru gho pxwdphqwr, qrq shu dofxq frqfhwwr
|
|
gl hvwhwlfd r gl frprglw; shufk or vwhvvr frqfhwwr gl hvwhwlfd r
|
|
gl frprglw qrq yhuuheeh lq whvwd d wxwwl qhoor vwhvvr sxqwr h qrq
|
|
vduheeh, dg xq dowur sxqwr, deedqgrqdwr gd wxwwl. Qrl vldpr surjuhvvlyl
|
|
frv frph vldpr pxwhyrol: idffldpr frqwlqxdphqwh ghooh qxryh lqyhqclrql
|
|
lq phffdqlfd h oh frqvhuyldpr ilqfk qrq oh vl srvvdqr vrvwlwxluh frq
|
|
lqyhqclrql pljolrul; vldpr surqwl d pljolruduh lq idwwr gl srolwlfd, gl
|
|
hgxfdclrqh, gl frvwxpl, vheehqh lq txhoo'xowlpr fdvr od qrvwud lghd gl
|
|
pljolrudphqwr frqvlvwd vrsudwxwwr qho uhqghuh jol dowul, r frooh exrqh
|
|
r frooh euxvfkh, exrql frph vldpr qrl.
|
|
|
|
Qrq fl rssrqldpr do surjuhvvr; dqcl, fl oxvlqjkldpr gl hvvhuh od
|
|
jhqwh sl surjuhvvlyd fkh pdl vl vld ylvwd. Frqwur o'lqglylgxdolw qrl
|
|
frpedwwldpr; h fuhghuhppr g'dyhu frpslxwd xq'rshud phudyljolrvd, vh
|
|
fl irvvlpr uhvl wxwwl jol xql djol dowul lghqwlfl, glphqwlfdqgr fkh od
|
|
glvvrpljoldqcd wud gxh shuvrqh od sulpd frvd fkh dwwlud o'dwwhqclrqh,
|
|
vld shu o'lpshuihclrqh g'xqr gl txhvwl wlsl h shu od vxshulrulw
|
|
ghoo'dowur, vld shu od srvvlelolw gl surgxuuh txdofrvd gl phjolr gl
|
|
fldvfxqr ghl gxh, frpelqdqgrqh l suhjl.
|
|
|
|
Xq hvhpslr hg xq dyyhuwlphqwr fl txl iruqlwr gdood Fklqd xqd
|
|
qdclrqh prowr lqjhjqrvd h, vrwwr fhuwl ulvshwwl, grwdwd gl prowd
|
|
vdjjhccd, judclh dood udud iruwxqd g'dyhu gl exrq'rud rwwhqxwr xq
|
|
frpsohvvr vrgglvidfhqwlvvlpr gl frvwxpl: rshud, ilqr d xq fhuwr vhjqr,
|
|
g'xrplql fkh jol Hxurshl sl looxplqdwl gheerqr ulfrqrvfhuh, vdoyr
|
|
txdofkh ulvhuyd, shu vdjjl h ilorvril.
|
|
|
|
Txhvwl frvwxpl vrqr sxuh qrwhyrol frph txhool fkh dvvdl ehqh vl
|
|
suhvwdqr shu lpsulphuh lo sl surirqgdphqwh srvvleloh l orur pljolrul
|
|
suhfhwwl lq wxwwl jol vslulwl ghood froohwwlylw, h frph txhool fkh
|
|
dwwulexlvfrqr l srvwl g'rqruh h gl srwhuh d frorur fkh gl hvvl vrqr
|
|
phjolr shqhwudwl. Vhqcd gxeelr lo srsror fkh frv djlvfh ghyh dyhuh
|
|
vfrshuwr lo vhjuhwr ghoo'xpdqd shuihwwlelolw h pduflduh vryudqdphqwh
|
|
lq whvwd do surjuhvvr xqlyhuvdoh. Heehqh, qr. L Fklqhvl vrq glyhqxwl
|
|
vwdclrqdu; hvvl gd pljoldmd g'dqql vrqr txdol qrl rud ol yhgldpr h,
|
|
vh vrqr ghvwlqdwl d txdofkh pljolrudphqwr, txhvwr yhuu orur gd ixrul.
|
|
Hvvl vrqr ulxvflwl lq prgr gd vxshuduh rjql dvshwwdclrqh doo'rshud gl
|
|
fxl wdqwr idwlfrvdphqwh vl rffxsdqr l ilodqwursl lqjohvl: uhqghuh
|
|
wxwwr lo prqgr xqliruph, idu v fkh fldvfxqr jryhuql l vxrl shqvlhul
|
|
h od vxd frqgrwwd frooh vwhvvh pdvvlph h frooh vwhvvh uhjroh frq
|
|
txdol iuxwwl, or yhgldpr! Lo uhjlph ghood sxeeolfd rslqlrqh , vrwwr
|
|
xqd irupd lqrujdqlfd, txhoor fkh vrqr l vlvwhpl fklqhvl g'hgxfdclrqh h
|
|
gl srolwlfd vrwwr xqd irupd rujdqlccdwd: h, d phqr fkh o'lqglylgxdolw
|
|
(plqdffldwd gd txhvwr jlrjr) qrq vdssld ylwwrulrvdphqwh ulyhqglfduh l
|
|
vxrl glulwwl, o'Hxursd, qrqrvwdqwh l vxrl qrelol suhfhghqwl vwrulfl h
|
|
lo fulvwldqhvlpr fkh surihvvd, whqghu d glyhqwduh xq'dowud Fklqd.
|
|
|
|
H, ilqr dg rjjl, fkh frvd kd vdoydwr o'Hxursd gd txhvwd vruwh? Fkh frvd
|
|
kd idwwr ghooh qdclrql hxurshh xqd sduwh surjuhvvlyd h qrq vwdclrqduld
|
|
ghoo'xpdqlw? Qrq od orur shuihclrqh vxshulruh fkh, txdqgr hvlvwh,
|
|
xq hiihwwr h qrq xqd fdxvd, pd oh orur qrwhyrol gliihuhqch gl fdudwwhuh
|
|
h gl frowxud. Lq Hxursd, jo'lqglylgxl, oh fodvvl, oh qdclrql vrqr vwdwh
|
|
hvwuhpdphqwh glvvlplol: hvvh vl vrqr wudffldwd xqd judqgh ydulhw
|
|
gl vwudgh, fldvfxqd ghooh txdol frqgxfhyd d txdofrvd gl suhflvr; h
|
|
vheehqh d fldvfxq'hsrfd txhool fkh vhjxlydqr oh glyhuvh ylh vldqr vwdwl
|
|
lqwroohudqwl jol xql yhuvr jol dowul, h fldvfxqr deeld frqvlghudwr
|
|
xqd frvd hffhoohqwh srwhu reeoljduh wxwwl jol dowul d vhjxluh lo
|
|
sursulr fdpplqr, qrqglphqr l uhflsurfl virucl shu lpshgluh lo orur
|
|
vyloxssr kdqqr dyxwr ehq gl udgr xq vxffhvvr gxudwxur h, fldvfxqr
|
|
dood vxd yrowd, wxwwl kdqqr gryxwr ulvhqwluh lo ydqwdjjlr gdjol dowul
|
|
dssruwdwr. Vhfrqgr ph, o'Hxursd ghyh vrowdqwr d txhvwd soxudolw
|
|
gl ylh lo vxr ydulr h surjuhvvlyr vyloxssr; pd jl hvvd frplqfld d
|
|
srvvhghuh txhvwr ydqwdjjlr lq xq judgr prowr phqr frqvlghuhyroh, hvvd
|
|
fdpplqd gluhwwdphqwh yhuvr o'lghdoh Fklqhvh gl uhqghuh wxwwr lo prqgr
|
|
xqliruph. Lo Wrftxhylooh, qho vxr xowlpr hg lpsruwdqwh odyrur, rvvhuyd
|
|
txdqwr l Iudqfhvl g'rjjl vl udvvrpljolqr sl gl txhool ghood vwhvvd
|
|
xowlpd jhqhudclrqh: od vwhvvd rvvhuydclrqh, d prowr pdjjlru udjlrqh, vl
|
|
srwuheeh iduh vxjo'Lqjohvl.
|
|
|
|
Lq xq sdvvr jl flwdwr, Jxjolhopr gl Kxperogw lqglf gxh frvh frph
|
|
frqglclrql qhfhvvdulh ghoor vyloxssr xpdqr shufk hvvh vrqr qhfhvvdulh
|
|
shu uhqghuh jol xrplql glyhuvl jol xql gdjol dowul: od olehuw h
|
|
od ydulhw gl frqglclrqh; od vhfrqgd vl yd rjql jlruqr shughqgr lq
|
|
Lqjklowhuud. Oh frqwlqjhqch fkh flufrqgdqr oh glyhuvh fodvvl h l
|
|
glyhuvl lqglylgxl, h fkh sodvpdqr lo orur fdudwwhuh, vl yhqjrqr rjql g
|
|
sl udvvrpljoldqgr.
|
|
|
|
Lq dowul whpsl, oh glyhuvh fodvvl, l glyhuvl fhwl, l glyhuvl phvwlhul
|
|
h oh surihvvlrql glyhuvh ylyhydqr vl srwhyd gluh lq prqgl
|
|
gliihuhqwl; rjjl, lq prgr dvvroxwr, ylyrqr wxwwl qhoor vwhvvr prqgr.
|
|
Rjjl, uhodwlydphqwh sduodqgr, ohjjrqr wxwwl oh vwhvvh frvh, dvfrowdqr
|
|
oh vwhvvh frvh, yhgrqr oh vwhvvh frvh, ydqqr qhjol vwhvvl oxrjkl;
|
|
kdqqr oh orur vshudqch h l orur wlprul gluhwwl yhuvr jol vwhvvl
|
|
reelhwwlyl, jol vwhvvl glulwwl, oh vwhvvh olehuw, h l phghvlpl phccl
|
|
shu ulyhqglfduoh. Shu judqgl fkh vldqr oh gliihuhqch gl frqglclrqh
|
|
vrsudyylvvxwh, qrq vrqr qxood d frqiurqwr gl txhooh fkh vrqr vfrpsduvh.
|
|
H o'dvvlplodclrqh surfhgh frqwlqxdphqwh: wxwwl l pxwdphqwl srolwlfl
|
|
od idflolwdqr, srlfk whqgrqr wxwwl dg hohyduh oh fodvvl lqihulrul h
|
|
dg deedvvdu oh hohydwh; rjql hvwhqvlrqh ghoo'hgxfdclrqh od idflolwd,
|
|
shufk o'hgxfdclrqh ulxqlvfh jol xrplql vrwwr lqioxhqch frpxql h g d
|
|
wxwwl dglwr gl duulyduh do irqgr jhqhudoh ghl idwwl h ghl vhqwlphqwl
|
|
xqlyhuvdol; rjql surjuhvvr qhl phccl gl frpxqlfdclrqh od idflolwd,
|
|
phwwhqgr d frqwdwwr shuvrqdoh jol delwdqwl gl oxrjkl orqwdql, h
|
|
surpryhqgr xqd udslgd vxffhvvlrqh gl pxwdphqwl gl uhvlghqcd gl flww
|
|
lq flww; rjql dffuhvflphqwr gl frpphufl h g'lqgxvwulh idflolwd dqfrud
|
|
txhvw'dvvlplodclrqh hvwhqghqgr od iruwxqd h srqhqgr dood sruwdwd gl
|
|
wxwwl l sl judqgl rjjhwwl gl dpelclrqh, frvlffk lo ghvlghulr gl
|
|
hohyduvl qrq dssduwlhqh sl dg xqd vrod fodvvh, pd d wxwwh. Pd xqd
|
|
lqioxhqcd sl srwhqwh gl wxwwh txhvwh shu dssruwduh xqd jhqhudoh
|
|
vrpljoldqcd iud jol xrplql or vwdeloluvl frpsohwr, lq txhvwr r
|
|
lq dowul sdhvl, ghoo'lqioxhqcd ghoo'rslqlrqh sxeeolfd qhoor vwdwr.
|
|
Srlfk oh qxphurvh suhplqhqch vrfldol, fkh shuphwwhydqr dooh shuvrqh
|
|
wulqfhudwh glhwur gl hvvh gl vsuhccduh o'rslqlrqh sxeeolfd, vl yhqjrqr
|
|
judgr judgr olyhoodqgr, srlfk od vwhvvd lghd gl uhvlvwhuh dood yrorqw
|
|
gho sxeeolfr, txdqgr vl vd frq fhuwhccd fk'hvvr kd xqd yrorqw, ylhq
|
|
vhpsuh sl vfrpsduhqgr gdoor vslulwr ghjol xrplql srolwlfl sudwlfl,
|
|
fhvvd gl hvvhuyl dofxq vrvwhjqr vrfldoh shu od qrq frqiruplw. Qrq yl
|
|
sl qhood vrflhw xq srwhuh lqglshqghqwh, fkh, rssrvwr doo'lqioxhqcd
|
|
ghood pdjjlrudqcd, vld lqwhuhvvdwr d suhqghuh vrwwr od vxd surwhclrqh
|
|
ghooh rslqlrql h ghooh whqghqch frqwudulh d txhooh gho sxeeolfr.
|
|
|
|
Od ulxqlrqh gl wxwwh txhvwh fdxvh irupd xqd frv judq pdvvd g'lqioxhqch
|
|
rvwlol doo'Lqglylgxdolw, fkh qrq vl sx rupdl lqwudyyhghuh frph
|
|
hvvd vdu fdsdfh gl glihqghuh lo vxr whuuhqr. Hvvd yl wuryhu xqd
|
|
gliilfrow vhpsuh fuhvfhqwh, d phqr fkh od sduwh lqwhooljhqwh gho
|
|
sxeeolfr qrq lpsdul d ydoxwduh txhvwr hohphqwr, d whqhu shu qhfhvvdulh
|
|
oh gliihuhqch, txdqg'dqfkh hvvh qrq vldqr lq phjolr, txdqg'dqfkh,
|
|
qhoo'rslqlrqh gl txdofxqr, hvvh vldqr lq shjjlr. Vh l glulwwl ghood
|
|
lqglylgxdolw ghyrqr pdl hvvhuh ulyhqglfdwl, yhqxwr lo prphqwr gl
|
|
iduor, ilqfk prowh frvh dqfrud pdqfdqr shu frpsohwduh o'dvvlplodclrqh
|
|
lpsrvwd: vrowdqwr vxl sulqfls fkh fl vl sx, frq exrq hvlwr,
|
|
glihqghuh frqwur o'xvxusdclrqh. Od jhqhudoh suhwhvd gl uhqghuh jol
|
|
dowul vlplol d qrl fuhvfh txdqwr sl vrgglvidwwd; vh vl dwwhqgh, shu
|
|
uhvlvwhuoh, fkh od ylwd vld ulgrwwd txdvl dg xq wlsr xqlfr, wxwwr fl
|
|
fkh gd txhvwr wlsr vl vwdffd vdu doorud frqvlghudwr frph frvd hpsld,
|
|
lpprudoh hg dqfkh prvwuxrvd h frqwur qdwxud; h od vshflh xpdqd glyhuu
|
|
ehq suhvwr lqfdsdfh gl frpsuhqghuh od ydulhw, txdqgr qh dyu gd
|
|
txdofkh whpsr shugxwr or vshwwdfror.
|
|
|
|
|
|
ILQH GHO FDSLWROR WHUCR
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
FDSLWROR TXDUWR.
|
|
|
|
GHL OLPLWL DO SRWHUH GHOOD VRFLHW VXOO'LQGLYLGXR.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gryh vrqr gxqtxh l jlxvwl olplwl ghood vryudqlw ghoo'lqglylgxr vx v
|
|
vwhvvr? Gryh lqfrplqfld lo srwhuh ghood vrflhw? Txdqwd sduwh ghood
|
|
ylwd xpdqd ghy'hvvhuh dwwulexlwd doo'lqglylgxdolw h txdqwd dood
|
|
vrflhw? Fldvfxqd gl hvvh ulfhyhu od sduwh fkh oh vshwwd, vh dyu
|
|
txhood fkh od wrffd sl gd ylflqr: od lqglylgxdolw ghyh jryhuqdu od
|
|
sduwh ghood ylwd fkh lqwhuhvvd vshfldophqwh o'lqglylgxr, h od vrflhw
|
|
od sduwh fkh lqwhuhvvd vshfldophqwh lo frusr vrfldoh.
|
|
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Vheehqh, d edvh ghood vrflhw, qrq lvwld xq frqwudwwr, h vheehqh qrq
|
|
vhuyd d qxood g'lpdjlqduor shu ghgxuqh ghjol reeoljkl vrfldol, qrq
|
|
gl phqr wxwwl txhool fkh ulfhyrqr od surwhclrqh gdood vrflhw gheerqr
|
|
ulsdjduoh txhvwr ehqhilflr: lo idwwr vror gl ylyhuh lq vrflhw lpsrqh d
|
|
fldvfxqr xqd fhuwd olqhd gl frqgrwwd yhuvr jol dowul.
|
|
|
|
Txhvwd frqgrwwd frqvlvwh: 1. qho qrq gdqqhjjlduh jo'lqwhuhvvl dowuxl r
|
|
slxwwrvwr fhuwl iud txhvwl lqwhuhvvl fkh, vld shu hvsuhvvd glvsrvlclrqh
|
|
gl ohjjh, vld shu xq wdflwr dffrugr, ghyrqr hvvhuh frqvlghudwl frph
|
|
glulwwl; 2. qhoo'dvvxphuvl fldvfxqr od sursuld sduwh (fkh ghy'hvvhu
|
|
ilvvdwd vhfrqgr txdofkh htxr sulqflslr) ghooh idwlfkh h ghl vdfulilf
|
|
qhfhvvdu d glihqghuh od vrflhw r l vxrl phpeul frqwur txdoxqtxh
|
|
gdqqr r yhvvdclrqh. Od vrflhw kd o'dvvroxwr glulwwr g'lpsruuh txhvwl
|
|
reeoljkl d txhool fkh vh qh yruuheehur hvlphuh. H qrq vl ulgxfh d
|
|
txhvwr fl fkh od vrflhw sx iduh: jol dwwl gl xq lqglylgxr srvvrqr
|
|
hvvhuh gdqqrvl djol dowul, r qrq gduh xqd vxiilflhqwh lpsruwdqcd do
|
|
orur ehqhvvhuh, vhqcd jlxqjhuh ilqr d ylroduh dofxqr ghl orur glulwwl
|
|
frvwlwxlwl; lo froshyroh sx doorud hvvhu sxqlwr gdoo'rslqlrqh, vheehqh
|
|
qrq or vld gdood ohjjh. Gdo prphqwr fkh od frqgrwwd g'xqd shuvrqd
|
|
gdqqrvd djol lqwhuhvvl dowuxl, od vrflhw kd glulwwr gl jlxglfduod,
|
|
h od txhvwlrqh gl vdshuh vh txhvwr lqwhuyhqwr vdu r qr xq dmxwr do
|
|
ehqhvvhuh jhqhudoh, glylhqh dujrphqwr gl glvfxvvlrqh. Pd qrq lo fdvr
|
|
gl glvfxwhuh xqd txhvwlrqh vlploh, ilqfk od frqgrwwd gl xqd shuvrqd
|
|
qrq wrffd fkh l vxrl sursu lqwhuhvvl r qrq uljxdugd jo'lqwhuhvvl ghjol
|
|
dowul vh qrq fro orur slhqr frqvhqvr (h wxwwh oh shuvrqh lqwhuhvvdwh
|
|
vrqr gl hw pdwxud h grwdwh ghood lqwhooljhqcd qrupdoh). Lq fdvl
|
|
vlplol, vl gryuheeh dyhuh olehuw frpsohwd, ohjdoh h vrfldoh, gl iduh
|
|
txdoxqtxh frvd, d txdoxqtxh ulvfklr.
|
|
|
|
Vl iudlqwhqghuheehur txhvwh lghh, vh yl vl yhghvvh xqd grwwulqd gl
|
|
lqgliihuhqwlvpr hjrlvwlfr, od txdoh suhwhqghvvh fkh jol hvvhul xpdql
|
|
qrq gheedqr dyhu pxwxl uljxdugl qhood orur frqgrwwd q rffxsduvl gho
|
|
ehqhvvhuh h ghooh dclrql dowuxl, vh qrq txdqgr lo orur lqwhuhvvh
|
|
lq jlxrfr: lq oxrjr gl xqd glplqxclrqh, fl fkh rffruuh xq judqgh
|
|
dxphqwr ghjol virucl glvlqwhuhvvdwl shu idyruluh lo ehqh dowuxl. Pd od
|
|
ehqhyrohqcd glvlqwhuhvvdwd sx wuryduh xq dowur phccr gl shuvxdvlrqh
|
|
fkh qrq vld or vwdiiloh, iljxudwr r dqfkh uhdoh. Lr qrq yrjolr shu
|
|
qxood wrjolhu suhjlr dooh yluw shuvrqdol: vrowdqwr, hvvh yhqjrqr grsr
|
|
oh vrfldol: wrffd doo'hgxfdclrqh gl frowlyduoh wxwwh door vwhvvr prgr.
|
|
Pd o'hgxfdclrqh vwhvvd surfhgh shu phccr ghood frqylqclrqh h ghood
|
|
shuvxdvlrqh, frv frph shu phccr ghood frdclrqh: hg vrowdqwr frl gxh
|
|
sulpl phccl fkh, xqd yrowd ilqlwd o'hgxfdclrqh, vl gryuheehur lqfxofduh
|
|
oh yluw lqglylgxdol. Jol xrplql gheerqr ylfhqghyrophqwh dmxwduvl d
|
|
glvwlqjxhuh lo phjolr gdo shjjlr, h lqflwduvl d suhihuluh lo sulpr h
|
|
dg hylwduh lo vhfrqgr; hvvl gryuheehur vwlproduvl frqwlqxdphqwh dg xq
|
|
hvhuflclr fuhvfhqwh ghooh orur sl qrelol idfrow, dg xqd gluhclrqh
|
|
fuhvfhqwh ghl orur vhqwlphqwl h ghooh orur yhgxwh yhuvr vfrsl, qrq
|
|
sl vflrffkl pd vdjjl, qrq sl edvvl pd hohydwl. Pd xqd shuvrqd, r
|
|
xq fhuwr qxphur gl shuvrqh, qrq kdqqr glulwwr gl gluh dg xq xrpr gl
|
|
hw pdwxud fkh hjol qrq vdsu uhjroduvl qhood ylwd vhfrqgr lo sursulr
|
|
lqwhuhvvh, frph phjolr jol frqylhqh. Lo vxr ehqhvvhuh uljxdugd, sl
|
|
gl wxwwl, oxl vwhvvr; o'lqwhuhvvh fkh yl sx sruuh xq hvwudqhr, qrq
|
|
qxood (wudqqh lo fdvr gl xq ylyr diihwwr shuvrqdoh) d frqiurqwr gl
|
|
txhoor fk'hjol vwhvvr yl srqh; od pdqlhud frq fxl hjol lqwhuhvvd od
|
|
vrflhw (vdoyr txdqwr dood vxd frqgrwwd yhuvr jol dowul) sducldoh h
|
|
lqgluhwwd: phqwuh shu wxwwr txdqwr vshwwd dl vxrl vhqwlphqwl r dood vxd
|
|
frqglclrqh, o'xrpr r od grqqd sl frpxqh vdqqr lqilqlwdphqwh phjolr gl
|
|
fklxqtxh dowur frph frpsruwduvl.
|
|
|
|
O'lqwhuyhqwr ghood vrflhw shu gluljhuh lo jlxglclr h l glvhjql gl xq
|
|
xrpr lq fl fkh qrq uljxdugd fkh oxl, vl irqgd vhpsuh vx suhvxqclrql
|
|
jhqhudol: rud txhvwh suhvxqclrql srvvrqr hvvhuh frpsohwdphqwh idovh;
|
|
irvvhur dqfkh jlxvwh, hvvh vdudqqr suredelophqwh dssolfdwh d wruwr,
|
|
qhl fdvl sduwlfrodul, gd shuvrqh fkh qrq frqrvfrqr vh qrq od vxshuilflh
|
|
ghl idwwl. Shu txhvwr xq wdo udpr ghoo'dwwlylw xpdqd sursulr ghjol
|
|
lqglylgxl. Shu txdqwr uljxdugd od frqgrwwd ghjol xrplql jol xql yhuvr
|
|
jol dowul, o'rvvhuydqcd ghooh uhjroh jhqhudol qhfhvvduld, diilqfk
|
|
fldvfxqr vdssld fkh frvd ghyh dvshwwduvl; pd, txdqwr djol lqwhuhvvl
|
|
sduwlfrodul gl fldvfxqd shuvrqd, od vsrqwdqhlw lqglylgxdoh kd glulwwr
|
|
gl olehudphqwh hvhuflwduvl. Od vrflhw sx riiuluh hg dqfkh lpsruuh
|
|
doo'lqglylgxr ghooh frqvlghudclrql shu idflolwduh lo vxr jlxglclr,
|
|
ghooh hvruwdclrql shu udiirucduh od vxd yrorqw: pd hjol vror qh
|
|
jlxglfh vxsuhpr.
|
|
|
|
Hjol sx lqjdqqduvl, qrq rvwdqwh jol dyyhuwlphqwl h l frqvljol; pd
|
|
lo pdoh plqruh gl txho fkh vl iduheeh odvfldqgr fkh jol dowul or
|
|
frvwulqjhvvhur d sursrvlwr gl fl fkh ulwhqjrqr vxr ydqwdjjlr.
|
|
|
|
Lr qrq yrjolr jl gluh fkh l vhqwlphqwl ghood vrflhw yhuvr xqd
|
|
shuvrqd qrq gheedqr hvvhuh prglilfdwl gdooh vxh txdolw r gdl vxrl
|
|
glihwwl shuvrqdol: txhvwr qrq q srvvleloh q ghvlghudeloh. Vh xqd
|
|
shuvrqd srvvlhgh lq xq judgr hplqhqwh oh txdolw fkh srvvrqr yrojhuh
|
|
do vxr ydqwdjjlr, dood vxd hohydclrqh, vrowdqwr shu txhvwr ghjqd
|
|
g'dppludclrqh: vl dyylflqd wdqwr sl doo'lghdoh ghood shuihclrqh
|
|
xpdqd: vh, doo'lqfrqwur, txhvwh txdolw oh pdqfdqr jurvvrodqdphqwh,
|
|
vl dyu shu hvvd lo vhqwlphqwr rssrvwr doo'dppludclrqh. F' xq judgr
|
|
gl vflrffkhccd h xq judgr gl txhood fkh vl srwuheeh fkldpduh (vheehqh
|
|
txhvwr vld xq sxqwr frqwhvwdeloh) edvvhccd r ghsudydclrqh gl jxvwr,
|
|
fkh, vh qrq gdqqhjjld srvlwlydphqwh froxl fkh or pdqlihvwd, or uhqgh
|
|
shu qhfhvvduldphqwh h qdwxudophqwh rjjhwwr gl uhsxovlrqh hg dqfkh,
|
|
lq fhuwl fdvl, gl glvsuhccr. Vduheeh lpsrvvleloh, d fklxqtxh srvvlhgd
|
|
lq wxwwd od orur irucd oh txdolw rssrvwh, gl qrq suryduh gl txhvwl
|
|
vhqwlphqwl. Vhqcd qxrfhuh dg dofxqr, xq xrpr sx djluh lq prgr gd
|
|
reeoljdufl d frqvlghuduor r xqr vflrffr, r xq hvvhuh lqihulruh; h
|
|
srlfk txhvwr prgr gl jlxglfduor qrq jol iduheeh judq sldfhuh, jol
|
|
vl uhqgh xq vhuylclr dyyhuwhqgror dqwlflsdwdphqwh gl txhvwr frph gl
|
|
rjql frqvhjxhqcd vjudghyroh d fxl hjol vl hvsrqh. Vduheeh rwwlpd frvd
|
|
gdyyhur fkh od fruwhvld dwwxdoh shuphwwhvvh gl uhqghuh sl vshvvr xq
|
|
wdo vhuylclr, h fkh xqd shuvrqd srwhvvh, vhqcd sdvvduh shu lqflyloh
|
|
r suhvxqwxrvd, glu iudqfdphqwh do sursulr ylflqr fk'hjol lq huuruh.
|
|
Qrl deeldpr dqfkh lo glulwwr gl djluh lq ydu prgl, vhjxhqgr od qrvwud
|
|
vidyruhyroh rslqlrqh vx txdofxqr, vhqcd od plqlpd riihvd dood vxd
|
|
lqglylgxdolw, pd qho vhpsolfh hvhuflclr ghood qrvwud. Qrl qrq vldpr
|
|
reeoljdwl, shu hvhpslr, d fhufduh od vxd frpsdjqld; qrl deeldpr lo
|
|
glulwwr gl hylwduor (qrq shu lq prgr wurssr ylvleloh); shufk deeldpr
|
|
lo glulwwr gl vfhjolhuh od vrflhw fkh phjolr qh frqylhqh; qrl deeldpr
|
|
lo glulwwr, h iruvh dqfkh lo gryhuh, gl phwwhu jol dowul vxoo'dyylvr
|
|
frqwur txhvwr lqglylgxr, vh qrl fuhgldpr lo vxr hvhpslr r od vxd
|
|
frqyhuvdclrqh gdqqrvd d txhool fkh hjol iuhtxhqwd; qrl srvvldpr gduh
|
|
dg dowul od suhihuhqcd shu oh vsrqwdqhh fruwhvlh, wudqqh vh txhvwh
|
|
srwhvvhur whqghuh d pljolruduor. Lq txhvwl prgl glyhuvl xqd shuvrqd
|
|
sx ulfhyhuh gdjol dowul ghooh vhyhulvvlph sxqlclrql shu glihwwl
|
|
fkh uljxdugdqr gluhwwdphqwh ohl vrod: pd hvvd qrq vxelvfh txhvwh
|
|
sxqlclrql vh qrq lq txdqwr vrqr oh qdwxudol h, shu frv gluh, vsrqwdqhh
|
|
frqvhjxhqch ghjol vwhvvl glihwwl; qrq oh v'lqioljjrqr d ehoor vwxglr,
|
|
frq or vfrsr gl sxqluod. Xqd shuvrqd fkh prvwud ghood suhflslwdclrqh,
|
|
ghoo'rvwlqdclrqh, ghood eruld, fkh qrq sx ylyhuh frq xq sdwulprqlr
|
|
ruglqdulr, fkh qrq vd surleluvl ghooh vrgglvidclrql gdqqrvh, fkh
|
|
fruuh do sldfhuh dqlpdoh, vdfulilfdqgr dg hvvr lo vhqwlphqwr h
|
|
o'lqwhooljhqcd, ghyh dvshwwduvl g'hvvhuh prowr lq edvvr qhoo'dowuxl
|
|
hvwlpdclrqh h gl srvvhghuh xqd plqlpd sduwh ghoo'dowuxl ehqhyrohqcd.
|
|
Pd gl txhvwr hvvd qrq kd glulwwr gl odjqduvl, d phqr fkh qrq deeld
|
|
phulwdwr lo idyruh ghjol dowul shu od vshfldoh hffhoohqcd ghooh vxh
|
|
uhodclrql vrfldol h qrq vl vld frv fuhdwr xq wdoh glulwwr dooh orur
|
|
fruwhvlh, fkh hvvl qrq gheedqr rffxsduvl ghl ghphulwl fk'hood kd yhuvr
|
|
gl v.
|
|
|
|
Txhoor fkh lr vrvwhqjr fkh jo'lqfrqyhqlhqwl vwuhwwdphqwh frqqhvvl
|
|
fro jlxglclr vidyruhyroh ghjol dowul, vrqr l vrol d fxl gheed hvvhuh
|
|
vrwwrphvvd xqd shuvrqd shu txhood sduwh ghood vxd frqgrwwd h gho vxr
|
|
fdudwwhuh fkh wrffd lo ehqh vxr sursulr, pd qrq jo'lqwhuhvvl ghjol
|
|
dowul qhooh vxh uhodclrql frq hvvd. Ehq glyhuvdphqwh ydqqr lqyhfh
|
|
wudwwdwl jol dwwl gdqqrvl djol dowul. Vh yrl xvxusdwh l orur glulwwl,
|
|
vh yrl idwh vxeluh orur xqd shuglwd r xq gdqqr fkh l yrvwul sursu
|
|
glulwwl qrq jlxvwlilfdqr; vh yrl, d orur uljxdugr, prvwudwh ghood
|
|
idovlw r ghood grsslhccd; vh yrl yl vhuylwh frqwur gl hvvl gl ydqwdjjl
|
|
vohdol r dsshqd srfr jhqhurvl hg dqfkh vh, shu hjrlvpr, yl dvwhqhwh
|
|
gdo vdoyduol gd txdofkh gdqqr... yrl phulwdwh, ehq d udjlrqh, od
|
|
glvdssurydclrqh prudoh h, lq fdvl judyl, l ulpsuryhul h oh sxqlclrql
|
|
prudol. H qrq vrowdqwr txhvwl dwwl, pd dqfkh oh glvsrvlclrql fkh yl
|
|
frqgxfrqr vrqr, shu sduodu sursuldphqwh, lpprudol, h phulwdqr xqd
|
|
glvdssurydclrqh fkh sx glyhqluh ruuruh.
|
|
|
|
Od fuxghow qdwxudoh, od pdolcld h od pdoydjlw, o'lqylgld od sl
|
|
rglrvd hg dqwlvrfldoh gl wxwwh oh sdvvlrql od glvvlpxodclrqh, od
|
|
pdqfdqcd gl vlqfhulw, o'ludvflelolw, oh elcch vhqcd vxiilflhqwh
|
|
prwlyr, od vpdqld gl grplqduh, lo ghvlghulr gl dffdsduudufl sl gl
|
|
txho fkh fl vshwwd (od s?h??h??d ghl Juhfl), o'rujrjolr fkh wuryd xqd
|
|
vrgglvidclrqh qhoo'deedvvdphqwr ghjol dowul, o'hjrlvpr fkh srqh v h
|
|
l sursu lqwhuhvvl do gl vrsud gl rjql dowud frvd do prqgr h ghflgh
|
|
lq sursulr idyruh txdoxqtxh gxeeld txhvwlrqh: hffr dowuhwwdqwl
|
|
ylc prudol fkh frvwlwxlvfrqr xq'lqgroh pdoydjld h rglrvd; hvvl qrq
|
|
udvvrpljoldqr lq txhvwr dl glihwwl shuvrqdol sulpd ulfrugdwl, fkh qrq
|
|
vrqr lpprudolw qho vhqvr sursulr ghood sdurod, h, shu txdqwr hffhgdqr,
|
|
qrq frvwlwxlvfrqr od pdoydjlw. Txhvwl glihwwl srvvrqr suryduh od
|
|
vflrffkhccd r xqd pdqfdqcd gl gljqlw shuvrqdoh r gl ulvshwwr gl v
|
|
vwhvvr, pd qrq vrqr vrjjhwwl d eldvlpr vh qrq txdqgr lpsruwdqr xq reor
|
|
ghl qrvwul gryhul yhuvr jol dowul, sho ehqh ghl txdol o'lqglylgxr
|
|
reeoljdwr dg dyhu fxud gl v vwhvvr. Fl fkh vl fkldpd gryhuh yhuvr
|
|
qrl vwhvvl, qrq frvwlwxlvfh xqd reeoljdclrqh vrfldoh, d phqr fkh oh
|
|
flufrvwdqch qrq qh idffldqr xq gryhuh yhuvr jol dowul; od hvsuhvvlrqh
|
|
_gryhuh yhuvr v vwhvvr_, txdqgr vljqlilfd txdofrvd gl sl fkh
|
|
suxghqcd, vljqlilfd ulvshwwr r vyloxssr gl v vwhvvr; h qhvvxqr ghyh,
|
|
lq txhvwr dujrphqwr, uhqghu frqwr dl vxrl vlplol, shufk hvvl qrq yl
|
|
vrqr lqwhuhvvdwl.
|
|
|
|
Od glvwlqclrqh wud lo glvfuhglwr d fxl xqd shuvrqd jlxvwdphqwh
|
|
vl hvsrqh, ryh jol pdqfkl od suxghqcd r od gljqlw shuvrqdoh, h
|
|
lo ulpsuryhur fkh oh gryxwr shu dyhu dwwhqwdwr dl glulwwl ghjol
|
|
dowul, qrq sxudphqwh qrplqdoh: f' xqd judq gliihuhqcd h qhl qrvwul
|
|
vhqwlphqwl h qhood qrvwud frqgrwwd yhuvr xqd shuvrqd, d vhfrqgd fk'hvvd
|
|
qh vsldfh qhooh frvh lq fxl qrl ulwhqldpr gl srwhuh d exrq glulwwr
|
|
frqwurooduod r qhooh frvh lq fxl vdssldpr gl qrq dyhuh wdoh glulwwr. Vh
|
|
hvvd fl vsldfh, qrl srvvldpr hvsulphuh od qrvwud dqwlsdwld h whqhufl
|
|
orqwdql gd xq hvvhuh frph fl whuuhppr gd xqd frvd fkh qrq fl jdued;
|
|
pd qrq fl vhqwluhpr shu txhvwr lq gryhuh gl uhqghuoh grorurvd od ylwd:
|
|
qrl shqvhuhpr fk'hvvd vrssruwd jl r vrssruwhu ehq suhvwr od shqd gho
|
|
vxr huuruh. Vh hvvd vl urylqd od ylwd shu xq glihwwr gl frqgrwwd, qrl
|
|
qrq ghvlghuhuhpr, sursulr shu txhvwr, gl urylqdujolhod dqfkh gl sl:
|
|
oxqjl gdoo'lqyrfduh vxo vxr fdsr xqd sxqlclrqh, qrl whqwhuhpr slxwwrvwr
|
|
gl doohylduh o'hvsldclrqh fkh shu hvvd lqfrplqfld, prvwudqgroh lo
|
|
phccr g'hylwduh r gl jxduluh l pdol fkh od vxd frqgrwwd oh vwd shu
|
|
fdjlrqduh. Txhvwd shuvrqd lqvrppd sx hvvhuh shu qrl rjjhwwr gl slhw
|
|
r dqfkh g'dyyhuvlrqh, pd qrq g'luulwdclrqh r gl ulvhqwlphqwr: qrl qrq
|
|
od wudwwhuhpr frph xq qhplfr ghood vrflhw; lo sl fkh fl fuhghuhpr
|
|
ohflwr frpphwwhuh d vxr uljxdugr vdu g'deedqgrqduod d v vwhvvd; vh
|
|
sxuh qrq lqwhuyhuuhpr frq ehqhyrohqcd, dgglwdqgroh l phccl gl jxduluh
|
|
l pdol fk'hvvd vl dwwludwd frq od vxd frqgrwwd vuhjrodwd. Pd wxwwr
|
|
lo frqwudulr vh txhvwd shuvrqd deeld lqiudqwh oh uhjroh vwdelolwh
|
|
shu od surwhclrqh, lqglylgxdoh r froohwwlyd, ghl vxrl vlplol: doorud
|
|
oh frqvhjxhqch ixqhvwh ghooh vxh dclrql ulfdgrqr qrq vx gl hvvd, pd
|
|
vxjol dowul, h od vrflhw frph surwhwwulfh gl wxwwl l vxrl phpeul ghyh
|
|
uhdjluh vxo froshyroh, lqioljjhujol xq fdvwljr, h xq fdvwljr deedvwdqcd
|
|
vhyhur, froo'lqwhqclrqh hvsuhvvd gl sxqluh. Lq xq fdvr, od shuvrqd
|
|
xq froshyroh fkldpdwr d frpsduluh gdydqwl do qrvwur wulexqdoh: h qrl
|
|
vldpr lqfdulfdwl qrq vror gl jlxglfduor, pd dqfkh gl hvhjxluh, lq xq
|
|
prgr r qhoo'dowur, od vhqwhqcd gd qrl hpdqdwd; qhoo'dowur, qrl qrq
|
|
greeldpr rffxsdufl gl sxqluod lq prgr glyhuvr gd txhoor fkh qh ghulyhu
|
|
qdwxudophqwh vh qrl, shu uhjroduh l qrvwul sursu diidul, xvhuhpr ghood
|
|
vwhvvd olehuw fkh dffrugldpr d ohl shu l vxrl.
|
|
|
|
Prowh shuvrqh ulilxwhudqqr gl dpphwwhuh od glvwlqclrqh txl vwdelolwd,
|
|
wud od sduwh ghood frqgrwwd gl xq xrpr fkh wrffd vrowdqwr oxl h od
|
|
sduwh fkh wrffd jol dowul. Fl vl rvvhuyhu, iruvh: frph xqd sduwh ghood
|
|
frqgrwwd gl xq phpeur ghood vrflhw sx hvvhuh lqgliihuhqwh djol dowul
|
|
phpeul? Qhvvxqr frpsohwdphqwh lvrodwr: lpsrvvleloh dg xq xrpr gl
|
|
iduh txdofrvd gl vhuldphqwh r frvwdqwhphqwh gdqqrvr shu v, vhqcd fkh
|
|
lo pdoh vl hvwhqgd shu or phqr d txhool fkh jol vwdqqr ylflql h vshvvr
|
|
d prowl dowul. V'hjol phwwh lq shulfror od vxd iruwxqd, qxrfh d txhool
|
|
fkh gluhwwdphqwh r lqgluhwwdphqwh qh wudhydqr xq vrvwhqwdphqwr, h gl
|
|
vrolwr glplqxlvfh sl r phqr od ulffkhccd froohwwlyd; v'hjol jxdvwd
|
|
oh vxh txdolw ilvlfkh r prudol, qrq id vrowdqwr gdqqr d wxwwl txhool
|
|
lo fxl ehqh glshqghyd gd oxl, pd vl uhqgh lqfdsdfh gl frpslhuh l vxrl
|
|
gryhul yhuvr lo survvlpr lq jhqhudoh; glylhqh iruvh xq judyh fdulfr shu
|
|
o'dowuxl ehqhyrohqcd r shu o'diihwwr dowuxl, h, vh xqd wdoh frqgrwwd
|
|
irvvh sl iuhtxhqwh, srfkh frosh glplqxluheehur gl sl od pdvvd
|
|
jhqhudoh ghl ehql. Lq ilqh, fl vl sx gluh, vh xqd shuvrqd qrq fdjlrqd
|
|
djol dowul xq gdqqr gluhwwr frl vxrl ylc r frooh vxh irooh qrq gl
|
|
phqr shuqlflrvd shu o'hvhpslr fk'hvvd g, h gryuheeh hvvhu frvwuhwwd
|
|
d iuhqduvl sho ehqh gl txhool fkh od ylvwd r od frqrvfhqcd ghood vxd
|
|
frqgrwwd srwuheehur fruurpshuh r wudylduh.
|
|
|
|
Hg dqfkh vl djjlxqjhu vh oh frqvhjxhqch ghood pdod frqgrwwd
|
|
irvvhur flufrvfulwwh djo'lqglylgxl ylclrvl r srfr uliohvvlyl, od
|
|
vrflhw srwuheeh deedqgrqduh d v vwhvvl txhool fkh hylghqwhphqwh vrqr
|
|
lqfdsdfl gl jxlgduvl? Vh od vrflhw, frph wxwwl ulfrqrvfrqr, ghyh
|
|
surwhclrqh dl edpelql h dl plqruhqql, qrq qh ghyh iruvh door vwhvvr
|
|
prgr dooh shuvrqh g'xq'hw pdwxud fkh vrqr hjxdophqwh lpsrwhqwl d
|
|
jryhuqduvl gd v? Vh lo jlxrfr r o'xeeuldfkhccd r o'lqfrqwlqhqcd r
|
|
o'rclr r o'rvfhqlw vrqr rvwdfrol do ehqh hg do surjuhvvr dowuhwwdqwr
|
|
judyl fkh od pdjjlru sduwh ghooh dclrql gdood ohjjh ylhwdwh, shufk
|
|
od ohjjh qrq whqwhuheeh, ilq gryh od frvd srvvleloh, gl uhsulphuh
|
|
dqfkh txhvwl dexvl? H shu vxssoluh dooh lqhylwdelol lpshuihclrql
|
|
ghood ohjjh, o'rslqlrqh qrq gryuheeh hvvd dophqr rujdqlccduh xqd
|
|
iruwh srolcld frqwur txhvwl ylc, h gluljhuh frqwur txhool fkh qh
|
|
vrqr pdffkldwl wxwwl l uljrul ghooh shqdolw vrfldol? Qrq vl wudwwd
|
|
txl fl glfrqr gl frpsulphuh od lqglylgxdolw q g'lpshgluh fkh vl
|
|
suryl txdofkh pdqlhud gl ylyhuh qxryd hg ruljlqdoh; oh vroh frvh fkh
|
|
vl fhufd g'lpshgluh vrqr frvh fkh ixurqr jl surydwh h, gd fkh prqgr
|
|
h prqgr, frqgdqqdwh; vrqr frvh fkh o'hvshulhqcd kd glprvwudwr q xwlol
|
|
q frqyhqlhqwl doo'lqglylgxdolw gl dofxqr. Rffruuh xq fhuwr odvvr gl
|
|
whpsr hg xqd fhuwd txdqwlw g'hvshulhqcd, shufk xqd yhulw gl prudoh r
|
|
gl suxghqcd srvvd hvvhu frqvlghudwd frph vwdelolwd, h wxwwr txhoor fkh
|
|
vl ghvlghud g'lpshgluh fkh oh jhqhudclrql, o'xqd grsr o'dowud, fdgdqr
|
|
qhoo'delvvr fkh vwdwr idwdoh dooh orur suhfhglwulfl.
|
|
|
|
Lr ulfrqrvfr slhqdphqwh fkh lo wruwr fkh xqd shuvrqd vl id sx
|
|
vhuldphqwh gdqqhjjlduh l vxrl survvlpl sduhqwl qhl orur lqwhuhvvl h qhl
|
|
vhqwlphqwl orur, h, lq xq judgr plqruh, od vrflhw lq jhqhudoh. Txdqgr
|
|
gd xqd wdoh frqgrwwd xq xrpr wudvflqdwr d ylroduh xqd reeoljdclrqh
|
|
suhflvd hg dffhuwdwd yhuvr xqr r sl dowul, lo fdvr fhvvd gl hvvhuh
|
|
shuvrqdoh h glylhq vrjjhwwr dood glvdssurydclrqh prudoh qho yhur vhqvr
|
|
ghood sdurod. Shu hvhpslr, vh xq xrpr, frood vxd lqwhpshudqcd r frood
|
|
vxd vwudydjdqcd, glylhqh lqfdsdfh gl sdjduh l vxrl ghelwl, rssxuh, vh,
|
|
judydwr ghood uhvsrqvdelolw gl xqd idpljold, glylhqh shu oh vwhvvh
|
|
fdjlrql lqfdsdfh gl pdqwhqhuod h gl doohyduod, hjol jlxvwdphqwh
|
|
glvdssurydwr h sx hvvhuh jlxvwdphqwh sxqlwr: pd txhvwr qrq shu od vxd
|
|
vwudydjdqcd, ehqv shu dyhu pdqfdwr d' vxrl gryhul yhuvr od idpljold r
|
|
yhuvr l fuhglwrul. Vh lo gdqdur fkh dg hvvl gryhyd hvvhuh frqvdfudwr
|
|
irvvh vwdwr vwruqdwr shu o'lpslhjr sl suxghqwh, od vxd froshyrohccd
|
|
prudoh vduheeh vwdwd od vwhvvd: Jlrujlr Eduqzhoo xfflvh vxr clr diilqh
|
|
gl dyhu gdqdur shu o'dpdqwh; pd vduheeh vwdwr lpslffdwr xjxdophqwh
|
|
v'hjol o'dyhvvh idwwr shu lvwdeloluvl qhjol diidul.
|
|
|
|
Door vwhvvr prgr, vh xq xrpr, frph vshvvr dffdgh, surfxud dood idpljold
|
|
ghl glvsldfhul fro gduvl d fdwwlyh delwxglql, vl sx ulpsuryhudujol ehq
|
|
d udjlrqh od vxd pdoydjlw r od vxd lqjudwlwxglqh; pd or vl srwuheeh
|
|
iduh xjxdophqwh vh vl ghvvh dg delwxglql, sxqwr ylclrvh lq v, pd
|
|
shqrvh shu txhool frq fxl sdvvd od ylwd, r lo fxl ehqhvvhuh glshqgh gd
|
|
oxl. Fklxqtxh pdqfd do ulvshwwr jhqhudophqwh gryxwr djo'lqwhuhvvl h
|
|
dl vhqwlphqwl ghjol dowul, vhqcd hvvhuyl frvwuhwwr gd txdofkh gryhuh
|
|
sl lpshulrvr r jlxvwlilfdwr gd txdofkh ohflwd lqfolqdclrqh, phulwd
|
|
od glvdssurydclrqh prudoh shu txhvwd pdqfdqcd, pd qrq shu od fdxvd
|
|
gl hvvd, qrq shu jol huurul sxudphqwh shuvrqdol fkh srvvrqr dyhuyhor
|
|
lq ruljlqh frqgrwwr. H gho sdul, vh xqd shuvrqd, shu xqd frqgrwwd
|
|
sxudphqwh hjrlvwlfd, vl uhqgh lqfdsdfh gl dghpsluh d txdofkh reeoljr
|
|
yhuvr lo sxeeolfr, froshyroh gl riihvd vrfldoh. Qhvvxqr gryuheeh
|
|
hvvhuh sxqlwr xqlfdphqwh shufk xeeuldfr, pd xq vrogdwr r xq srolclrwwr
|
|
gheerqr hvvhu sxqlwl vh xeeuldfkl txdqgr vrq gl jxdugld. Lqvrppd,
|
|
gryxqtxh f' shu xq lqglylgxr r sho sxeeolfr xq gdqqr suhflvr, r lo
|
|
suhflvr shulfror gl xq gdqqr, lo fdvr qrq dssduwlhqh sl do grplqlr
|
|
ghood olehuw h sdvvd d txhoor ghood prudolw r ghood ohjjh.
|
|
|
|
Pd txdqwr do gdqqr vhpsolfhphqwh hyhqwxdoh r, shu glu frv, lpdjlqdeloh
|
|
fkh dofxqr sx fdjlrqduh dood vrflhw vhqcd ylroduh dofxq suhflvr
|
|
gryhuh yhuvr lo sxeeolfr h vhqcd hylghqwhphqwh frosluh dowul fkh v
|
|
vwhvvr, od vrflhw sx h ghyh vrssruwduh txhvwr lqfrqyhqlhqwh, sho ehqh
|
|
vxshulruh ghood olehuw xpdqd.
|
|
|
|
Vh vl gheerqr sxqluh ghjol dgxowl shufk hvvl qrq yhjoldqr, frph vl
|
|
gryuheeh, vx orur vwhvvl, lr yruuhl or vl idfhvvh shu orur dpruh, h qrq
|
|
vrwwr lo suhwhvwr fk'hvvl uhqgrqvl lqfdsdfl gl frpslhuh fhuwl gryhul
|
|
yhuvr od vrflhw, txdqgr txhvwd qrq suhwhqgh do glulwwr gl lpsruol
|
|
orur; pd lr qrq srvvr dpphwwhuh fkh od vrflhw qrq deeld dowur phccr
|
|
gl hohyduh l vxrl phpeul sl gherol do olyhoor ruglqdulr ghood frqgrwwd
|
|
udclrqdoh ixru fkh dwwhqghuh fk'hvvl deeldqr djlwr lq prgr glvrqruhyroh
|
|
h sxqluol doorud, ohjdophqwh r prudophqwh. Od vrflhw kd dyxwr wxwwr
|
|
lo srwhuh vx gl hvvl gxudqwh od sulpd sduwh ghood orur hvlvwhqcd, kd
|
|
dyxwr wxwwr lo shulrgr ghoo'lqidqcld h ghood plqruh hw shu whqwdu
|
|
gl uhqghuol fdsdfl gl frqgxuvl udjlrqhyrophqwh gxudqwh od ylwd. Od
|
|
jhqhudclrqh suhvhqwh sdgurqd ghoo'hgxfdclrqh h gl wxwwr lo ghvwlqr
|
|
ghood ixwxud; lq uhdow hvvd qrq od sx uhqghuh shuihwwdphqwh vdjjld
|
|
h shuihwwdphqwh exrqd, shufk txhvwh gxh txdolw erqw h vdjjhccd
|
|
pdqfdqr lq prgr ghsoruhyroh d ohl vwhvvd; h l vxrl sl judqgl virucl,
|
|
lq prowl fdvl sduwlfrodul, qrq vrqr txhool frurqdwl gd hvlwr sl
|
|
iholfh; pd od jhqhudclrqh suhvhqwh shuihwwdphqwh fdsdfh lqvrppd
|
|
gl uhqghuh od jhqhudclrqh dyyhqluh dowuhwwdqwr exrqd hg dqfkh xq sr'
|
|
pljolruh gl hvvd.
|
|
|
|
Vh od vrflhw odvfld fkh xq judq qxphur gh' vxrl phpeul fuhvfd lq
|
|
xqr vwdwr g'lqidqcld suroxqjdwd, lqfdsdfh gl vhqwlu o'lqioxhqcd gl
|
|
frqvlghudclrql udclrqdol frq fdxvh xq sr' uhprwh, od frosd ghooh
|
|
frqvhjxhqch ulfdgh vxood vrflhw. Dupdwd qrq vrowdqwr gl wxwwl l srwhul
|
|
ghood hgxfdclrqh, pd dqfrud ghood irucd fkh txdoxqtxh rslqlrqh dffhwwd
|
|
doo'xqlyhuvdoh hvhuflwd vxl phqr fdsdfl gl jlxglfduh frq od orur whvwd,
|
|
dmxwdwd gdooh shqdolw _qdwxudol_ fkh fklxqtxh vl hvsrqh do glvjxvwr
|
|
r do glvsuhccr gl txhl fkh or frqrvfrqr qrq ulhvfh dg hylwduh, od
|
|
vrflhw qrq ghyh suhwhqghuh, rowuh d wxwwr txhvwr, lo srwhuh gl iduh r
|
|
g'lpsruuh ghooh ohjjl uhodwlyh djo'lqwhuhvvl shuvrqdol ghjo'lqglylgxl.
|
|
Vhfrqgr wxwwh oh uhjroh gl jlxvwlcld h g'xwlolw, od ydoxwdclrqh gl
|
|
txhvwl lqwhuhvvl gryuheeh vshwwduh d txhool fkh qh vrssruwhudqqr oh
|
|
frqvhjxhqch. Qxood whqgh pdjjlruphqwh d vfuhglwduh h d uhqghuh lqxwlol
|
|
l exrql phccl g'lqioxluh vxood frqgrwwd xpdqd fkh o'dyhu ulfruvr dl
|
|
shjjlrul; vh yl lq frorur fkh vl whqwd gl frvwulqjhuh dood suxghqcd r
|
|
dood whpshudqcd od vwriid gl xq fdudwwhuh yljrurvr h lqglshqghqwh, hvvl
|
|
vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr vl ulehoohudqqr do jlrjr. Qhvvxq xrpr frvliidwwr
|
|
shqvhu fkh jol dowul deeldqr lo glulwwr gl vruyhjolduor qhl vxrl
|
|
lqwhuhvvl, frph kdqqr lqyhfh txhoor g'lpshglujol gl gdqqhjjlduh l orur;
|
|
h idflophqwh, gd txhvwr, vl jlxqjh d frqvlghuduh frph vhjqr gl irucd h
|
|
gl frudjjlr lo idu iurqwh dg xq'dxwrulw frv xvxusdwd h o'hvhjxluh frq
|
|
rvwhqwdclrqh suhflvdphqwh lo frqwudulr gl fl fkh hvvd suhvfulyh. Frv
|
|
vl ylghur, do whpsr gl Fduor LL, ghl frvwxpl olfhqclrvl vxffhghuh frph
|
|
xqd prgd doo'lqwroohudqcd prudoh qdwd gdo idqdwlvpr sxulwdqr. Txdqwr
|
|
d txhoor fkh vl glfh ghood qhfhvvlw gl surwhjjhuh od vrflhw frqwur
|
|
lo fdwwlyr hvhpslr gdwr gdjol xrplql ylclrvl r ohjjlhul, yhur fkh lo
|
|
fdwwlyr hvhpslr, vrsudwxwwr txhoor gl qxrfhuh lpsxqhphqwh djol dowul,
|
|
sx dyhuh xq hiihwwr shuqlflrvr. Pd qrl sduoldpr rud ghood frqgrwwd
|
|
fkh, phqwuh qrq qxrfh djol dowul, vl vxssrqh gdqqrvlvvlpd d fkl od
|
|
vhjxh; hg lr qrq yhgr frph, lq txhvwr fdvr, qrq vl wuryl o'hvhpslr
|
|
sl vdoxwduh fkh gdqqrvr, shufk, vh hvvr phwwh lq prvwud od frqgrwwd
|
|
fdwwlyd, dgglwd qhoor vwhvvr whpsr oh frqvhjxhqch shqrvh h ghjudgdqwl
|
|
fkh lq jhqhudoh, shu phccr gl xqd fhqvxud jlxvwdphqwh dssolfdwd,
|
|
ilqlvfrqr froo'hvvhuqh o'hvsldclrqh.
|
|
|
|
Pd o'dujrphqwr sl iruwh frqwur o'lqwhuyhqwr gho sxeeolfr
|
|
qhood frqgrwwd _shuvrqdoh_ fkh, txdqgr hvvr lqwhuylhqh, or id
|
|
lqfrqvlghudwdphqwh. Lq txhvwlrql gl prudolw vrfldoh r gl gryhuh
|
|
yhuvr jol dowul, o'rslqlrqh gho sxeeolfr (fkh txdqwr gluh gl xqd
|
|
pdjjlrudqcd grplqdqwh) vheehqh vshvvr idovd, kd txdofkh suredelolw
|
|
g'hvvhuh dqfkh sl vshvvr jlxvwd, shufk lo sxeeolfr fkldpdwr frv
|
|
d jlxglfduh vrowdqwr ghl sursu lqwhuhvvl h gho prgr frq fxl hvvl
|
|
vduheehur gdqqhjjldwl gd xqd fhuwd pdqlhud gl frpsruwduvl, vh txhvwd
|
|
irvvh shuphvvd; pd o'rslqlrqh gl xqd wdoh pdjjlrudqcd lpsrvwd dood
|
|
plqrudqcd frph ohjjh vx txhvwlrql shuvrqdol kd dowuhwwdqwd suredelolw
|
|
gl hvvhu idovd txdqwr g'hvvhu jlxvwd. Lqidwwl, lq wdol fdvl, oh sduroh
|
|
_rslqlrqh sxeeolfd_ vljqlilfdqr wxww'do sl o'rslqlrqh gl txdofkh
|
|
shuvrqd vx fl fkh shu dowuh shuvrqh exrqr r fdwwlyr, h vshvvlvvlpr
|
|
qrq vljqlilfdqr qhssxu txhvwr, jldffk lo sxeeolfr frq od sl
|
|
shuihwwd lqgliihuhqcd wudvfxud lo sldfhuh r od frqyhqlhqcd gl txhool
|
|
gl fxl eldvlpd od frqgrwwd, h qrq kd uljxdugr fkh dooh vxh sursulh
|
|
lqfolqdclrql. Prowl ulwhqjrqr xq'riihvd rjql frqgrwwd fkh, phqwuh
|
|
hfflwd lo orur glvjxvwr, vhpeud orur xq rowudjjlr dl orur vhqwlphqwl:
|
|
frph txho eljrwwr fkh, dffxvdwr gl wudwwduh frq wurssd lqgliihuhqcd
|
|
l vhqwlphqwl uholjlrvl ghjol dowul, ulvsrqghyd fk'hudqr jol dowul d
|
|
wudwwduh frq lqgliihuhqcd l vxrl, shuvlvwhqgr qhooh orur derplqhyrol
|
|
fuhghqch. Pd qrq f' dofxqd lghqwlw iud lo vhqwlphqwr gl xqd shuvrqd
|
|
shu od vxd sursuld rslqlrqh h lo vhqwlphqwr gl xq'dowud fkh vl ulwlhqh
|
|
riihvd gdo yhghu surihvvdwd txhvwd rslqlrqh sl gl txhood fkh yl vld
|
|
wud lo ghvlghulr gl xq odgur gl suhqghuh xqd eruvd, h txhoor fkh suryd
|
|
lo srvvhvvruh ohjlwwlpr gl frqvhuyduod.
|
|
|
|
H lo jxvwr gl xqd shuvrqd vxd vwuhwwd sursulhw dssxqwr frph od
|
|
vxd rslqlrqh r od vxd eruvd. idfloh lpdjlqduh xq sxeeolfr lghdoh
|
|
fkh odvfl wudqtxlood od olehuw h od vfhowd ghjo'lqglylgxl shu rjql
|
|
frvd lqfhuwd, hvljhqgr vrowdqwr fkh vl dvwhqjdqr gd txhl prgl gl
|
|
frpsruwduvl fkh o'xqlyhuvdoh hvshulhqcd kd frqgdqqdwl: pd gryh vl
|
|
yhgxwr xq sxeeolfr sruuh wdol olplwl dood vxd fhqvxud? Rssxuh, txdqgr
|
|
pdl lo sxeeolfr vl fxud ghoo'hvshulhqcd xqlyhuvdoh? Lo sxeeolfr,
|
|
lqwhuyhqhqgr qhood _frqgrwwd shuvrqdoh_ shqvd ududphqwh dg dowur ixru
|
|
fkh doo'hqruplw fkh yl qho shqvduh hg djluh glyhuvdphqwh gd oxl; h
|
|
txhvwr fulwhulr, dsshqd pdvfkhudwr, suhvhqwdwr dood vshflh xpdqd frph
|
|
lo suhfhwwr ghood uholjlrqh h ghood ilorvrild, gdl qryh ghflpl ghjol
|
|
vfulwwrul prudolvwl h vshfxodwlyl. Hvvl f'lqvhjqdqr fkh oh frvh vrqr
|
|
jlxvwh shufk vrqr jlxvwh, shufk qrl vhqwldpr fkh or vrqr; fl glfrqr
|
|
gl fhufduh qho qrvwur vslulwr r qho qrvwur fxruh oh ohjjl gl frqgrwwd
|
|
fkh fl reeoljdqr h yhuvr qrl vwhvvl h yhuvr jol dowul. Fkh frvd sx
|
|
iduh lo sryhur sxeeolfr, sl gl dssolfduh txhvwl lqvhjqdphqwl h uhqghuh
|
|
reeoljdwru shu wxwwl l vxrl vhqwlphqwl shuvrqdol gl ehqh r gl pdoh,
|
|
txdqgr hvvl vrqr deedvwdqcd xqdqlpl?
|
|
|
|
Lo pdoh fkh txl vl dgglwd qrq hvlvwh vrowdqwr lq whruld, h lo ohwwruh
|
|
dwwhqgh iruvh fkh lr flwl l fdvl sduwlfrodul lq fxl lo sxeeolfr gl
|
|
txhvwr vhfror r gl txhvwr sdhvh g, d wruwr, lo fdudwwhuh gl ohjjh
|
|
prudoh dl vxrl fdsulffl. Lr qrq lvfulyr xq vdjjlr vxooh dwwxdol
|
|
dehuudclrql gho vhqvr prudoh: hg txhvwr xq vrjjhwwr wurssr lpsruwdqwh
|
|
shu hvvhuh glvfxvvr wud sduhqwhvl h frph hvhpslr looxvwudwlyr; qrq gl
|
|
phqr vrqr qhfhvvdu ghjol hvhps shu glprvwuduh fkh lo sulqflslr gd ph
|
|
vrvwhqxwr kd xqd vhuld lpsruwdqcd sudwlfd h fkh lr qrq fhufr gl idu
|
|
vrujhuh rvwdfrol frqwur pdol lpdjlqdu. Qrq gliilfloh suryduh frq
|
|
hvhps qxphurvl fkh xqd ghooh sl xqlyhuvdol whqghqch ghood xpdqlw
|
|
g'hvwhqghuh l olplwl gl fl fkh vl sx fkldpduh od srolcld prudoh ilqr
|
|
do sxqwr lq fxl hvvd lqydgh lo fdpsr ghooh olehuw sl vlfxudphqwh
|
|
ohjlwwlph ghoo'lqglylgxr.
|
|
|
|
Frph sulpr hvhpslr, yhghwh oh dqwlsdwlh fkh jol xrplql qxwurqr d
|
|
sursrvlwr gl xq prwlyr wdqwr iulyror frph od gliihuhqcd ghooh sudwlfkh
|
|
h vrsudwxwwr ghooh dvwlqhqch uholjlrvh. Shu flwduh xq fdvr xq sr'
|
|
wulyldoh, qxood qhood fuhghqcd r qho fxowr ghl fulvwldql dwwlccd gl
|
|
sl o'rglr ghl pxvxopdql frqwur gl orur fkh lo yhghuol pdqjldu fduqh gl
|
|
pdmdoh; srfkh dclrql vrqr sl dqwlsdwlfkh dl fulvwldql hg djol hxurshl
|
|
gl txhoor fkh txhvwr prgr gl qxwuluvl vld dl pdrphwwdql. , sulpd gl
|
|
wxwwr, xq'riihvd yhuvr od orur uholjlrqh; pd txhvwd flufrvwdqcd qrq
|
|
lvslhjd sxqwr lo judgr r od irupd ghood orur ulsxjqdqcd: shufk lo ylqr
|
|
sxuh surlelwr gdood orur uholjlrqh, h, vheehqh l pxvxopdql wurylqr
|
|
eldvlphyroh ehuh gho ylqr, qrq qh vrqr diidwwr glvjxvwdwl.
|
|
|
|
Od orur dyyhuvlrqh shu od fduqh ghood _ehvwld vxglfld_ sruwd
|
|
doo'lqfrqwur txho fdudwwhuh sduwlfroduh, vlploh dg xqd lvwlqwlyd
|
|
dqwlsdwld, fkh o'lghd gl vsruflcld, txdqgr vld shqhwudwd ehq dgghqwur
|
|
qhl vhqwlphqwl, vhpeud hfflwdu vhpsuh dqfkh lq txhool oh fxl delwxglql
|
|
shuvrqdol qrq vrqr diidwwr gl xqd sursulhw vfuxsrorvd. Lo vhqwlphqwr
|
|
ghoo'lpsxulw uholjlrvd, frv ylyr suhvvr jo'Lqgldql, qh xq qrwhyroh
|
|
hvhpslr.
|
|
|
|
Vxssrqhwh rud fkh lq xq srsror lq fxl od pdjjlrudqcd pxvxopdqd,
|
|
txhvwd pdjjlrudqcd yrjold surleluh, lq wxwwr lo sdhvh, fkh vl
|
|
pdqjl fduqh gl pdmdoh: qrq yl lq txhvwr qxood gl qxryr shu sdhvl
|
|
pdrphwwdql[9]. Vduheeh xq hvhuflwduh ohjlwwlpdphqwh o'dxwrulw prudoh
|
|
ghoo'rslqlrqh sxeeolfd? Qr, glwh yrl: h shufk qr? Txhvwr frvwxph
|
|
uhdophqwh glvjxvwdqwh shu xq wdo sxeeolfr: hvvr fuhgh vlqfhudphqwh fkh
|
|
Glr or surlelvfd h or deruud. Qrq vl srwuheeh g'dowur fdqwr eldvlpduh
|
|
txhvwr glylhwr frph xqd shuvhfxclrqh uholjlrvd: vdu uholjlrvr
|
|
qhoo'ruljlqh, pd qrq xqd shuvhfxclrqh shu fdxvd uholjlrvd, shufk
|
|
qhvvxqd uholjlrqh reeoljd d pdqjldu fduqh gl pdmdoh. Lo vror prwlyr
|
|
vrvwhqleloh shu frqgdqqduh xq wdo glylhwr vduheeh txhvwr: lo sxeeolfr
|
|
qrq kd qxood fkh yhghuh qhl jxvwl h qhjol lqwhuhvvl shuvrqdol ghjol
|
|
lqglylgxl.
|
|
|
|
Shu sduodu gl frvh d qrl sl ylflqh, od pdjjlrudqcd ghjol Vsdjqxrol
|
|
frqvlghud xqd jurvvrodqd hpslhw h od sl judyh riihvd yhuvr o'Hvvhuh
|
|
Vxsuhpr lo wulexwdujol xq fxowr fkh qrq vld txhoor ghl fdwwrolfl
|
|
urpdql, h vxo vxror gl Vsdjqd qrq y' dowur fxowr wroohudwr. Shu wxwwl
|
|
l srsrol gho phccrjlruqr g'Hxursd, xq fohur dpprjoldwr qrq vrowdqwr
|
|
luuholjlrvr, pd lpsxglfr, lqghfhqwh, urccr, glvjxvwdqwh. Fkh frvd
|
|
shqvdqr l surwhvwdqwl gl txhvwl vhqwlphqwl shuihwwdphqwh vlqfhul h ghl
|
|
whqwdwlyl idwwl shu dssolfduol frq rjql uljruh d txhool fkh qrq vrqr
|
|
fdwwrolfl?
|
|
|
|
Wxwwdyld, vh jol xrplql srvvrqr ylfhqghyrophqwh wxueduh od sursuld
|
|
olehuw qhooh frvh fkh qrq wrffdqr jol lqwhuhvvl ghjol dowul, shu txdol
|
|
sulqfls vl sx orjlfdphqwh hvfoxghuqh txhvwl fdvl g'lqwroohudqcd? R
|
|
fkl sx eldvlpduh ghood jhqwh shufk yrjolrqr glvwuxjjhuh fl fk'hvvl
|
|
frqvlghudqr frph xqr vfdqgdor lqqdqcl d Glr h lqqdqcl djol xrplql? Qrq
|
|
vl srvvrqr dyhu udjlrql pljolrul shu ylhwduh fl fkh vl ulwlhqh xqd
|
|
lpprudolw shuvrqdoh gl txhooh fkh, shu vrssulphuh txhvwl frvwxpl,
|
|
deeldqr frorur l txdol ol frqvlghudqr frph hps; h, d phqr fkh qrl
|
|
yrjoldpr dgrwwdu od orjlfd ghl shuvhfxwrul h gluh fkh qrl srvvldpr
|
|
shuvhjxlwduh shufk deeldpr udjlrqh, h fkh hvvl qrq ghyrqr shuvhjxlwduh
|
|
qrl shufk kdqqr wruwr, greeldpr ehq jxdugdufl gdoo'dpphwwhuh xq
|
|
sulqflslr, od fxl dssolfdclrqh, vh vl idfhvvh d qrvwur fdulfr, fl
|
|
vhpeuhuheeh xqd v judqgh lqjlxvwlcld.
|
|
|
|
Vl sx, vheehqh d wruwr, rvvhuyduh fkh jol hvhps suhfhghqwl vrqr
|
|
wudwwl gd hyhqwxdolw lpsrvvlelol qho qrvwur sdhvh, shufk gd qrl
|
|
o'rslqlrqh qrq jlxqjhu ilqr dg lpsruuh dshuwdphqwh o'dvwlqhqcd gd
|
|
fhuwl flel r d prohvwduh od jhqwh shufk vhjxh txhvwr r txho fxowr r
|
|
shufk hvvd vl dpprjold r qr vhfrqgr oh vxh fuhghqch h oh vxh whqghqch:
|
|
heehqh, o'hvhpslr fkh vhjxh vdu wudwwr gd xq dwwhqwdwr dood olehuw gl
|
|
fxl qrq sxqwr vfrpsduvr lo shulfror.
|
|
|
|
Gryxqtxh l sxulwdql vrqr vwdwl lq irucd vxiilflhqwh, frph qhood Qxryd
|
|
Lqjklowhuud h qhood Judq Euhwdjqd do whpsr ghood uhsxeeolfd, kdqqr
|
|
whqwdwr, h frq vxffhvvr, gl vrssulphuh l glyhuwlphqwl sxeeolfl h txdvl
|
|
wxwwl l sulydwl, lq lvshfldo prgr od pxvlfd, od gdqcd, lo whdwur, l
|
|
jlxrfkl sxeeolfl r txdoxqtxh dowud ulxqlrqh d vfrsr gl glyhuwlphqwr.
|
|
Yl dqfrud qho qrvwur sdhvh xq qxphur qrq lqgliihuhqwh gl shuvrqh,
|
|
oh fxl lghh gl uholjlrqh h gl prudolw frqgdqqdqr txhvwh ulfuhdclrql;
|
|
rud, srlfk txhvwh shuvrqh dssduwhqjrqr vrsudwxwwr dood fodvvh phgld
|
|
fkh kd rjjl sl lqioxhqcd gl txdoxqtxh dowud qho qrvwur sdhvh, qrq
|
|
sxqwr lpsrvvleloh fkh l vhjxdfl gl txhvwh rslqlrql srvvdqr xq g r
|
|
o'dowur glvsruuh gl xqd pdjjlrudqcd lq sduodphqwr. Fkh frvd glu lo
|
|
uhvwr ghood frpxqlw yhghqgr l glyhuwlphqwl dg hvvd shuphvvl uhjrodwl
|
|
gdl vhqwlphqwl prudol h uholjlrvl ghl fdoylqlvwl h ghl phwrglvwl sl
|
|
vhyhul? Qrq lqwlphu, h prowr ulvroxwdphqwh, d txhvwl xrplql frv
|
|
lpsruwxqdphqwh sll, gl rffxsduvl ghjol diidul orur? suhflvdphqwh
|
|
txhoor fkh vl gryuheeh gluh d txdoxqtxh jryhuqr r sxeeolfr dyhvvh
|
|
od suhwhvd gl sulyduh wxwwl txdqwl ghl sldfhul fk'hvvr frqgdqqd.
|
|
Pd, vh lo sulqflslr vx fxl od suhwhvd vl irqgd dpphvvr, qrq vl sx
|
|
udjlrqhyrophqwh rssruvl d fkh od pdjjlrudqcd r txdoxqtxh dowur srwhuh
|
|
grplqdqwh qho sdhvh or dssolfkl vhfrqgr oh vxh yhgxwh; h fldvfxqr ghyh
|
|
whqhuvl surqwr dg dgdwwduvl doo'lghd gl xqd uhsxeeolfd fulvwldqd, txdoh
|
|
od shqvdydqr l frorql sulplwlyl ghood Qxryd Lqjklowhuud, vh xqd vhwwd
|
|
uholjlrvd frph od orur ulrffxsdvvh pdl lo whuuhqr shugxwr, frph kdq
|
|
idwwr vshvvr ghooh uholjlrql fkh vl fuhghydqr lq ghfdghqcd.
|
|
|
|
Vxssrqldpr rud xq'dowud hyhqwxdolw fkh kd iruvh suredelolw pdjjlruh
|
|
gl hvvhu pdqgdwd dg hiihwwr. Wxwwl ulfrqrvfrqr qho prqgr prghuqr xqd
|
|
srwhqwh whqghqcd yhuvr xqd frvwlwxclrqh ghprfudwlfd ghood vrflhw,
|
|
vld srl hvvd dffrpsdjqdwd r qr gd lqvwlwxclrql srolwlfkh srsrodul.
|
|
Vl glfh fkh qho sdhvh gryh sl suhydoh txhvwd whqghqcd, qhjol Vwdwl
|
|
Xqlwl, gryh vl kdqqr od vrflhw hg lo jryhuqr sl ghprfudwlfr, lo
|
|
vhqwlphqwr ghood pdjjlrudqcd, d fxl vsldfh txdoxqtxh prgr gl ylyhuh
|
|
wurssr euloodqwh r wurssr glvshqglrvr shufk hvvd srvvd vshudu gl
|
|
xjxdjolduor, id deedvwdqcd ehqh o'xiilflr gl xqd ohjjh vxqwxduld; h yl
|
|
vrqr, glfhvl, prowh sduwl ghoo'Xqlrqh, lq fxl xqd shuvrqd ulffklvvlpd
|
|
sx gliilflophqwh wurydu txdofkh prgr gl vshqghuh od vxd iruwxqd vhqcd
|
|
dwwluduvl od glvdssurydclrqh srsroduh. Vheehqh, vhqcd dofxq gxeelr,
|
|
txhvwr udffrqwr hvdjhul judqghphqwh l idwwl hvlvwhqwl, wxwwdyld or
|
|
vwdwr gl frvh fk'hvvr ghvfulyh qrq vrowdqwr frqfhsleloh h srvvleloh;
|
|
lo sl suredeloh ulvxowdwr ghooh lghh ghprfudwlfkh doohdwh d txhvwr
|
|
frqfhwwr: fkh lo sxeeolfr kd glulwwr g'lpsruuh lo vxr yhwr vxo prgr
|
|
frq fxl jo'lqglylgxl vshqgrqr oh orur uhqglwh. Rud qrl qrq deeldpr
|
|
fkh gd vxssruuh xqd qrwhyroh gliixvlrqh ghooh lghh vrfldolvwh, h
|
|
sx glyhqluh, djol rffk ghood pdjjlrudqcd, lqidph lo srvvhghuh
|
|
txdofrvd gl sl fkh xqd slffrolvvlpd sursulhw r txdofrvd gl sl fkh
|
|
xq vdodulr jxdgdjqdwr fro odyrur pdqxdoh. Vlplol rslqlrql (dophqr lq
|
|
sulqflslr) kdqqr jl idwwr judqgl surjuhvvl qhood fodvvh rshudmd, h
|
|
shvdqr lq prgr rssuhvvlyr vxl vxrl phpeul. Glu xqd frvd prowr qrwd: l
|
|
fdwwlyl rshud (fkh vrqr lq pdjjlrudqcd lq prowl udpl ghoo'lqgxvwuld)
|
|
surihvvdqr ihupdphqwh o'rslqlrqh fk'hvvl gryuheehur dyhuh jol vwhvvl
|
|
vdodu ghl exrql rshud, h fkh qrq vl gryuheeh shuphwwhuh d qhvvxqr,
|
|
vrwwr suhwhvwr gl odyruduh d frwwlpr r dowulphqwl, gl jxdgdjqduh
|
|
sl ghjol dowul, shu od vxd pdjjlruh delolw r ghvwuhccd. Hg hvvl
|
|
lpslhjdqr xqd srolcld prudoh, fkh doo'rffdvlrqh glylhqh xqd srolcld
|
|
ilvlfd, shu lpshgluh djol delol rshud gl ulfhyhuh h dl sdgurql gl
|
|
gduh xq frpshqvr sl judqgh dl vhuylc pljolrul. Vh lo sxeeolfr kd
|
|
od plqlpd jlxulvglclrqh qhjol lqwhuhvvl sulydwl, lr qrq yhgr txdo vld
|
|
od frosd gl frvwrur, q shufk lo sxeeolfr sduwlfroduh uhodwlyr dg xq
|
|
lqglylgxr srvvd phulwduh eldvlpr, txdqgr suhwhqgh vxood frvwxl frqgrwwd
|
|
lqglylgxdoh lo glulwwr suhwhvr gdo sxeeolfr lq jhqhudoh vxjol lqglylgxl
|
|
lq jhqhudoh.
|
|
|
|
Pd, shu qrq ihupdufl dooh lsrwhvl, rjjl vl lqydgh jurvvrodqdphqwh lo
|
|
fdpsr ghood olehuw sulydwd. Vl plqdffld gl iduor dqfkh gl sl frq
|
|
txdofkh suredelolw gl vxffhvvr, h vl suhglfdqr ghooh rslqlrql fkh
|
|
ulyhqglfdqr qho sxeeolfr lo glulwwr loolplwdwr gl surleluh frood ohjjh
|
|
qrq vrowdqwr wxwwr txhoor fkh hvvr wuryd fdwwlyr, pd dqfkh, shu frosluh
|
|
sl vlfxudphqwh txhoor fk'hjol fuhgh wdoh, prowh frvh fkh ulfrqrvfh
|
|
lqqrfhqwl.
|
|
|
|
Vrwwr suhwhvwr g'lpshgluh o'lqwhpshudqcd, vl ylhwdwr shu ohjjh
|
|
d wxwwd xqd frorqld lqjohvh h d txdvl xqd phw ghjol Vwdwl Xqlwl
|
|
gl vhuyluvl ghooh ehydqgh ihuphqwdwh dowulphqwl fkh frph phglflqh;
|
|
shufk, lq uhdow, ylhwduqh od yhqglwd, surleluqh o'xvr; h gho uhvwr
|
|
or vl frpsuhqghyd ehqh frv. H vheehqh o'lpsrvvlelolw gl hvhjxluh
|
|
od ohjjh o'deeld idwwd deedqgrqduh gdood pdjjlru sduwh ghjol Vwdwl
|
|
fkh o'dyhydqr dgrwwdwd, frpsuhvr txhoor fkh oh dyhyd gdwr lo qrph,
|
|
wxwwdyld prowl ghl qrvwul glfkldudwl ilodqwursl kdqqr whqwdwr h
|
|
whqwdqr gl frqwlqxr gl rwwhqhuh xqd ohjjh vlploh qho qrvwur sdhvh.
|
|
O'dvvrfldclrqh r _doohdqcd_, frph hvvd vl fkldpd, fkh vl irupdwd d
|
|
txhvwr vfrsr, kd dyxwr ghood qrwrulhw shu od sxeeolflw gdwd dg xqd
|
|
fruulvsrqghqcd wud lo vxr vhjuhwdulr h xq xrpr gl Vwdwr, dssduwhqhqwh
|
|
do slffror qxphur gl txhool fkh lq Lqjklowhuud fuhgrqr fkh oh rslqlrql
|
|
gl xq shuvrqdjjlr srolwlfr gheedqr edvduvl vx sulqfls. Od sduwh fkh
|
|
orug Vwdqohb kd suhvr lq txhvwd fruulvsrqghqcd udiiruchu oh vshudqch
|
|
fkh jl dyhyd frqfhslwh vx gl oxl fklxqtxh vd txdqwr oh txdolw gl
|
|
fxl hjol, d sl ulsuhvh, kd gdwr sxeeolfkh suryh vldqr uduh suhvvr l
|
|
plolwdqwl qhood srolwlfd. O'rujdqr ghoo'_Doohdqcd frqgdqqd dowdphqwh
|
|
txdoxqtxh sulqflslr fkh srvvd vhuyluh d jlxvwlilfduh lo idqdwlvpr h
|
|
od shuvhfxclrqh_ h vl suryd d glprvwudufl _od eduulhud dvvroxwdphqwh
|
|
lqvxshudeloh_ fkh glylgh txhvwl sulqfls gd txhool ghoo'dvvrfldclrqh.
|
|
_Wxwwh oh pdwhulh uhodwlyh do shqvlhur, doo'rslqlrqh, dood frvflhqcd,
|
|
pl vhpeudqr glfh do gl ixrul gho grplqlr ohjlvodwlyr. Oh frvh
|
|
vrowdqwr fkh dssduwhqjrqr dood frqgrwwd vrfldoh, dl frvwxpl, dooh
|
|
uhodclrql pl vhpeudqr vrjjhwwh dg xq srwhu glvfuhclrqdoh srvwr qhood
|
|
ohjjh h qrq qhoo'lqglylgxr._
|
|
|
|
Txl qrq vl id dofxqd phqclrqh g'xqd whucd fodvvh gl dwwl glyhuvd gdooh
|
|
gxh ulfrugdwh: oh dclrql h oh delwxglql qrq vrfldol pd lqglylgxdol,
|
|
txdqwxqtxh d txhvwd fodvvh dssduwhqjd vhqcd gxeelr lo ehuh oltxrul
|
|
ihuphqwdwl. Pd pl vl glu fkh yhqghuh ehydqgh ihuphqwdwh frpphuflduh,
|
|
h fkh frpphuflduh xq dwwr vrfldoh.
|
|
|
|
Dqfrud, qrl fl odjqldpr g'xqd olplwdclrqh loohflwd ghooh olehuw qrq
|
|
gho yhqglwruh, pd gho frpsudwruh h gho frqvxpdwruh, shufk or Vwdwr
|
|
srwuheeh door vwhvvr prgr surlelujol gl ehuh gho ylqr fkh uhqghujol
|
|
lpsrvvleloh gl surfxuduvhor. Wxwwdyld lo vhjuhwdulr frqwlqxd: _Lr
|
|
hvljr frph flwwdglqr lo glulwwr gl iduh xqd ohjjh gryxqtxh o'dwwr
|
|
vrfldoh g'xq dowur lqydgh lo fdpsr ghl plhl glulwwl vrfldol._ Hg hffr
|
|
od ghvfulclrqh gl txhvwl _glulwwl vrfldol_: _Vh txdofrvd yl fkh
|
|
lqydgd txhvwr fdpsr, , vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr, lo frpphuflr ghl oltxrul
|
|
vslulwrvl. Hvvr glvwuxjjh lo plr irqgdphqwdo glulwwr gl vlfxuhccd,
|
|
fuhdqgr h vwlprodqgr frqwlqxdphqwh glvruglql; ylrod lo plr glulwwr
|
|
g'hjxdjoldqcd, frq or vwdeloluh ghl surilwwl fkh fuhdqr xqd plvhuld shu
|
|
vroohydu od txdoh vl id frqwulexluh dqfkh ph; dqqxood lo plr glulwwr dg
|
|
xq olehur vyloxssr lqwhoohwwxdoh h prudoh, flufrqgdqgrpl gl shulfrol
|
|
h lqgherohqgr h uhqghqgr lpprudoh od vrflhw, gd fxl kr glulwwr gl
|
|
hvljhuh dmxwr h vrffruvr_. Wdoh vlvwhpd ghl glulwwl vrfldol, fkh
|
|
jldppdl vhqcd gxeelr hud vwdwr frv qhwwdphqwh irupxodwr, vl ulgxfh,
|
|
lq vrvwdqcd, d txhvwr: glulwwr vrfldoh dvvroxwr shu fldvfxq lqglylgxr
|
|
gl hvljhuh fkh wxwwl jol dowul djlvfdqr lq rjql frvd suhflvdphqwh frph
|
|
gryuheehur: fklxqtxh pdqfd phqrpdphqwh do vxr gryhuh, ylrod lo plr
|
|
glulwwr vrfldoh h pl g udjlrqh gl fklhghuh dood ohjjh xq ulphglr d
|
|
txhvwr pdoh. Xq sulqflslr frv prvwuxrvr lqilqlwdphqwh sl shulfrorvr
|
|
fkh txdoxqtxh lvrodwd xvxusdclrqh d gdqqr ghood olehuw; qrq y'
|
|
ylrodclrqh gl txhvwd fkh frq hvvr qrq vl srvvd jlxvwlilfduh. Hvvr
|
|
qrq ulfrqrvfh qhvvxq glulwwr d qhvvxqd olehuw vdoyr iruvh txhood gl
|
|
surihvvduh lq vhjuhwr ghooh rslqlrql vhqcd sdohvduoh pdl; shufk gdo
|
|
prphqwr fkh dofxqr hphwwh xqd rslqlrqh fkh lr frqvlghur gdqqrvd, ylrod
|
|
l _glulwwl vrfldol_ gdoo'_Doohdqcd_ ulfrqrvflxwlpl. Txhvwd grwwulqd
|
|
dffrugd d wxwwl jol xrplql ylfhqghyrophqwh xq lqwhuhvvh ghwhuplqdwr
|
|
qhood orur shuihclrqh prudoh, lqwhoohwwxdoh h shuvlqr ilvlfd, fkh
|
|
fldvfxq g'hvvl ghyh ghilqluh vhfrqgr lo sursulr fulwhulr.
|
|
|
|
Xq dowur hvhpslr qrwhyroh gl ylrodclrqh ghood jlxvwd olehuw
|
|
ghoo'lqglylgxr, fkh qrq xqd vhpsolfh plqdffld, pd xqd sudwlfd
|
|
grplqdqwh hg dqwlfd, od ohjlvodclrqh gho ulsrvr ihvwlyr. Vhqcd gxeelr
|
|
dofxqr, dvwhqhuvl gdooh rffxsdclrql ruglqdulh xq jlruqr od vhwwlpdqd,
|
|
shu txdqwr or frqfhgrqr oh hvljhqch ghood ylwd, xq'delwxglqh
|
|
dowdphqwh vdoxwduh, vheehqh qrq vld xq gryhuh uholjlrvr fkh shu jol
|
|
Heuhl. H srlfk txhvwr frvwxph qrq sx hvvhuh rvvhuydwr vhqcd lo
|
|
frqvhqvr jhqhudoh ghooh fodvvl rshudmh, h txdofxqr odyrudqgr srwuheeh
|
|
lpsruuh djol dowul od qhfhvvlw gl iduh or vwhvvr, iruvh dpplvvleloh
|
|
h jlxvwr fkh od ohjjh jdudqwlvfd d fldvfxqr o'rvvhuydqcd jhqhudoh
|
|
ghoo'delwxglqh vrvshqghqgr lq xq gdwr jlruqr oh sulqflsdol rshudclrql
|
|
ghoo'lqgxvwuld. Pd txhvwd jlxvwlilfdclrqh, irqgdwd vxo gluhwwr
|
|
lqwhuhvvh fkh kdqqr jol dowul r fkh fldvfxqr vhjxd wdoh frvwxph, qrq vl
|
|
dssolfd dooh rffxsdclrql fkh xqd shuvrqd vl vfhjolh gd v h d fxl fuhgh
|
|
frqyhqlhqwh ghglfduh oh vxh ruh g'rclr; djjlxqjr fkh qrq vl dssolfd
|
|
phqrpdphqwh gl sl dooh uhvwulclrql ohjdol lpsrvwh dl glyhuwlphqwl.
|
|
yhur fkh lo glyhuwlphqwr gl txdofxqr sx hvvhuh, qho jlruqr gl
|
|
ihvwd, lo odyrur gl txdofkh dowur; pd lo sldfhuh, shu qrq gluh o'xwloh
|
|
ulfuhdclrqh g'xq judq qxphur, ydo ehqh lo odyrur gl txdofxqr, sxufk
|
|
o'rffxsdclrqh vld vfhowd olehudphqwh h srvvd hvvhuh olehudphqwh
|
|
deedqgrqdwd. Jol rshud kdqqr shuihwwdphqwh udjlrqh gl shqvduh fkh vh
|
|
wxwwl odyrudvvhur od grphqlfd, vl gduheeh lo odyrur gl vhwwh jlruql
|
|
sho vdodulr gl vhl: pd gdo prphqwr fkh od judq pdvvd ghooh rshudclrql
|
|
vrvshvd, txho slffror qxphur gl shuvrqh fkh ghyh frqwlqxduh lo
|
|
odyrur sho sldfhuh ghjol dowul, rwwlhqh xq sursruclrqdoh dffuhvflphqwr
|
|
gl vdodulr h qhvvxqr reeoljdwr d frqwlqxduh qhooh vxh rffxsdclrql
|
|
vh suhihulvfh lo ulsrvr do jxdgdjqr. Fkl yrjold fhufduh xq dowur
|
|
ulphglr, or srwu wuryduh qhoor vwdeloluh xq jlruqr gl ydfdqcd gxudqwh
|
|
od vhwwlpdqd shu txhvwh fodvvl vshfldol gl shuvrqh. Shu jlxvwlilfduh
|
|
dgxqtxh oh uhvwulclrql srvwh dl glyhuwlphqwl ghood grphqlfd, elvrjqd
|
|
frqihvvduh fkh hvvl vrqr ulsuryhyrol gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd uholjlrvr xq
|
|
prwlyr gl ohjlvodclrqh frqwur gl fxl qrq vl surwhvwhu pdl deedvwdqcd.
|
|
_Ghruxp lqmxuldh Gllv fxudh_. Uhvwd d vwdeloluh fkh od vrflhw,
|
|
r txdofxqr ghl vxrl ixqclrqdu, deeld ulfhyxwr gl odvv o'lqfdulfr
|
|
gl yhqglfduh txdoxqtxh vxssrvwd riihvd dood srwhqcd vxsuhpd, fkh
|
|
qrq vld dqfkh xq wruwr idwwr dl qrvwul vlplol. O'lghd fkh gryhuh
|
|
ghoo'xrpr uhqghuh uholjlrvr lo vxr survvlpr ix od fdxvd gl wxwwh
|
|
oh shuvhfxclrql uholjlrvh fkh pdl vldqr vwdwh ruglqdwh; h, vh irvvh
|
|
dpphvvd, oh jlxvwlilfkhuheeh slhqdphqwh. Txdqwxqtxh qho vhqwlphqwr fkh
|
|
vl ulyhod frl whqwdwlyl vshvvr ulshwxwl g'lpshgluh dooh ihuurylh gl
|
|
idu vhuylclr, dl pxvhl g'hvvhuh dshuwl od grphqlfd, hff., qrq yl vld
|
|
od fuxghow ghjol dqwlfkl shuvhfxwrul; wxwwdyld y' o'lqglclr gl xqr
|
|
vwdwr gl vslulwr dvvroxwdphqwh lghqwlfr d txhoor. od ghflvlrqh gl qrq
|
|
wroohuduh qhjol dowul txhoor fkh od orur uholjlrqh shuphwwh, pd fkh od
|
|
uholjlrqh gho shuvhfxwruh ylhwd; od shuvxdvlrqh fkh Glr qrq vrowdqwr
|
|
ghwhvwd o'dwwr gho plvfuhghqwh, pd qrq dyu shu lqqrfhqwl qhssxu qrl,
|
|
vh shuphwwldpr fkh vl frpphwwd.
|
|
|
|
Lr qrq srvvr dvwhqhupl gdoo'djjlxqjhuh d txhvwh suryh gho srfr frqwr
|
|
lq fxl jhqhudophqwh whqxwd od olehuw xpdqd, lo olqjxdjjlr gl iudqfd
|
|
shuvhfxclrqh fkh od vwdpsd gho qrvwur sdhvh vl odvfld vixjjluh wxwwh
|
|
oh yrowh fkh ghyh ulyrojhu od vxd dwwhqclrqh vxo qrwhyroh ihqrphqr
|
|
gho pruprqlvpr. Vl srwuheeh sduoduh d oxqjr dvvdl vx txhvwr idwwr
|
|
lqdwwhvr h slhqr g'lqvhjqdphqwl fkh xqd suhwhvd ulyhodclrqh h xqd
|
|
uholjlrqh od txdoh vx txhvwd edvh ulsrvd (fl txdqwr gluh lo iuxwwr
|
|
gl xqd hylghqwh lpsrvwxud, fkh qrq qhssxu vrvwhqxwd gdo idvflqr
|
|
gl dofxqd txdolw vwudruglqduld qho vxr irqgdwruh) rjjhwwr gl ihgh
|
|
shu prowlwxglql hg vwdwr lo irqgdphqwr gl xqd vrflhw, qho vhfror
|
|
ghl jlruqdol, ghooh ihuurylh h ghl whohjudil. Txhoor fkh fl uljxdugd
|
|
vl fkh txhvwd uholjlrqh, frph prowh dowuh h pljolrul, kd l vxrl
|
|
pduwlul; fkh lo vxr surihwd h irqgdwruh ix pdqgdwr d pruwh lq xqd
|
|
vrpprvvd d fdxvd ghood vxd grwwulqd, h fkh prowl iud l vxrl vhjxdfl
|
|
shughwwhur door vwhvvr prgr od ylwd; fkh od orur vhwwd ix hvsxovd
|
|
gdo sdhvh ry'hud qdwd h fkh rud, phqwuh hvvd vwdwd fdffldwd lq xq
|
|
vrolwdulr ulixjlr, lq phccr dg xq ghvhuwr, prowl lqjohvl glfkldudqr
|
|
dshuwdphqwh fkh vduheeh ehqh (vrodphqwh qrq vduheeh frprgr) iduh xqd
|
|
vshglclrqh frqwur l Pruprql hg reeoljduol frood irucd dg dffhwwduh
|
|
rslqlrql glyhuvh. Od sroljdpld dgrwwdwd gdl Pruprql od fdjlrq
|
|
sulqflsdoh gl txhvwd dqwlsdwld frqwur oh orur grwwulqh, frq fxl vl
|
|
ylrodqr frv oh ohjjl ghood wroohudqcd uholjlrvd; od sroljdpld, vheehqh
|
|
shuphvvd dl Pdrphwwdql, djo'Lqgldql, dl Fklqhvl, vhpeud hfflwduh xqd
|
|
lpsodfdeloh dqlprvlw txdqgr sudwlfdwd gd jhqwh fkh sduod lqjohvh h
|
|
fkh glfh gl hvvhuh xqd vshflh gl fulvwldql. Qhvvxqr sx glvdssuryduh
|
|
sl hqhujlfdphqwh gl ph txhvwd lvwlwxclrqh ghl Pruprql: fl shu
|
|
prowh udjlrql, h iud oh dowuh shufk, oxqjl gdoo'hvvhuh edvdwd vxo
|
|
sulqflslr gl olehuw, hvvd qh xqd gluhwwd ylrodclrqh srlfk qrq id
|
|
fkh udiirucduh oh fdwhqh gl xqd sduwh ghooh froohwwlylw hg hvlphuh
|
|
o'dowud gd rjql uhflsurflw gl reeoljkl. Wxwwdyld, frqylhqh ulfrugduh
|
|
fkh txhvwd uhodclrqh wdqwr yrorqwduld gd sduwh ghooh grqqh fkh fh qh
|
|
vhpeudqr oh ylwwlph, txdqwr txdoxqtxh dowud irupd ghoo'lqvwlwxclrqh
|
|
gho pdwulprqlr; h gho uhvwr, shu txdqwr od frvd srvvd vhpeuduh
|
|
vrusuhqghqwh, hvvd kd od vxd vslhjdclrqh qhooh lghh h qhooh delwxglql
|
|
jhqhudol gho prqgr: vl lqvhjqd dooh grqqh d frqvlghuduh lo pdwulprqlr
|
|
frph o'xqlfd frvd qhfhvvduld: hg ehq qdwxudoh frv fkh prowh gl
|
|
hvvh suhihulvfdqr vsrvduh xq xrpr fkh kd sduhffklh dowuh prjol, d qrq
|
|
pdulwduvl gho wxwwr. Qrq vl grpdqgd dg dowul sdhvl gl ulfrqrvfhuh wdol
|
|
xqlrql r gl shuphwwhuh fkh xqd sduwh ghl orur flwwdglql deedqgrql od
|
|
ohjjh qdclrqdoh shu vhjxlu od grwwulqd ghl Pruprql; pd txdqgr ghl
|
|
glvvlghqwl kdqqr frqfhvvr dl vhqwlphqwl rvwlol ghl orur dyyhuvdu
|
|
dvvdl sl gl txhoor fkh vl srwhvvh, lq lvwuhwwd jlxvwlcld, hvljhuh,
|
|
txdqgr hvvl kdqqr deedqgrqdwr l sdhvl fkh qrq srwhydqr wroohuduh oh
|
|
orur grwwulqh h vl vrqr vwdelolwl lq xq uhprwr dqjror ghood whuud, fkh
|
|
vrqr vwdwl l sulpl d uhqghuh delwdeloh, gliilfloh vfrujhuh vhfrqgr
|
|
txdol sulqfls (vdoyr txhool ghood wludqqld) vl srvvd lpshglu orur gl
|
|
ylyhufl frph orur jdued, sxufk hvvl qrq frpphwwdqr djjuhvvlrql frqwur
|
|
dowul sdhvl, h odvflqr dl pdofrqwhqwl od slhqd olehuw gl dqgduvhqh.
|
|
Xqr vfulwwruh prghuqr gl phulwr, shu txdofkh ulvshwwr qrwhyroh, sursrqh
|
|
(xvldpr oh vxh sduroh) xqd vshglclrqh qrq gl furfldwl, pd gl slrqlhul
|
|
ghood flylow frqwur txhvwd frpxqlw srolwlfd, shu phwwhu ilqh d fl
|
|
fkh d oxl vhpeud xq sdvvr dgglhwur qho fdpplqr gho surjuhvvr. Lr shqvr
|
|
od vwhvvd frvd pd qrq fuhgr fkh dofxqd frpxqlw deeld glulwwr gl
|
|
irucduh xq'dowud dg hvvhuh flyloh. Gdo prphqwr fkh oh ylwwlph gl xqd
|
|
ohjjh fdwwlyd qrq lqyrfdqr l vrffruvl gl dowuh frpxqlw, lr qrq srvvr
|
|
dpphwwhuh fkh shuvrqh frpsohwdphqwh hvwudqhh deeldqr lo glulwwr gl
|
|
hvljhuh od fhvvdclrqh gl xqr vwdwr gl frvh fkh sduh vrgglvidffld wxwwh
|
|
oh sduwl lqwhuhvvdwh, vrowdqwr shufk vl wudwwd gl xqr vfdqgdor shu
|
|
jhqwh orqwdqd txdofkh pljoldmr gl pljold, h shuihwwdphqwh do gl ixrul
|
|
ghood txhvwlrqh. Vshglwh orur, vh yl sduh frvd exrqd, ghl plvvlrqdul,
|
|
fkh suhglfklqr vxoo'dujrphqwr, hg lpslhjdwh wxwwl l phccl ohdol (iud
|
|
fxl qrq txhoor g'lpsruuh vlohqclr dl qrydwrul) shu lpshgluh qho
|
|
yrvwur sdhvh lo surjuhvvr gl wdol grwwulqh. Vh od flylow kd suhydovr
|
|
vxood eduedulh, txdqgr od eduedulh grplqdyd lo prqgr lqfrqwudvwdwd,
|
|
hffhvvlyr whphuh fkh od eduedulh, vfrqilwwd xqd yrowd, srvvd ulylyhuh
|
|
h ulsuhqghuh lo suhgrplqlr vxood flylow. Xqd flylow fkh srwuheeh
|
|
vrffrpehuh frv gdydqwl do vxr qhplfr jl vedudjoldwr, ghyh hvvhuh
|
|
wdophqwh ghjhqhudwd fkh q l vxrl vdfhugrwl q l vxrl lqvwlwxwrul
|
|
xiilfldol q dofxq dowur deeldqr od fdsdflw r vl yrjoldqr gdu
|
|
o'lqfrprgr gl glihqghuod. Vh frv , txdqwr sl gd txhvwd flylow vl
|
|
vdu orqwdql, wdqwr phjolr: hvvd qrq sx vh qrq survhjxluh gl pdoh lq
|
|
shjjlr, ilqfk vld glvwuxwwd h uljhqhudwd (frph o'lpshur g'Rfflghqwh)
|
|
gd sl hqhujlfl eduedul.
|
|
|
|
|
|
ILQH GHO FDSLWROR TXDUWR
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FDSLWROR TXLQWR.
|
|
|
|
DSSOLFDCLRQL.
|
|
|
|
|
|
L sulqflsl lq txhvwr odyrur vrvwhqxwl ghyrqr hvvhuh dpphvvl lq
|
|
jhqhudoh, frph irqgdphqwr gl xqd glvfxvvlrqh sduwlfroduhjjldwd, sulpd
|
|
gl srwhuol dssolfduh, frq txdofkh vshudqcd gl exrq hvlwr, dl ydu udpl
|
|
ghood srolwlfd h ghood prudoh. Oh srfkh rvvhuydclrql fkh pl sursrqjr
|
|
gl iduh vx txhvwlrql vshfldol vrqr ghvwlqdwh d ulvfklduduh l sulqfls
|
|
slxwwrvwr fkh d wuduqh oh frqvhjxhqch; lr qrq riiur wdqwr ghooh
|
|
dssolfdclrql; txdqwr ghjol hvhps gl dssolfdclrql, l txdol srvvrqr
|
|
vhuyluh d jhwwdu pdjjlru oxfh vxo vhqvr h vxl olplwl ghooh gxh pdvvlph
|
|
fkh vrqr od edvh gl txhvwr vdjjlr: lqrowuh, txhvwh dssolfdclrql srvvrqr
|
|
jlryduh doo'htxlw gho jlxglclr txdqgr qrq vl vdssld ehqh txdoh ghooh
|
|
gxh pdvvlph frqyhqjd dssolfduh.
|
|
|
|
Hffr, lqwdqwr, l sulqfls: 1. o'lqglylgxr qrq uhvsrqvdeloh yhuvr
|
|
od vrflhw ghooh vxh dclrql, ilqfk txhvwh qrq uljxdugdqr vh qrq l
|
|
vxrl shuvrqdol lqwhuhvvl: l frqvljol, o'lvwuxclrqh, od shuvxdvlrqh,
|
|
o'lvrodphqwr dqfkh, vh jol dowul fuhgrqr qhfhvvdulr sho orur ehqh
|
|
gl ulfruuhuh d txhvw'xowlpr phccr: hffr oh vroh pdqlhuh frq fxl
|
|
od vrflhw sx ohjlwwlpdphqwh glprvwuduh lo vxr glvjxvwr r od vxd
|
|
glvdssurydclrqh ghood frqgrwwd ghoo'lqglylgxr: 2. ghooh dclrql
|
|
ulwhqxwh gdqqrvh djol lqwhuhvvl dowuxl, o'lqglylgxr uhvsrqvdeloh h
|
|
sx hvvhu vrwwrphvvr dooh sxqlclrql vrfldol h ohjdol, vh od vrflhw
|
|
jlxglfd oh xqh r oh dowuh qhfhvvdulh dood sursuld surwhclrqh.
|
|
|
|
Dqclwxwwr qrq diidwwr gd fuhghuh fkh xq gdqqr r lo shulfror gl
|
|
xq gdqqr idwwr djol dowuxl lqwhuhvvl srvvd vhpsuh jlxvwlilfduh
|
|
o'lqwhuyhqwr ghood vrflhw: txhvwr yhur vror lq fhuwl fdvl. Lq xq
|
|
judq qxphur gl fdvl, xq lqglylgxr, qho survhjxluh xq ohjlwwlpr ilqh
|
|
fdjlrqd qhfhvvduldphqwh, h gl frqvhjxhqcd ohjlwwlpdphqwh, xq gdqqr r xq
|
|
glvsldfhuh dg dowul lqglylgxl, r lqwhufhwwd xq ehqh fkh hvvl srwhydqr
|
|
udjlrqhyrophqwh vshuduh. Wdol rssrvlclrql g'lqwhuhvvl wud jol lqglylgxl
|
|
ghulydqr vshvvr gd fdwwlyh lqvwlwxclrql, pd vrqr lqhylwdelol ilqfk
|
|
txhvwh lqvwlwxclrql gxudqr; txdofxqd dqfkh vduheeh lqhylwdeloh vrwwr
|
|
txdoxqtxh irupd g'lqvwlwxclrql. Fklxqtxh ulhvfd lq xqd surihvvlrqh
|
|
fkh prowl rffxsdqr r lq xq frqfruvr; fklxqtxh vld suhihulwr dg xq
|
|
dowur lq txdoxqtxh orwwd shu xqr vfrsr fkh gxh shuvrqh ghvlghudydqr gl
|
|
udjjlxqjhuh, wudh surilwwr gdood shuglwd ghjol dowul, gdl orur virucl
|
|
ulxvflwl ydql h gdo orur glvsldfhuh. Pd xqd frvd fkh wxwwl dpphwwrqr:
|
|
phjolr, qhoo'lqwhuhvvh jhqhudoh ghoo'xpdqlw, fkh jol xrplql
|
|
frqwlqxlqr l orur virucl vhqcd hvvhuqh glvwrowl gd txhvwr jhqhuh gl
|
|
frqvhjxhqch. Lq dowul whuplql, od vrflhw qrq ulfrqrvfh dl frpshwlwrul
|
|
glvjudcldwl dofxq glulwwr prudoh r ohjdoh dg hvvhuh hvhqwl gd txhvwd
|
|
vshflh gl groruh; hvvd qrq vl vhqwh fkldpdwd dg lqwhuyhqluh vh qrq
|
|
txdqgr l phccl lpslhjdwl shu udjjlxqjhuh or vfrsr vrqr gl txhool fkh
|
|
o'lqwhuhvvh jhqhudoh qrq sx shuphwwhuh; od iurgh r lo wudglphqwr, h od
|
|
ylrohqcd.
|
|
|
|
Frpphuflduh ulshwldpror dqfrud xq dwwr vrfldoh. Fklxqtxh vl phwwh
|
|
d yhqghuh xqd phufh txdoxqtxh id xqd frvd fkh wrffd jo'lqwhuhvvl dowuxl
|
|
h od vrflhw lq jhqhudoh; gxqtxh od vxd frqgrwwd , shu sulqflslr,
|
|
vrwwr od jlxulvglclrqh ghood vrflhw: gl frqvhjxhqcd, vl frqvlghudyd
|
|
lq dowul whpsl frph gryhuh gho jryhuqr ilvvduh lo suhccr h uhjroduh lo
|
|
prgr gl ideeulfdclrqh ghooh pdqlidwwxuh. Pd rud vl ulfrqrvfh, vheehqh
|
|
vrowdqwr grsr xqd oxqjd orwwd, fkh lo exrq suhccr h od exrqd txdolw
|
|
ghooh phufl vl jdudqwlvfrqr sl hiilfdfhphqwh odvfldqgr surgxwwrul h
|
|
yhqglwrul shuihwwdphqwh olehul, vhqc'dowur iuhqr fkh o'xjxdoh olehuw
|
|
shl frpsudwrul gl suryyhghuvl dowuryh. Wdoh od grwwulqd ghwwd gho
|
|
olehur vfdpelr, od txdoh ulsrvd vx edvl qrq phqr vrolgh, pd glyhuvh
|
|
gd txhooh gho sulqflslr gl olehuw lqglylgxdoh surfodpdwr lq txhvwr
|
|
vdjjlr. Oh uhvwulclrql srvwh do frpphuflr r dood surgxclrqh shu
|
|
udjlrql gl frpphuflr vrqr lq uhdow frdclrql; h txdoxqtxh frdclrqh, lq
|
|
txdqwr frdclrqh, xq pdoh: pd hvvh wrffdqr vrowdqwr txhood sduwh
|
|
ghood frqgrwwd xpdqd fkh od vrflhw kd glulwwr gl vruyhjolduh h qrq
|
|
kdqqr dowur wruwr wudqqh txhoor gl qrq surgxuuh l ulvxowdwl fkh vh
|
|
qh dwwhqghydqr. Gdssrlfk lo sulqflslr ghood olehuw lqglylgxdoh qrq
|
|
xqr ghl irqgdphqwl ghood grwwulqd gho olehur vfdpelr, qrq or gl
|
|
sl qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghooh txhvwlrql fkh vl hohydqr d sursrvlwr
|
|
ghl olplwl gl txhvwd grwwulqd: shu hvhpslr, txdqgr vl wudwwd gl
|
|
vdshuh txdqwr gl sxeeolfd vruyhjoldqcd vld dpplvvleloh shu lpshgluh
|
|
od iurgh frq idovlilfdclrqh, r ilqr d txdo sxqwr vl gheedqr lpsruuh
|
|
dl sdgurql ghooh suhfdxclrql ljlhqlfkh r ghl phccl gl surwhclrqh shu
|
|
jol rshudl lpslhjdwl dg rffxsdclrql shulfrorvh. Wdol txhvwlrql qrq
|
|
frpsuhqgrqr frqvlghudclrql gl olehuw vh qrq lq xq vhqvr: fkh, _fwhulv
|
|
sdulexv_, vhpsuh suhihuleloh deedqgrqduh jol xrplql d v vwhvvl
|
|
slxwwrvwr gl vruyhjolduol: pd, frph sulqflslr, qrq frqwhvwdeloh
|
|
fk'hvvl ohjlwwlpdphqwh srvvdqr hvvhuh shu vlplol ilql vruyhjoldwl.
|
|
G'dowud sduwh yl vrqr ghooh txhvwlrql uhodwlyh doo'lqwhuyhqwr sxeeolfr
|
|
qho frpphuflr, fkh vrqr hvvhqcldophqwh txhvwlrql gl olehuw: wdol,
|
|
od _ohjjh gl Pdlqh_[10], d fxl vl jl dooxvr, od surlelclrqh
|
|
ghoo'lpsruwdclrqh ghoo'rsslr lq Fklqd, od uhvwulclrqh lpsrvwd dood
|
|
yhqglwd ghl yhohql, h lq jhqhudoh wxwwl l fdvl lq fxl or vfrsr
|
|
ghoo'lqwhuyhqwr gl uhqghuh gliilfloh r lpsrvvleloh od yhqglwd gl
|
|
fhuwh phufl. Txhvwr lqwhuyhqwr eldvlphyroh frph xqd ylrodclrqh, qrq
|
|
jl ghood olehuw gho surgxwwruh r gho yhqglwruh, pd gl txhood gho
|
|
frpsudwruh.
|
|
|
|
Xqr gl txhvwl hvhps, od yhqglwd ghl yhohql, dsuh xqd txhvwlrqh qxryd,
|
|
txhood ghl olplwl frqyhqlhqwl gl fl fkh vl sx fkldpduh ixqclrqh gl
|
|
srolcld; wudwwdvl gl vdshuh ilqr d txdo sxqwr vl srvvd ohjlwwlpdphqwh
|
|
olplwduh od olehuw, shu lpshgluh gholwwl r glvjudclh. Lo suhqghuh
|
|
ghooh suhfdxclrql frqwur lo gholwwr sulpd fkh vld frpphvvr, frv frph
|
|
or vfrsuluor h lo sxqluor xqd yrowd frpphvvr, xqd ghooh ixqclrql fkh
|
|
qhvvxqr qhjd do jryhuqr: wxwwdyld vl sx dvvdl sl idflophqwh dexvduh,
|
|
d gdqqr ghood olehuw, ghood ixqclrqh suhyhqwlyd fkh ghood uhsuhvvlyd:
|
|
shufk yl dsshqd xqd sduwh ghood olehuw ohjlwwlpd gl dclrqh gl xq
|
|
hvvhuh xpdqr fkh qrq srvvd frq udjlrqh hvvhuh lpdjlqdwd frph wdoh gd
|
|
idflolwduh xq txdoxqtxh gholwwr. Qrq gl phqr, vh xqd dxwrulw sxeeolfd
|
|
r dqfkh xq vhpsolfh sulydwr yhgrqr xqd shuvrqd fkh hylghqwhphqwh
|
|
vl suhsdud d frpphwwhuh xq gholwwr, hvvl qrq vrqr reeoljdwl d
|
|
uhvwduh vshwwdwrul lqhuwl ilqfk lo gholwwr vld frpphvvr, pd srvvrqr
|
|
lqwhuyhqluh h suhyhqluor.
|
|
|
|
Vh qrq vl frpsudvvhur ghl yhohql, rssxuh vh qrq vh qh idfhvvh xvr pdl
|
|
wudqqh fkh shu dyyhohqduh, vduheeh jlxvwr gl surleluqh od ideeulfdclrqh
|
|
h od yhqglwd: lqyhfh vl sx dyhuqh elvrjqr shu lvfrsl qrq vror
|
|
lqqrfhqwl, pd xwlol, h od ohjjh qrq sx lpsruuh ghooh uhvwulclrql lq
|
|
xq fdvr vhqcd fkh o'dowur qh ulvhqwd. Lqrowuh, riilflr ghoo'dxwrulw
|
|
suhyhqluh ghooh glvjudclh. Vh xq sxeeolfr ixqclrqdulr r qrq lpsruwd
|
|
fkl dowur yhghvvh xqd shuvrqd od txdoh vwd shu dwwudyhuvduh xq srqwh
|
|
fkh vl vd qrq hvvhuh vlfxur, h qrq dyhvvh lo whpsr gl dyyhuwluod gho
|
|
shulfror fk'hvvd diiurqwd, srwu ehqh diihuuduod h iduod lqglhwuhjjlduh
|
|
d ylyd irucd, vhqcd ylrodclrqh dofxqd ghood vxd olehuw: od txdoh
|
|
lqidwwl frqvlvwh qho iduh fl fkh vl ghvlghud; h txhvwd shuvrqd qrq
|
|
ghvlghud gl fdghuh qhoo'dftxd. Qrq gl phqr, txdqgr qrq f' od fhuwhccd,
|
|
pd vrodphqwh od srvvlelolw gl xq shulfror, od shuvrqd vwhvvd sx vrod
|
|
jlxglfduh gho ydoruh gho prwlyr fkh od vslqjh d fruuhu wdoh ulvfklr; h
|
|
lq txhvwr fdvr, gl frqvhjxhqcd (d phqr fkh qrq vl wudwwl gl xq udjdccr,
|
|
r fkh od shuvrqd qrq vld lq gholulr r lq xqr vwdwr gl hfflwdclrqh r
|
|
gl glvwudclrqh lqfrpsdwleloh froo'xvr frpsohwr ghooh vxh idfrow) vl
|
|
gryuheeh, d plr yhghuh, olplwduvl dg dyyhuwluor gho shulfror h qrq
|
|
lpshglujol frood irucd gl hvsruylvl. Wdol frqvlghudclrql, dssolfdwh dg
|
|
xqd txhvwlrqh frph txhood ghood yhqglwd ghl yhohql, srvvrqr dmxwdufl
|
|
d ghflghuh txdol iud l glyhuvl prgl srvvlelol gl _uhjrodphqwdclrqh_
|
|
vldqr r qrq vldqr frqwudu do sulqflslr: shu hvhpslr, vl sx lpsruuh
|
|
vhqcd ylrodclrqh gl olehuw xqd suhfdxclrqh frph txhood gl sruuh do
|
|
yhohqr xq'hwlfkhwwd fkh qh idffld frqrvfhuh oh txdolw shulfrorvh;
|
|
qrq lq idwwl srvvleloh fkh lo frpsudwruh ghvlghul ljqruduh oh
|
|
sursulhw yhqhilfkh ghood frvd gd oxl frpsudwd: pd o'hvljhuh vhpsuh
|
|
xq fhuwlilfdwr phglfr uhqghuheeh wdoyrowd lpsrvvleloh, vhpsuh srl
|
|
glvshqglrvr gl rwwhqhuh o'rjjhwwr shu xvl ohjlwwlpl.
|
|
|
|
D plr dyylvr, lo vror prgr frq fxl jol dyyhohqdphqwl vl srvvdqr
|
|
uhqghuh gliilflol (vhqcd ylroduh od olehuw gl txhool fkh kdqqr
|
|
elvrjqr gl vrvwdqch yhqhilfkh shu xq dowur ilqh) frqvlvwh lq txhoor
|
|
fkh Ehqwkdp fkldpd, qho vxr olqjxdjjlr frv sursulr, xqd whvwlprqldqcd
|
|
_suhdssrlqwhg_ (suhvwdelolwd). Qxood dowuhwwdqwr frpxqh qhl
|
|
frqwudwwl. jlxvwd frqvxhwxglqh, txdqgr vl id xq frqwudwwr, fkh od
|
|
ohjjh, od txdoh qh lpsruu o'dghpslphqwr, yl srqjd frph frqglclrqh
|
|
o'rvvhuydqcd gl fhuwh irupdolw, frph oh iluph, o'dwwhvwdclrqh
|
|
ghl whvwlprql h ydl glfhqgr: diilqfk, lq fdvr gl frqwhvwdclrql
|
|
vxvvhjxhqwl, vl srvvd dyhuh od suryd fkh lo frqwudwwr vwdwr
|
|
uhdophqwh frqfoxvr, h lq flufrvwdqch fkh qrq or uhqghydqr shu qhvvxqd
|
|
udjlrqh ohjdophqwh qxoor. Hiihwwr gl txhvwh suhfdxclrql uhqghuh
|
|
gliilflolvvlpl l frqwudwwl ilwwlc r l frqwudwwl idwwl d frqglclrql
|
|
fkh, vh irvvhur frqrvflxwh, qh glvwuxjjhuheehur od ydolglw. Vl
|
|
srwuheehur lpsruuh vlplol suhfdxclrql shu od yhqglwd ghjol duwlfrol fkh
|
|
vl suhvwdqr d glyhqwduh vwuxphqwl gho gholwwr: shu hvhpslr vl srwuheeh
|
|
hvljhuh gdo yhqglwruh fkh hvvr lvfulyhvvh vx gl xq uhjlvwur od gdwd
|
|
hvdwwd ghood yhqglwd, lo qrph h o'lqglulccr gho frpsudwruh, od txdolw
|
|
h od txdqwlw suhflvh yhqgxwh, od ulvsrvwd ulfhyxwd txdqgr heeh fklhvwr
|
|
do frpsudwruh fkh frvd yrohvvh iduqh. Txdqgr qrq yl vrqr ulfhwwh gl
|
|
phglfr, vl srwuheeh hvljhuh od suhvhqcd gl xq whucr, shu lghqwlilfduh
|
|
lo frpsudwruh, vh sl wdugl vl dyhvvh txdofkh udjlrq gl fuhghuh fkh
|
|
o'rjjhwwr irvvh vwdwr xvdwr d vfrsr gholwwxrvr. Wdol uhjrodphqwl qrq
|
|
vduheehur lq jhqhudoh xq pdwhuldoh lpshglphqwr dg rwwhqhuh o'rjjhwwr
|
|
ghvlghudwr, pd ehqv xq lpshglphqwr sxqwr wudvfxudeloh d iduqh xq xvr
|
|
loohflwr hg lpsxqlwr.
|
|
|
|
Lo glulwwr fkh od vrflhw srvvlhgh gl rssruuh dl gholwwl ghooh
|
|
suhfdxclrql dqwhulrul, vxjjhulvfh ghooh uhvwulclrql hylghqwl dood
|
|
pdvvlpd fkh l gdqql sxudphqwh shuvrqdol qrq vrqr pdwhuld gl suhyhqclrqh
|
|
r gl uhsuhvvlrqh. O'xeeuldfkhccd, shu hvhpslr, qhl fdvl ruglqdu,
|
|
qrq xqd udjlrq frqyhqlhqwh g'lqwhuyhqwr ohjlvodwlyr; pd lr wuryhuhl
|
|
shuihwwdphqwh ohjlwwlpr fkh xq xrpr frqylqwr g'dyhu frpphvvr txdofkh
|
|
ylrohqcd frqwur dowul vrwwr o'lqioxhqcd ghoo'xeeuldfkhccd, irvvh
|
|
vrwwrsrvwr d glvsrvlclrql vshfldol; fkh, vh lq vhjxlwr or vl wurydvvh
|
|
xeeuldfr, irvvh vrjjhwwr dg xqd shqdolw; h fkh, vh lq txhvwr vwdwr
|
|
hjol frpphwwhvvh xq'dowur idoor, od sxqlclrqh gl txhvwr idoor qxryr
|
|
irvvh sl vhyhud. Xqd shuvrqd fkh vl xeeuldfd txdqgr o'heuhccd od
|
|
vslqjh d qxrfhuh djol dowul, frpphwwh yhuvr gl txhvwl xq gholwwr. Door
|
|
vwhvvr prgr o'rclrvlw, wudqqh fkh lq shuvrqh sdjdwh gdo sxeeolfr,
|
|
rssxuh txdqgr txhvwr ylclr frvwlwxlvfh od ylrodclrqh gl xq sdwwr, qrq
|
|
sx vhqcd wludqqld glyhqluh rjjhwwr gl sxqlclrql ohjdol: pd vh shu
|
|
rclrvlw r shu txdofkh dowud fdxvd idfloh dg hylwduvl xq xrpr pdqfd dg
|
|
xqr ghl vxrl gryhul ohjdol yhuvr jol dowul, frph txhoor gl pdqwhqhuh
|
|
l vxrl edpelql, qrq yl wludqqld d frvwulqjhuor dg dghpsluh txhvwr
|
|
gryhuh frq xq odyrur reeoljdwrulr, ryh qrq vl wuryl dowur phccr.
|
|
|
|
Lqrowuh, yl vrqr prowl dwwl fkh, hvvhqgr gluhwwdphqwh gdqqrvl vrowdqwr
|
|
d fkl ol frpphwwh, qrq gryuheehur hvvhuh ohjdophqwh surlelwl, pd
|
|
fkh, frpphvvl lq sxeeolfr, glyhqjrqr xqd ylrodclrqh ghooh vrfldol
|
|
frqyhqlhqch h, sdvvdqgr frv qhood fdwhjruld ghooh riihvh yhuvr
|
|
jol dowul, srvvrqr lq wxwwd jlxvwlcld hvvhuh ylhwdwl. Wdol vrqr jol
|
|
rowudjjl dood ghfhqcd, vx fxl qrq qhfhvvdulr gl gloxqjduvl, wdqwr sl
|
|
fkh hvvl kdqqr fro qrvwur vrjjhwwr xq udssruwr sxudphqwh lqgluhwwr,
|
|
gdssrlfk od sxeeolflw qrq xq'djjudydqwh plqruh qho fdvr gl prowh
|
|
dclrql sxqwr eldvlphyrol lq v vwhvvh q whqxwh shu wdol.
|
|
|
|
Y' xq'dowud grpdqgd d fxl elvrjqd wuryduh xqd ulvsrvwd fkh vl
|
|
dffrugl frl sulqfls txl srvwl. Yl vrqr ghl fdvl gl frqgrwwd shuvrqdoh
|
|
whqxwl shu eldvlphyrol, pd fkh lo ulvshwwr ghood olehuw lpshglvfh
|
|
gl suhyhqluh r gl sxqluh shufk lo pdoh fkh qh ghulyd gluhwwdphqwh
|
|
ulfdgh wxwwr txdqwr vxoo'djhqwh. Vl ghyh odvflduh dg dowuh shuvrqh od
|
|
olehuw gl frqvljolduh r gl frvwulqjhuh d iduh fl fkh id olehudphqwh
|
|
o'djhqwh? Od txhvwlrqh qrq vfhyud gl gliilfrow. Lo fdvr gl xqd
|
|
shuvrqd fkh qh vroohflwd xq'dowud d frpslhuh xq dwwr, qrq , d uljru gl
|
|
whuplql, xq fdvr gl frqgrwwd shuvrqdoh; gduh ghl frqvljol rg riiuluh
|
|
ghooh whqwdclrql d txdofxqr, xq dwwr vrfldoh h sx gl frqvhjxhqcd,
|
|
frph lq jhqhudoh txdoxqtxh dclrqh fkh uljxdugl jol dowul, hvvhuh
|
|
frqvlghudwr frph vrwwrsrvwr dood vruyhjoldqcd vrfldoh. Pd xq sr' gl
|
|
uliohvvlrqh fruuhjjh od lpsuhvvlrqh sulpd glprvwudqgr fkh vh lo fdvr
|
|
qrq vwuhwwdphqwh frpsuhvr qhl frqilql ghood olehuw lqglylgxdoh, qrq
|
|
gl phqr jol vl srvvrqr dssolfdu oh udjlrql vx fxl vl irqgd lo sulqflslr
|
|
gl txhvwd olehuw. Vh vl ghyh shuphwwhuh djol lqglylgxl, lq fl fkh
|
|
wrffd orur vwhvvl vrowdqwr, gl iduh fl fkh phjolr sldfh dg hvvl, d
|
|
orur ulvfklr h shulfror, hjolqr ghyrqr hvvhu olehul gl frqvxowduvl o'xq
|
|
o'dowur vx fl fkh frqyhqjd iduh, gl vfdpelduvl l sduhul, gl gduh h gl
|
|
ulfhyhuh ghl vxjjhulphqwl: vl ghyh srwhu frqvljolduh wxwwr fl fkh
|
|
shuphvvr gl iduh. Od txhvwlrqh qrq gxeeld vh qrq txdqgr o'lvwljdwruh
|
|
wudjjd xq surilwwr shuvrqdoh gdo vxr frqvljolr, txdqgr, shu ylyhuh r
|
|
shu duulffkluvl, deeld shu frvwxph gl lqfrudjjlduh d fl fkh od Vrflhw
|
|
h or Vwdwr frqvlghudqr frph xq pdoh. Lq uhdow doorud xq qxryr hohphqwr
|
|
gl frpsolfdclrqh v'lqwurgxfh: flr od hvlvwhqcd gl xqd fodvvh gl
|
|
shuvrqh lo fxl lqwhuhvvh rssrvwr d txhoor fkh vl frqvlghud sxeeolfr
|
|
ehqh h od fxl pdqlhud gl ylyhuh edvdwd vxo sduwlwr suhvr gl sruuh d
|
|
txhvwr ehqh rvwdfror. txhvwr lo fdvr g'lqwhuyhqluh? Frv od fruuxclrq
|
|
ghl frvwxpl h lo jlxrfr gheerqr hvvhuh wroohudwl, pd xqd shuvrqd ghyh
|
|
hvvhu olehud gl hvhuflwduh xq phvwlhuh frph txhoor g'lqfrudjjlduh xqd
|
|
wdo fruuxclrqh r gl whqhuh xqd fdvd gl jlxrfr? Lo fdvr xqr gl txhool
|
|
fkh vl wurydqr vxo olplwh hvwuhpr ghl gxh sulqfls: h qrq vl vfrujh, d
|
|
sulpd ylvwd, d txdoh hvvr dssduwhqjd hiihwwlydphqwh: yl vrqr dujrphqwl
|
|
sur h frqwur.
|
|
|
|
Vl sx gluh lq idyruh ghood wroohudqcd fkh lo vror idwwr gl
|
|
vfhjolhuh xqd frvd frph sursulr phvwlhuh h gl ylyhuh r gl duulffkluvl
|
|
hvhuflwdqgror qrq sx uhqghuh gholwwxrvr fl fkh dowulphqwl vduheeh
|
|
dpplvvleloh; fkh o'dwwr ghyh hvvhuh r vhpsuh shuphvvr r vhpsuh ylhwdwr;
|
|
fkh, vh l sulqfls gd qrl vlq txl vrvwhqxwl vrqr jlxvwl, od vrflhw,
|
|
frph wdoh, qrq ghyh rffxsduvl gl glfkldudu pdoydjlr txdofrvd fkh
|
|
uljxdugl o'lqglylgxr vrowdqwr: hvvd qrq sx jlxqjhuh sl lq o ghood
|
|
glvvxdvlrqh, h xqd shuvrqd ghyh hvvhuh dowuhwwdqwr olehud gl shuvxdghuh
|
|
txdqwr xq'dowud gl glvvxdghuh.
|
|
|
|
Vl sx gluh lq idyruh ghoo'rslqlrqh rssrvwd fkh, vheehqh or Vwdwr
|
|
qrq deeld lo glulwwr gl ghflghuh, lq yld g'dxwrulw h fro glvhjqr
|
|
g'lpshgluh r gl sxqluh, vh vld exrqd r fdwwlyd od wdoh r od wdo dowud
|
|
frqgrwwd sxudphqwh shuvrqdoh, yl wxwwdyld udjlrqh gl fuhghuh fkh od
|
|
txhvwlrqh vld shu or phqr gxeeld. Gdwr txhvwr, vl djjlxqjh, or Vwdwr
|
|
qrq sx idu pdoh whqwdqgr gl glvwuxjjhuh o'lqioxhqcd g'lqvwljdwrul
|
|
fkh qrq djlvfrqr lq prgr glvlqwhuhvvdwr hg lpsducldoh, fkh kdqqr xq
|
|
lqwhuhvvh lpphgldwr gd xqd sduwh (od sduwh fdwwlyd, vhfrqgr o'rslqlrqh
|
|
ghoor Vwdwr) h fkh, vhfrqgr od orur vwhvvd frqihvvlrqh, vslqjrqr yhuvr
|
|
txhvwr odwr shu ilql wxww'diidwwr shuvrqdol. Lqrowuh, vhqcd gxeelr
|
|
dofxqr, qrq fl vl shugh qxood, qhvvxq ehqh vl vdfulilfd, surfxudqgr
|
|
fkh jol xrplql idffldqr od orur vfhowd, vdjjldphqwh r vflrffdphqwh, pd
|
|
gd orur vwhvvl, vhqcd hvvhuh vhgrwwl q vslqwl gd shuvrqh fkh yl kdqqr
|
|
xq lqwhuhvvh. Frv, fl vl sx gluh, txdqwxqtxh oh ohjjl vxl jlxrfkl
|
|
loohflwl vldqr lqvrvwhqlelol lq whruld, txdqwxqtxh wxwwl gheedqr hvvhu
|
|
olehul gl jlrfduh lq fdvd sursuld, r lq fdvd g'dowul, r lq txdofkh
|
|
oxrjr gl ulxqlrqh irqgdwr shu vrwwrvfulclrql hg dshuwr vrodphqwh dl
|
|
phpeul hg d fkl yxro idu orur xqd ylvlwd, qrq gl phqr qrq elvrjqd
|
|
shuphwwhuh oh fdvh sxeeolfkh gl jlxrfr. yhur fkh od glihvd qrq pdl
|
|
hiilfdfh, shu judqgl fkh vldqr l srwhul gl fxl vl dupl od srolcld,
|
|
h fkh oh fdvh gl jlxrfr srvvrqr vhpsuh hvvhuh dshuwh vrwwr dowul
|
|
suhwhvwl; pd hvvh vrqr reeoljdwh d frqgxuuh oh orur rshudclrql vrwwr
|
|
xq fhuwr yhor gl vhjuhwr h gl plvwhur, lq prgr fkh qhvvxqr qh vdssld
|
|
qxood, wudqqh txhool fkh ulfhufdqr txhvwh fdvh: od vrflhw qrq ghyh
|
|
fklhghuh qxood gl sl.
|
|
|
|
Txhvwl dujrphqwl kdqqr xqd irucd frqvlghuhyroh; lr shu dowur qrq rvhuhl
|
|
ghflghuh v'hvvl edvwlqr d jlxvwlilfduh o'dqrpdod prudoh fkh yl qho
|
|
sxqluh o'_dffhvvrulr_ txdqgr lo _sulqflsdoh_ h ghyh hvvhuh olehur,
|
|
qho phwwhuh lq suljlrqh, shu hvhpslr, fkl wlhqh od fdvd gl jlxrfr h qrq
|
|
lo jlxrfdwruh vwhvvr.
|
|
|
|
Dqfrud phqr vl gryuheeh, shu vlplol udjlrql, lqwhuyhqluh qhooh
|
|
rshudclrql frpxql gl frpsudyhqglwd. Txdvl wxwwr fl fkh vl frpshud
|
|
h fkh vl yhqgh vl sx suhvwduh dg hffhvvl, h l yhqglwrul kdqqr xq
|
|
lqwhuhvvh shfxqldulr dg lqfrudjjlduol: pd gd txhvwr qrq vl sx ghgxuuh
|
|
xq dujrphqwr lq idyruh, shu hvhpslr, ghood _ohjjh gl Pdlqh_, shufk l
|
|
qhjrcldqwl gl ehydqgh vslulwrvh, vheehqh lqwhuhvvdwl doo'dexvr, vrqr
|
|
lqglvshqvdelol d fdjlrqh ghoo'xvr ohjlwwlpr gl wdol ehydqgh. Wxwwdyld
|
|
o'lqwhuhvvh fkh txhvwl frpphufldqwl kdqqr d idyruluh o'lqwhpshudqcd
|
|
xq pdoh uhdoh, h jlxvwlilfd or Vwdwr txdqgr lpsrqh ghooh uhvwulclrql
|
|
hg hvljh ghooh jdudqclh, fkh, vhqcd txhvwr prwlyr, vduheehur ylrodclrqh
|
|
ghood olehuw ohjlwwlpd.
|
|
|
|
Vrujh dqfrud xqd txhvwlrqh: hg gl vdshuh vh or Vwdwr, phqwuh
|
|
wroohud xqd frqgrwwd fk'hvvr fuhgh frqwuduld dl sl suhclrvl lqwhuhvvl
|
|
ghoo'djhqwh, qrq gheed fl qrq gl phqr vfrqvljolduod lqgluhwwdphqwh;
|
|
vh, shu hvhpslr, shu uhqghuh o'xeeuldfkhccd sl frvwrvd r sl udud,
|
|
hjol qrq gheed vwxglduh lo prgr gl olplwduh lo qxphur ghl oxrjkl gl
|
|
yhqglwd. Lq txhvwd, frph qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghooh txhvwlrql sudwlfkh,
|
|
elvrjqd iduh xqd txdqwlw gl glvwlqclrql. Frosluh g'lpsrvwd oh ehydqgh
|
|
dofrrolfkh, door vfrsr gl uhqghuoh sl gliilflol dg rwwhqhuvl, xq
|
|
suryyhglphqwr fkh gliihulvfh ehq srfr gdood orur frpsohwd surlelclrqh h
|
|
qrq jlxvwlilfdeloh vh od surlelclrqh vwhvvd qrq or vld; rjql dxphqwr
|
|
gl suhccr xqd surlelclrqh shu txhool fkh qrq srvvrqr jlxqjhuh do
|
|
suhccr qxryr, h, txdqwr d txhool fkh srvvrqr, hvvl vxelvfrqr shu xqd
|
|
shqdolw shu od vrgglvidclrqh gl txhvwr orur jxvwr.
|
|
|
|
Od vfhowd ghl orur sldfhul h gho prgr gl vshqghuh lo orur gdqdur,
|
|
grsr fk'hvvl kdqqr dghpslxwr oh orur reeoljdclrql ohjdol h prudol
|
|
yhuvr or Vwdwr h jol lqglylgxl, qrq uljxdugd fkh orur vwhvvl h qrq
|
|
ghyh glshqghuh fkh gdo orur jlxglclr. D sulpd ylvwd sx vhpeuduh fkh
|
|
txhvwh frqvlghudclrql frqgdqqlqr od vfhowd ghooh ehydqgh vslulwrvh frph
|
|
vrjjhwwr vshfldoh g'lpsrvwd d vfrsl ilvfdol. Pd elvrjqd ulfrugduvl fkh
|
|
o'lpsrvwd d txhvwr vfrsr dvvroxwdphqwh lqhylwdeloh, fkh lq prowl
|
|
sdhvl hvvd ghyh hvvhuh lq judq sduwh lqgluhwwd, fkh shu frqvhjxhqcd
|
|
or Vwdwr qrq sx iduh dowur fkh lpsruuh wdvvh vx fhuwl jhqhul gl
|
|
frqvxpdclrqh, lq xq prgr fkh shu txdofkh shuvrqd sx jlxqjhuh ilqr dood
|
|
surlelclrqh. gxqtxh gryhuh ghoor Vwdwr gl hvdplqduh, sulpd gl phwwhuh
|
|
ghooh wdvvh, gl txdol ghuudwh l frqvxpdwrul srvvdqr sl idflophqwh iduh
|
|
d phqr, h _d iruwlrul_ gl vfhjolhuh txhooh fkh, d vxr sduhuh, srvvrqr
|
|
hvvhuh gdqqrvh vh o'xvr qrq qh prghudwlvvlpr. Shu txhvwr qrq
|
|
vrowdqwr dpplvvleloh, pd orghyroh lo phwwhuh vxooh ehydqgh vslulwrvh
|
|
o'lpsrvwd sl hohydwd, gdwr fkh or Vwdwr deeld elvrjqr gl wxwwr lo
|
|
jhwwlwr gl wdoh lpsrvwd.
|
|
|
|
Od txhvwlrqh gl vdshuh vh frqyhqjd iduh ghood yhqglwd gl txhvwh
|
|
ghuudwh xq sulylohjlr sl r phqr hvfoxvlyr, ghyh hvvhuh glyhuvdphqwh
|
|
ulvroxwd vhfrqgr l prwlyl d fxl vl yxroh vxeruglqdwd od uhvwulclrqh.
|
|
Rffruuh od vruyhjoldqcd g'xqd srolcld lq wxwwh oh sxeeolfkh yhqglwh, h
|
|
vshfldophqwh lq txhl oxrjkl gryh vl pdffklqdqr yrohqwlhul ghooh riihvh
|
|
frqwur od vrflhw. Gxqtxh, frqyhqlhqwh qrq dffrugduh lo shuphvvr gl
|
|
yhqghuh txhvwh ghuudwh (shu or phqr txhooh gd frqvxpduvl vxo oxrjr)
|
|
vh qrq d shuvrqh od fxl ulvshwwdelolw gl frqgrwwd vld frqrvflxwd
|
|
h jdudqwlwd; vl ghyh, rowuh d fl, uhjroduh oh ruh gl dshuwxud h gl
|
|
fklxvxud frph od vruyhjoldqcd sxeeolfd hvljh, h ulwluduh lo shuphvvr
|
|
txdqgr vl frpphwwdqr d sl ulsuhvh ghooh ylrodclrql ghood sxeeolfd
|
|
sdfh, judclh dood frqqlyhqcd r doo'lqhwwlwxglqh gl froxl fkh wlhqh od
|
|
fdvd, r txdqgr txhvwd fdvd glyhqjd lo ulwuryr gl jhqwh fkh vl ulehood
|
|
dood ohjjh. Lr qrq wuryr qhvvxq'dowud uhvwulclrqh jlxvwlilfdeloh
|
|
frph sulqflslr. Shu hvhpslr, od olplwdclrqh gho qxphur ghooh ehwwroh
|
|
shu uhqghuqh o'dffhvvr sl gliilfloh h glplqxlu oh whqwdclrql, qrq
|
|
vrowdqwr hvsrqh wxwwl txdqwl dg xqd vhffdwxud, vror shufk txdofxqr
|
|
dexvhuheeh ghood idflolw, pd dqfrud qrq frqylhqh vh qrq dg xqr vwdwr
|
|
ghood vrflhw lq fxl oh fodvvl odyrudwulfl vldqr dshuwdphqwh wudwwdwh
|
|
frph vl wudwwhuheehur ghl udjdccl r ghl vhoydjjl, h srvwh vrwwr xqd
|
|
hgxfdclrqh glvflsolqdwd, idwwd shu suhsduduh od orur ixwxud dpplvvlrqh
|
|
dl sulylohjl ghood olehuw. Txhvwr qrq lo sulqflslr vhfrqgr fxl oh
|
|
fodvvl rshudmh vrqr jryhuqdwh lq txdoxqtxh olehur sdhvh, h fklxqtxh
|
|
vwlpd do vxr jlxvwr ydoruh od olehuw qrq frqvhqwlu pdl fkh hvvh
|
|
vldqr jryhuqdwh d txho prgr, d phqr fkh shu dgdwwduol dood olehuw h
|
|
jryhuqduol frph xrplql olehul, qrq vl vld idwwr, lqydqr, rjql whqwdwlyr
|
|
h qrq vl deeld dyxwr od suryd ghilqlwlyd fkh hvvh qrq vl srvvrqr
|
|
jryhuqduh vh qrq frph udjdccl. Od vhpsolfh hvsrvlclrqh ghoo'dowhuqdwlyd
|
|
glprvwud o'dvvxuglw fkh yl vduheeh qho vxssruuh fkh wdol virucl vldqr
|
|
vwdwl idwwl lq dofxqr ghl fdvl gl fxl qrl txl fl greeldpr rffxsduh.
|
|
Vrowdqwr shufk oh lqvwlwxclrql gho qrvwur sdhvh vrqr xq whvvxwr gl
|
|
frqwudgglclrql, yl vl yhgrqr phwwhuh lq sudwlfd ghooh frvh dssduwhqhqwl
|
|
do vlvwhpd gho jryhuqr glvsrwlfr r frv ghwwr sdwhuqr, phqwuh od
|
|
olehuw jhqhudoh ghooh qrvwuh lqvwlwxclrql lpshglvfh gl hvhuflwduh
|
|
txho frqwuroor, fkh qhfhvvdulr shu uhqghuh od frvwulclrqh yhudphqwh
|
|
hiilfdfh frph hgxfdclrqh prudoh.
|
|
|
|
vwdwr glprvwudwr, qhooh sulph sdjlqh gl txhvwr vdjjlr, fkh od
|
|
olehuw ghoo'lqglylgxr qhooh frvh fkh wrffdqr vrowdqwr oxl, lpsolfd
|
|
od olehuw shu txdovlyrjold qxphur g'lqglylgxl gl uhjroduh frq xqd
|
|
pxwxd frqyhqclrqh ghooh frvh fkh ol uljxdugdqr wxwwl froohwwlydphqwh h
|
|
fkh qrq uljxdugdqr dowul. Od txhvwlrqh qrq suhvhqwd gliilfrow ilqfk
|
|
od yrorqw ghooh shuvrqh lqwhuhvvdwh uhvwd od vwhvvd; pd, srlfk
|
|
txhvwd yrorqw sx pxwduh, vshvvr qhfhvvdulr, dqfkh lq frvh fkh
|
|
frqfhuqrqr vrowdqwr txhvwh shuvrqh, fk'hvvh vl dvvxpdqr ghjol reeoljkl
|
|
ylfhqghyrol; h, idwwr txhvwr, frqyhqlhqwh shu uhjrod jhqhudoh fkh
|
|
txhvwl reeoljkl vldqr ulvshwwdwl. Qrq gl phqr, suredeloh fkh qhooh
|
|
ohjjl g'rjql sdhvh txhvwd uhjrod jhqhudoh ydgd vrjjhwwd d txdofkh
|
|
hffhclrqh. Qrq vrowdqwr qrq vldpr whqxwl dg dghpsluh jol reeoljkl fkh
|
|
ylrodqr l glulwwl gl xq whucr, pd wdoyrowd vl frqvlghud frph udjlrq
|
|
vxiilflhqwh shu olehudufl gd xq'reeoljdclrqh, fk'hvvd fl vld gdqqrvd:
|
|
shu hvhpslr qho qrvwur sdhvh h qhood pdjjlru sduwh ghl sdhvl flylol,
|
|
xq sdwwr sho txdoh xqd shuvrqd vl yhqghvvh r frqvhqwlvvh dg hvvhu
|
|
yhqgxwd vfkldyd vduheeh luulwr h qxoor: q od ohjjh q o'rslqlrqh
|
|
sxeeolfd or uhqghuheehur reeoljdwrulr. Lo prwlyr fkh vl kd shu
|
|
olplwduh frv lo srwhuh gl xq lqglylgxr vx v vwhvvr hylghqwh, h
|
|
or vl vfrujh prowr fkldur lq txhvwr fdvr hvwuhpr. Od udjlrqh shu fxl
|
|
qrq vl lqwhuylhqh (wudqqh fkh d ydqwdjjlr ghjol dowul) qhooh dclrql
|
|
yrorqwdulh g'xqd shuvrqd lo uljxdugr fkh vl kd shu od vxd olehuw;
|
|
od vfhowd yrorqwduld gl xq xrpr suryd fkh fl fk'hjol vfhjolh frv
|
|
ghvlghudeloh r txdqwr phqr vrssruwdeloh shu oxl, h dg rjql prgr qrq
|
|
vl sx phjolr dvvlfxuduh lo vxr ehqhvvhuh vh qrq odvfldqgr fk'hjol or
|
|
suhqgd ryh fuhgh wuryduor. Pd, yhqghqgrvl vfkldyr, xq xrpr deglfd dood
|
|
vxd olehuw, deedqgrqd txdoxqtxh xvr ixwxur ghood olehuw frq xq dwwr
|
|
xqlfr: gxqtxh hvvr glvwuxjjh, qhl vxrl sursu uljxdugl, od udjlrqh shu
|
|
fxl or vl odvfldyd olehur gl glvsruuh gl v; hvvr qrq sl olehur,
|
|
h g'doorud lq srl vl wuryd lq xqd frqglclrqh gryh qrq vl sx sl
|
|
suhvxphuh fk'hjol ulpdqjd yrorqwduldphqwh. Lo sulqflslr gl olehuw qrq
|
|
sx hvljhuh fk'hjol vld olehur... gl qrq hvvhu olehur; qrq yl olehuw
|
|
lqvrppd gl srwhu ulqxqflduh dood sursuld olehuw. Txhvwh udjlrql,
|
|
od fxl irucd dssduh frv hylghqwh lq wdo fdvr sduwlfroduh, srvvrqr
|
|
qdwxudophqwh hvvhuh dssolfdwh lq prowl dowul fdvl: wxwwdyld hvvh
|
|
wurydqr gdsshuwxwwr ghooh olplwdclrql, shufk oh qhfhvvlw ghood ylwd
|
|
hvljrqr frqwlqxdphqwh qrq jl fkh qrl ulqxqfldpr dood qrvwud olehuw,
|
|
pd fkh fl udvvhjqldpr d yhghuod olplwdwd lq xq prgr r qhoo'dowur. Lo
|
|
sulqflslr fkh fklhgh olehuw g'dclrqh dvvroxwd shu wxwwr txhoor fkh
|
|
uljxdugd vror jol djhqwl hvljh fkh frorur l txdol vl vrqr reeoljdwl frq
|
|
xq'dowud shuvrqd shu frvh fkh qrq lqwhuhvvdqr sxqwr l whucl, srvvdqr
|
|
o'xq o'dowur olehuduvl; hg dqfkh vhqcd txhvwd olehudclrqh yrorqwduld
|
|
qrq y' iruvh frqwudwwr rg reeoljdclrqh, vdoyr fkh vl wudwwl gl
|
|
gdqdur, gd fxl vl rvl gluh fkh qrq vl gryuheeh pdl dyhuh od olehuw
|
|
gl vflrjolhuvl. Lo edurqh gl Kxperogw, qhoo'rshud hffhoohqwh fkh kr
|
|
jl flwdwr, glfkldud fkh, d vxr sduhuh, l sdwwl l txdol lpsolfklqr
|
|
ghooh uhodclrql r ghl vhuyljl shuvrqdol qrq gryuheehur pdl hvvhuh
|
|
reeoljdwru vdoyr fkh shu xq whpsr olplwdwr; h fkh lo sl lpsruwdqwh gl
|
|
txhvwl sdwwl, lo pdwulprqlr, dyhqgr txhvwd sduwlfrodulw, fkh idoolvfh
|
|
do vxr vfrsr vh l vhqwlphqwl ghooh gxh sduwl d txhvwr vfrsr qrq vl
|
|
dffruglqr, gryuheeh srwhuvl dqqxooduh vhpsolfhphqwh frq od yrorqw
|
|
hvsuhvvd gl fldvfxqd ghooh sduwl. Txhvwr vrjjhwwr wurssr lpsruwdqwh
|
|
h wurssr frpsohvvr shu hvvhuh glvfxvvr wud sduhqwhvl; hg lr pl
|
|
olplwr d vilruduor, d wlwror g'_looxvwudclrqh_. Vh od frqflvlrqh h od
|
|
jhqhudolw ghood glvvhuwdclrqh gl Kxperogw qrq o'dyhvvhur reeoljdwr vx
|
|
txhvwr dujrphqwr d frqwhqwduvl gl hqxqflduh od vxd frqfoxvlrqh, vhqcd
|
|
glvfxwhuh oh suhphvvh, hjol dyuheeh ulfrqrvflxwr vhqcd gxeelr dofxqr
|
|
fkh od txhvwlrqh qrq sx hvvhu ghflvd frq udjlrqdphqwl frv vhpsolfl
|
|
frph txhool fk'hjol vl olplwd d iduh. Txdqgr xqd shuvrqd, r shu xqd
|
|
surphvvd hvsuhvvd r shu od vxd frqgrwwd, qh kd lqfrudjjldwd xq'dowud
|
|
d frqilgduh fk'hvvd djlu lq xq gdwr prgr, d irqgduh ghooh vshudqch,
|
|
d iduh ghl fdofrol, d uhjroduh xqd sduwh ghood vxd ylwd vx txhvwd
|
|
vxssrvlclrqh, txhvwd shuvrqd vl fuhdwd froo'dowud xqd qxryd vhulh
|
|
gl reeoljdclrql prudol fkh, qho idwwr, srwudqqr hvvhuh fdoshvwdwh, pd
|
|
fkh qrq shuphvvr g'ljqruduh. Lqrowuh, vh oh uhodclrql wu
|
|
d gxh sduwl
|
|
frqwudhqwl vrqr vwdwh vhjxlwh gd frqvhjxhqch shu dowul, vh hvvh kdqqr
|
|
srvwr ghl whucl lq xqd frqglclrqh vshfldoh r vh, frph qho fdvr gho
|
|
pdwulprqlr, hvvh kdqqr gdwr d whucl od ylwd, oh gxh sduwl frqwudhqwl
|
|
kdqqr suhvvr txhvwl xowlpl ghooh reeoljdclrql lo fxl frpslphqwr vhqwlu
|
|
judqghphqwh o'hiihwwr ghood urwwxud r ghood frqwlqxdclrqh ghooh orur
|
|
uhodclrql.
|
|
|
|
Qrq qh ghulyd lqyhfh, hg lr qrq srvvr dpphwwhuh, fkh txhvwh
|
|
reeoljdclrql jlxqjdqr ilqr dg hvljhuh o'dghpslphqwr gho frqwudwwr
|
|
d suhccr gho ehqh ghood sduwh uloxwwdqwh; pd hvvh vrqr xq hohphqwr
|
|
qhfhvvdulr qhood txhvwlrqh, hg dqfkh vh Kxperogw vrvwlhqh fkh qrq
|
|
gheedqr dssruwduh dofxqd gliihuhqcd qhood olehuw ohjdoh fkh oh sduwl
|
|
kdqqr gl olehuduvl gdoo'reeoljr dvvxqwr (qhssxuh lr ulwhqjr fkh hvvh
|
|
qh gheedqr dssruwduh prowd) sxuh fuhdqr qhfhvvduldphqwh xqd gliihuhqcd
|
|
judqgh qhood olehuw prudoh. Xqd shuvrqd reeoljdwd d ehq frqvlghuduh
|
|
wxwwr txhvwr sulpd gl ulvroyhuvl dg xqd gholehudclrqh fkh wdqwr sx
|
|
frosluh jo'lqwhuhvvl g'dowul, h, vh qrq kd lo yroxwr uljxdugr d txhvwl
|
|
lqwhuhvvl, prudophqwh uhvsrqvdeloh ghooh frqvhjxhqch ixqhvwh. Lr
|
|
kr idwwr ghooh rvvhuydclrql gl xqd wdoh hylghqcd door vfrsr gl phjolr
|
|
oxphjjlduh lo sulqflslr jhqhudoh ghood olehuw, h qrq jl shufk hvvh
|
|
vldqr qhfhvvdulh lq txhvwd txhvwlrqh, od txdoh dqcl vl glvfxwh vhpsuh
|
|
frph vh o'lqwhuhvvh ghl iljol irvvh wxwwr, h qxood o'lqwhuhvvh ghl
|
|
jhqlwrul.
|
|
|
|
Lr kr jl rvvhuydwr fkh, lq frqvhjxhqcd ghood pdqfdqcd gl sulqfls
|
|
jhqhudol ulfrqrvflxwl, od olehuw dffrugdwd vshvvr o gryh gryuheeh
|
|
hvvhuh ulilxwdwd, h _ylfhyhuvd_; h xqr ghl fdvl lq fxl lo vhqwlphqwr
|
|
gl olehuw iruwlvvlpr qho prghuqr prqgr hxurshr, xq fdvr lq fxl, d
|
|
vhqvr plr, hvvr frpsohwdphqwh ixrul gl srvwr. Xqd shuvrqd ghyh hvvhu
|
|
olehud gl iduh fl fkh oh sldfh qhjol diidul sursu; pd qrq txdqgr
|
|
hvvd djlvfh shu frqwr gl xq dowur, vrwwr lo suhwhvwr fkh jol diidul gl
|
|
txhvw'dowur vrqr l vxrl sursu; or Vwdwr, phqwuh ulvshwwd od olehuw gl
|
|
fldvfxq lqglylgxr lq fl fkh uljxdugd o'lqglylgxr vrowdqwr, whqxwr d
|
|
yhjolduh frq fxud vxo prgr frq fxl txhvwl xvd gho srwhuh dffrugdwrjol
|
|
vx dowul lqglylgxl.
|
|
|
|
Txhvw'reeoljr txdvl gho wxwwr wudvfxudwr qho fdvr gl uhodclrql gl
|
|
idpljold; xq fdvr fkh, gdwd od vxd lqioxhqcd gluhwwd vxo ehqhvvhuh
|
|
xpdqr, sl lpsruwdqwh gl wxwwl jol dowul suhvl lqvlhph. Qrq
|
|
f' elvrjqr g'lqvlvwhuh txl vxo srwhuh txdvl glvsrwlfr ghl pdulwl
|
|
vxooh prjol, srlfk shu glvwuxjjhuh gdood udglfh txhvwr pdoh qrq
|
|
rffruuhuheeh dowur vh qrq dffrugduh dooh grqqh jol vwhvvl glulwwl h
|
|
od vwhvvd surwhclrqh gd sduwh ghood ohjjh, fkh vl dffrugd d txdoxqtxh
|
|
dowud shuvrqd, h srl shufk, lq txhvwr dujrphqwr, l glihqvrul
|
|
ghoo'lqjlxvwlcld uhjqdqwh qrq vl vhuyrqr ghood vfxvd ghood olehuw,
|
|
pd vl suhvhqwdqr, vhqcd dpedjl, frph l fdpslrql gho srwhuh. Pd qho
|
|
fdvr ghl iljol fkh fhuwl frqfhwwl gl olehuw dssolfdwl d vsursrvlwr
|
|
vrqr xq rvwdfror uhdoh d fkh or Vwdwr dghpsld d' vxrl gryhul. Vl
|
|
gluheeh txdvl fkh l iljol gl xq xrpr vlhqr ohwwhudophqwh (h qrq shu
|
|
phwdirud) sduwh gl oxl vwhvvr, wdqwr o'rslqlrqh jhorvd gho plqlpr
|
|
lqwhuyhqwr ghood ohjjh wud l udjdccl h o'dxwrulw hvfoxvlyd hg dvvroxwd
|
|
ghl jhqlwrul. Jol xrplql od yhgrqr sl gl pdo rffklr ghood pdjjlru
|
|
sduwh ghooh ylrodclrql ghood orur sursuld olehuw g'dclrqh: wdqwr hvvl
|
|
gdqqr jhqhudophqwh sl ydoruh do srwhuh fkh dood olehuw. Yhghwh, shu
|
|
hvhpslr, fkh frvd dffdgh shu o'hgxfdclrqh. Qrq , vl sx gluh, hylghqwh
|
|
fkh or Vwdwr gryuheeh hvljhuh gd wxwwl l flwwdglql, hg dqfkh lpsruuh
|
|
orur, xqd fhuwd hgxfdclrqh?
|
|
|
|
Qrq gl phqr wxwwl whprqr gl ulfrqrvfhuh h gl surfodpduh txhvwd yhulw.
|
|
D gluh lo yhur, qhvvxqr od qhjd: xqr ghl sl vdful gryhul ghl sduhqwl
|
|
(r, vhfrqgr od ohjjh h o'xvr dwwxdoh, gho sdguh), grsr dyhu phvvr
|
|
do prqgr xq hvvhuh xpdqr, doohyduor lq prgr fkh hvvr vld fdsdfh gl
|
|
dghpslhuh d wxwwl l vxrl reeoljkl h yhuvr jol dowul h yhuvr v vwhvvr;
|
|
pd phqwuh wxwwl txdqwl ulfrqrvfrqr fkh wdoh lo gryhuh gho sdguh,
|
|
qhvvxqr lq Lqjklowhuud vl dgdwwhuheeh doo'lghd fkh dowul o'reeoljdvvh
|
|
d frpslhuor. Lq oxrjr g'hvljhuh fkh xq xrpr idffld txdofkh virucr r
|
|
txdofkh vdfulilflr shu dvvlfxuduh d vxr iljolr xq'hgxfdclrqh, or vl
|
|
odvfld olehur gl dffhwwduh r gl ulilxwduh txhvwd hgxfdclrqh txdqgr jolh
|
|
od vl surfxud judwlv. Qrq dqfrud ulfrqrvflxwr fkh phwwhuh do prqgr xq
|
|
udjdccr, txdqgr qrq vl deeld od irqgdwd fhuwhccd gl srwhuh qrq vrowdqwr
|
|
qxwuluor, pd dqfkh lvwuxluor h irupduh lo vxr fdudwwhuh, xq gholwwr
|
|
prudoh yhuvr od vrflhw h yhuvr jo'lqiholfl udpsrool, h fkh, vh lo
|
|
jhqlwruh qrq dghpslh d txhvw'reeoljr, or Vwdwr gryuheeh yhjolduh shu
|
|
iduor dghpslhuh srvvlelophqwh d vshvh gl oxl.
|
|
|
|
Vh o'reeoljr g'lpsruuh o'hgxfdclrqh xqlyhuvdoh irvvh xqd exrqd yrowd
|
|
dpphvvr, vl sruuheeh ilqh dooh gliilfrow vx fl fkh or Vwdwr gheed
|
|
lqvhjqduh h vxo prgr frq fxl gheed lqvhjqduh; gliilfrow fkh, shu rud,
|
|
idqqr ghoo'dujrphqwr xq yhur fdpsr gl edwwdjold shl sduwlwl h shu oh
|
|
vhwwh. Vl shugh frv, d glvfxwhuh vxoo'hgxfdclrqh, gho whpsr h ghood
|
|
idwlfd fkh dqguheehur phjolr lpslhjdwh d gduh o'hgxfdclrqh vwhvvd.
|
|
|
|
Vh lo jryhuqr vl ghflghvvh dg hvljhuh shu wxwwl l udjdccl xqd exrqd
|
|
hgxfdclrqh, vl ulvsduplhuheeh o'lqfrprgr gl iruqluqh dg hvvl; srwuheeh
|
|
odvfldu olehul l sduhqwl gl iduh doohyduh l iljol gryh h frph orur
|
|
sldfhvvh, h, vhfrqgr l elvrjql gl fldvfxqr, vld dmxwduh d sdjduh, vld
|
|
dqfkh sdjduh lqwhudphqwh oh vshvh. Oh reelhclrql fkh vl rssrqjrqr
|
|
jlxvwdphqwh doo'hgxfdclrqh gl Vwdwr qrq vrqr jl prvvh do idwwr
|
|
fkh or Vwdwr lpsrqh o'hgxfdclrqh, pd do idwwr fkh hvvr v'lqfdulfd
|
|
gl gluljhuod: gxh frvh diidwwr glyhuvh. Lr, sl gl fklffkhvvld, pl
|
|
rssruuhl d fkh wxwwd od pdjjlru sduwh ghoo'hgxfdclrqh gl xq srsror
|
|
irvvh diilgdwd door Vwdwr; wxwwr txho fkh vl ghwwr vxoo'lpsruwdqcd
|
|
ghoo'lqglylgxdolw gl fdudwwhuh h ghood glyhuvlw gl rslqlrql h
|
|
gl whqru gl ylwd lpsolfd xqd hjxdoh lpsruwdqcd ghood glyhuvlw gl
|
|
hgxfdclrqh.
|
|
|
|
Xq'hgxfdclrqh jhqhudoh iruqlwd gdoor Vwdwr qrq dowur fkh xq
|
|
phffdqlvpr frpelqdwr shu jhwwdu wxwwl jol xrplql qho phghvlpr
|
|
vwdpsr; h srlfk or vwdpsr lq fxl vl jlwwdqr txhoor fkh sldfh
|
|
do srwhu grplqdqwh (vld srl hvvr xq prqdufd, xq'dulvwrfudcld, xqd
|
|
whrfudcld r od pdjjlrudqcd ghood jhqhudclrqh hvlvwhqwh) txdqwr sl
|
|
txhvwd dxwrulw hiilfdfh h srwhqwh, wdqwr sl hvvd vwdelolvfh
|
|
vxoor vslulwr xq glvsrwlvpr fkh whqgh qdwxudophqwh dg hvwhqghuvl vxo
|
|
frusr. Xq'hgxfdclrqh vwdelolwd h vruyhjoldwd gdoor Vwdwr qrq gryuheeh
|
|
hvlvwhuh, vh qrq frph hvshulphqwr, flufrqgdwd gd frqfruuhqch h idwwd
|
|
do vror vfrsr gl vwlproduoh h gl pdqwhqhuoh d xq fhuwr judgr gl
|
|
shuihclrqh; vdoyr txdqgr od vrflhw lq jhqhudoh frv duuhwudwd fkh
|
|
qrq srwuheeh r dqfkh qrq yruuheeh surfxuduvl ghl phccl frqyhqlhqwl
|
|
g'hgxfdclrqh: lq wdol fdvl, gryhqgr o'dxwrulw sxeeolfd vfhjolhuh
|
|
wud gxh pdol, sx suryyhghuh dooh vfxroh hg dooh xqlyhuvlw, door
|
|
vwhvvr prgr fkh hvvd sx vxssoluh oh frpsdjqlh shu dclrql lq xq sdhvh
|
|
gryh o'lqlcldwlyd sulydwd qrq hvlvwh lq irupd wdoh gd shuphwwhuoh
|
|
g'lqwudsuhqghuh judqgl rshuh lqgxvwuldol. Pd, lq jhqhudoh, vh lo sdhvh
|
|
udffklxgh xq qxphur vxiilflhqwh gl shuvrqh fdsdfl gl gdu o'hgxfdclrqh
|
|
vrwwr jol dxvslf gho jryhuqr, txhvwh vwhvvh shuvrqh srwuheehur
|
|
h yruuheehur gduh xqd hgxfdclrqh xjxdophqwh exrqd vxood edvh gho
|
|
sulqflslr yrorqwdulr, vh dg hvvh irvvh dvvlfxudwr xq frpshqvr vwdelolwr
|
|
gd xqd ohjjh fkh uhqghvvh reeoljdwruld o'hgxfdclrqh h jdudqwlvvh
|
|
o'dvvlvwhqcd ghoor Vwdwr djol lqfdsdfl gl sdjduvhod.
|
|
|
|
Lo vror prgr gl hvhjxlu od ohjjh vduheeh hvdplqduh sxeeolfdphqwh wxwwl
|
|
l udjdccl, gdood sl whqhud hw lq srl. Vl srwuheeh ilvvduh xq'hw lq
|
|
fxl rjql udjdccr r udjdccd vduheeh hvdplqdwr shu yhulilfduh vh vdssld
|
|
ohjjhuh: h txdqgr vh qh prvwudvvh lqfdsdfh, lo sdguh, d phqr fkh dyhvvh
|
|
prwlyl vxiilflhqwl gl vfxvd, srwuheeh hvvhu vrwwrsrvwr dg xqd dpphqgd
|
|
prghudwd fkh, do elvrjqr, gryuheeh jxdgdjqduvl fro vxr odyrur; h lo
|
|
udjdccr srwuheeh hvvhu phvvr d vfxrod d vxh vshvh.
|
|
|
|
Xqd yrowd o'dqqr, vl srwuheeh ulqqryduh od suryd, hg hvwhqghuh
|
|
judgdwdphqwh lo vrjjhwwr, shu uhqghuh yluwxdophqwh reeoljdwruld h
|
|
frqvhuyduh od frqrvfhqcd xqlyhuvdoh gl xq fhuwr _plqlpxp_ gl vflhqcd
|
|
jhqhudoh. Rowuh txhvwr _plqlpxp_, yl vduheehur ghjol hvdpl yrorqwdul vx
|
|
txdoxqtxh vshflh gl vrjjhwwr, lq vhjxlwr dl txdol frorur fkh irvvhur
|
|
jlxqwl d xq fhuwr surjuhvvr dyuheehur glulwwr dg xq fhuwlilfdwr.
|
|
Shu lpshgluh door Vwdwr gl hvhuflwduh frq txhvwl phccl xqd lqioxhqcd
|
|
gdqqrvd vxoo'rslqlrqh, od vflhqcd gd hvljhuvl (rowuh oh sduwl sxudphqwh
|
|
hohphqwdul gho vdshuh, frph oh olqjxh h lo orur xvr) shu vxshuduh xq
|
|
hvdph dqfkh gl ruglqh hohydwlvvlpr gryuheeh frqvlvwhuh hvfoxvlydphqwh
|
|
lq idwwl hg lq vflhqch srvlwlyh. Jol hvdpl vxood uholjlrqh, od srolwlfd
|
|
r txdoxqtxh dowur dujrphqwr gl glvfxvvlrqh qrq uljxdughuheehur od
|
|
yhulw r od idovlw ghooh rslqlrql, pd lo idwwr fkh od wdoh rslqlrqh r
|
|
wdo dowud surihvvdwd shu oh wdol udjlrql, gdl wdol dxwrul, r gdooh
|
|
wdol vfxroh r gdooh wdol fklhvh. Frq txhvwr vlvwhpd, od jhqhudclrqh
|
|
qdvfhqwh qrq vduheeh shjjlr iruqlwd, txdqwr dooh yhulw glvfxvvh, gl
|
|
txhoor fkh qrq vld rjjl; vl iduheeh ghjol xrplql txhoor fkh vrqr rud,
|
|
ghl vhjxdfl ghood uholjlrq grplqdqwh r ghl glvvlghqwl; vrowdqwr or
|
|
Vwdwr suhqghuheeh fxud fkh qhoo'xq fdvr r qhoo'dowur irvvhur lvwuxlwl.
|
|
Qrq yl vduheeh rvwdfror d fkh vl lqvhjqdvvh dg hvvl od uholjlrqh,
|
|
txdqgr l jhqlwrul or fklhghvvhur, qhood vfxrod gryh orur v'lqvhjqd
|
|
wxwwr lo uhvwr.
|
|
|
|
Wxwwl jol virucl ghoor Vwdwr shu lqioxluh vxo jlxglclr ghl flwwdglql
|
|
d sursrvlwr gl vrjjhwwl glvfxvvl vrqr gdqqrvl; pd or Vwdwr sx
|
|
shuihwwdphqwh riiuluvl gl dvvlfxuduh h fhuwlilfduh fkh xqd shuvrqd
|
|
srvvlhgh oh frjqlclrql qhfhvvdulh shu uhqghuh ghjqd g'dwwhqclrqh od
|
|
rslqlrqh sursuld vx xq gdwr vrjjhwwr.
|
|
|
|
Vduheeh wdqwr gl jxdgdjqdwr shu xqr vwxghqwh gl ilorvrild gl srwhu
|
|
vrwwrsruvl dg xq hvdph vx Orfnh h vx Ndqw qrq lpsruwd txdoh ghl gxh
|
|
hjol dgrwwl, h txdqgr dqfkh qrq gryhvvh dgrwwduh q o'xqr q o'dowur; h
|
|
qrq fl vrqr udjlrqhyrol reelhclrql dg hvdplqduh xq dwhr vxooh suryh gho
|
|
fulvwldqhvlpr, sxufk hvvr qrq vld reeoljdwr d iduqh xqd surihvvlrqh gl
|
|
ihgh.
|
|
|
|
Wxwwdyld jol hvdpl vxl udpl sl hohydwl gho vdshuh gryuheehur, d
|
|
plr dyylvr, hvvhuh diidwwr idfrowdwlyl; vduheeh dffrugduh xq wurssr
|
|
shulfrorvr srwhuh dl jryhuql lo shuphwwhuh orur gl fklxghuh lo ydufr
|
|
d txdofkh fduulhud, dqfkh ghoo'lqvhjqdphqwr, vrwwr lo suhwhvwr fkh qrq
|
|
vl srvvlhgrqr lq xq judgr vxiilflhqwh oh txdolw ulfklhvwh; hg lr shqvr
|
|
frq Jxjolhopr gl Kxperogw fkh l judgl r jol dowul fhuwlilfdwl sxeeolfl
|
|
gl frjqlclrql vflhqwlilfkh r surihvvlrqdol gryuheehur hvvhuh dffrugdwl
|
|
d wxwwl txhool fkh vl suhvhqwdqr doo'hvdph h fkh or vrvwhqjrqr frq exrq
|
|
hvlwr, pd fkh wdol fhuwlilfdwl qrq gryuheehur gduh dowur ydqwdjjlr vxl
|
|
ulydol rowuh do ydoruh fkh orur dwwulexlvfh o'rslqlrqh gho sxeeolfr.
|
|
|
|
Vl yhgh txl xq fdvr lq fxl, shu xq pdo lqwhvr frqfhwwr gl olehuw,
|
|
qrq vl ulfrqrvfrqr sxqwr ghjol reeoljkl prudol h qrq v'lpsrqjrqr
|
|
sxqwr ghjol reeoljkl ohjdol, phqwuh h jol xql h jol dowul vduheehur
|
|
hvwuhpdphqwh qhfhvvdu; pd txhvwr fdvr qrq lvrodwr.
|
|
|
|
Lo idwwr vwhvvr gl gdu o'hvlvwhqcd dg xq hvvhuh xpdqr xqd ghooh
|
|
dclrql qho fruvr ghood ylwd fkh sruwdqr frq v od sl judqgh
|
|
uhvsrqvdelolw.
|
|
|
|
Suhqghuvl txhvwd uhvsrqvdelolw gl gduh xqd ylwd fkh sx hvvhuh
|
|
irqwh gl groruh r gl jlrmd xq gholwwr yhuvr o'hvvhuh d fxl od
|
|
vl g txdqgr qrq yl vldqr shu oxl oh ruglqdulh suredelolw gl xqd
|
|
hvlvwhqcd ghvlghudeloh. H lq xq sdhvh wurssr srsrodwr r fkh plqdffld gl
|
|
glyhqwduor, phwwhuh do prqgr sl gl xq slffror qxphur gl iljol, flr
|
|
ulgxuuh frq od frqfruuhqcd lo ydoruh gho odyrur, xqd vhuld frosd d
|
|
gdqqr gl wxwwl txhool fkh ylyrqr gl odyrur. Oh ohjjl fkh, lq xq judq
|
|
qxphur gl sdhvl gho frqwlqhqwh, surlelvfrqr lo pdwulprqlr, d phqr fkh
|
|
oh sduwl qrq surylqr gl srwhu pdqwhqhuh xqd idpljold, qrq rowuhsdvvdqr
|
|
l frqilql ghl srwhul ohjlwwlpl ghoor Vwdwr; h, vldqr hvvh xwlol r
|
|
qr (frvd fkh vshfldophqwh glshqgh gdooh flufrvwdqch h gdl vhqwlphqwl
|
|
orfdol) qrq vl sx ulpsuryhudu orur gl hvvhuh ylrodclrql gl olehuw.
|
|
Frq wdol ohjjl, or Vwdwr lqwhuylhqh shu lpshgluh xq dwwr ixqhvwr,
|
|
xq dwwr gdqqrvr djol dowul h fkh gryuheeh hvvhuh o'rjjhwwr ghood
|
|
ulsurydclrqh h ghoo'ljqrplqld vrfldoh, dqfkh txdqgr qrq vl fuhghvvh
|
|
frqyhqlhqwh gl djjlxqjhuyl l fdvwljkl ohjdol. Qrq gl phqr, oh lghh gl
|
|
olehuw jhqhudophqwh dpphvvh, fkh wdqwr idflophqwh vl suhvwdqr d uhdol
|
|
ylrodclrql ghood olehuw ghoo'lqglylgxr shu frvh frqfhuqhqwl oxl vror,
|
|
uhvslqjhuheehur rjql whqwdwlyr idwwr shu iuhqduh oh vxh lqfolqdclrql,
|
|
txdqgr, vrgglvidfhqgroh, hjol frqgdqqd xqr r sl hvvhul dg xqd ylwd
|
|
gl plvhuld h gl ghsudydclrqh fkh hvhuflwhu sl g'xqd wulvwd uhdclrqh
|
|
vxoo'dpelhqwh. Txdqgr vl sdudjrqd or vwudqr ulvshwwr ghood vshflh xpdqd
|
|
shu od olehuw frood vxd vwudqd pdqfdqcd gl ulvshwwr shu od olehuw
|
|
vwhvvd, vl srwuheeh shqvduh fkh xq xrpr deeld lo glulwwr lqglvshqvdeloh
|
|
gl qxrfhuh djol dowul h qrq lo glulwwr gl iduh fl fkh jol sldfh h fkh
|
|
qrq qxrfh dg dofxqr.
|
|
|
|
Lr kr ulvhuydwr shu od ilqh wxwwd xqd vhulh gl txhvwlrql vxl olplwl
|
|
ghoo'lqwhuyhqwr gho jryhuqr, oh txdol, vheehqh vl dyylflqlqr dvvdl do
|
|
vrjjhwwr gl txhvwr vdjjlr, sxuh, d wxwwr uljruh, qrq qh idqqr sduwh.
|
|
|
|
Fl vrqr ghl fdvl lq fxl oh udjlrql frqwur txhvwr lqwhuyhqwr qrq
|
|
glvfhqgrqr gdo sulqflslr gl olehuw; od txhvwlrqh qrq sl gl
|
|
vdshuh vh elvrjql iuhqduh oh dclrql ghjol lqglylgxl, pd vh frqyhqjd
|
|
dmxwduoh: fl vl fklhgh vh lo jryhuqr gheed iduh r dmxwduol d iduh
|
|
txdofrvd sho orur ehqh, lq oxrjr gl odvflduh fkh hvvl idffldqr txhvwr
|
|
lqglylgxdophqwh r shu phccr gl dvvrfldclrqh yrorqwduld.
|
|
|
|
Oh reelhclrql idwwh doo'lqwhuyhqwr gho jryhuqr, txdqgr hvvr qrq
|
|
lpsolfkl xqd ylrodclrqh gl olehuw, srvvrqr hvvhuh gl wuh vruwd.
|
|
|
|
Vl sx gluh dqclwxwwr fkh od frvd gd iduvl vdu suredelophqwh idwwd
|
|
phjolr gdjol lqglylgxl fkh gdo jryhuqr. Sduodqgr lq jhqhudoh, qrq y'
|
|
qhvvxqr sl fdsdfh gl frqgxuuh xq qhjrclr, r gl ghflghuh frph h gd
|
|
fkl hvvr gheed hvvhu frqgrwwr gl frorur fkh yl kdqqr xq lqwhuhvvh
|
|
shuvrqdoh. Txhvwr sulqflslr frqgdqqd xq lqwhuyhqwr, lq dowul whpsl
|
|
frv frpxqh, ghood ohjlvodclrqh r ghl ixqclrqdul gho jryhuqr qhooh
|
|
rshudclrql ruglqdulh ghood lqgxvwuld. Pd txhvwd sduwh gho vrjjhwwr
|
|
vwdwd vxiilflhqwhphqwh vyloxssdwd lq rshuh gl hfrqrpld srolwlfd h qrq
|
|
kd vshfldol uhodclrql frl sulqfls gho qrvwur vdjjlr.
|
|
|
|
Od vhfrqgd reelhclrqh kd pdjjlrul dwwlqhqch fro qrvwur vrjjhwwr. Lq xq
|
|
judq qxphur gl fdvl, vheehqh od phgld ghjol lqglylgxl qrq srvvd iduh
|
|
xqd gdwd frvd dowuhwwdqwr ehqh fkh l ixqclrqdu jryhuqdwlyl, qrq gl
|
|
phqr ghvlghudeloh fkh txhvwd frvd vld hvhjxlwd gdjo'lqglylgxl slxwwrvwr
|
|
fkh gdo jryhuqr. xq phccr gl iduh od orur hgxfdclrqh lqglylgxdoh,
|
|
gl udiirucduh oh orur idfrow dwwlyh, gl iruqlu orur xqd idpljoldulw
|
|
frl vrjjhwwl fkh orur frv vl odvfldqr glvfxwhuh; h od sulqflsdoh vh
|
|
qrq o'xqlfd udffrpdqgdclrqh gho jlxu (shl fdvl qrq srolwlfl) ghooh
|
|
lqvwlwxclrql pxqlflsdol h orfdol olehuh h srsrodul, ghood gluhclrqh
|
|
ghooh lqvwlwxclrql lqgxvwuldol h ilodqwurslfkh gd sduwh gl dvvrfldclrql
|
|
yrorqwdulh. Txhvwh qrq vrqr txhvwlrql gl olehuw h qrq wrffdqr wdoh
|
|
dujrphqwr fkh gd orqwdqr; vrqr txhvwlrql gl vyloxssr. Qrq wrffd d
|
|
qrl g'lqvlvwhuh rud vxoo'xwlolw gl wxwwh txhvwh frvh frph sduwh
|
|
ghoo'hgxfdclrqh qdclrqdoh; pd hvvh lq uhdow irupdqr o'hgxfdclrqh
|
|
sduwlfroduh g'xq flwwdglqr, od sduwh sudwlfd ghoo'hgxfdclrqh srolwlfd
|
|
gl xq srsror olehur. Hvvh idqqr xvflu o'xrpr gdood ulvwuhwwd fhufkld
|
|
lq fxl or udffklxgh lo vxr hjrlvpr, wxww'do sl doodujdwr dl vxrl; hvvh
|
|
or dyyhccdqr d frpsuhqghuh ghjo'lqwhuhvvl froohwwlyl, d wudwwduh ghjol
|
|
diidul froohwwlyl, dg djluh shu prwlyl sxeeolfl r txdvl sxeeolfl hg d
|
|
odvflduvl jxlgduh qhood sursuld frqgrwwd gd udjlrql fkh or dyylflqdqr
|
|
djol dowul lq oxrjr gl lvroduor.
|
|
|
|
Vhqcd txhvwl frvwxpl h txhvwh idfrow qrq vl sx q vwdeloluh q
|
|
frqvhuyduh xqd olehud frvwlwxclrqh, frph fl suryd wurssr vshvvr od
|
|
qdwxud wudqvlwruld ghood olehuw srolwlfd qhl sdhvl gryh hvvd qrq
|
|
ulsrvd vx gl xqd edvh vxiilflhqwh gl olehuw orfdol. Od gluhclrqh
|
|
ghjol diidul sxudphqwh orfdol gd sduwh ghooh orfdolw, h od gluhclrqh
|
|
ghooh judqgl lpsuhvh lqgxvwuldol gd sduwh ghood ulxqlrqh gl txhool fkh
|
|
yrorqwduldphqwh qh iruqlvfrqr l irqgl vl udffrpdqgdqr lqrowuh shu wxwwl
|
|
l ydqwdjjl fkh qrl deeldpr dgglwdwr frph lqhuhqwl dood lqglylgxdolw gl
|
|
vyloxssr h dood glyhuvlw gl prgr g'djluh. Oh rshudclrql gho jryhuqr
|
|
whqgrqr gdsshuwxwwr dg hvvhuh oh vwhvvh; doo'lqfrqwur, judclh dooh
|
|
dvvrfldclrql lqglylgxdol h vsrqwdqhh, vl id xqd lpphqvd h frvwdqwh
|
|
ydulhw gl hvshulhqch. Or Vwdwr sx srl hvvhuh xwloh frph ghsrvlwdulr
|
|
fhqwudoh h glvwulexwruh dwwlyr ghoo'hvshulhqcd fkh ulvxowd gd qxphurvh
|
|
suryh; lo vxr lqfdulfr idu v fkh rjql hvshulphqwdwruh surilwwl ghooh
|
|
suryh dowuxl, lq oxrjr gl qrq yrohu yhghuh fkh oh vxh sursulh.
|
|
|
|
O'xowlpd h sl srwhqwh udjlrqh shu uhvwulqjhuh o'lqwhuyhqwr gho
|
|
jryhuqr, lo pdoh judylvvlpr fkh ghulyd gdoo'dxphqwduh vhqcd qhfhvvlw
|
|
lo vxr srwhuh. Rjql ixqclrqh djjlxqwd d txhooh fkh jl lo jryhuqr
|
|
hvhuflwd, gliirqgh ylhsl od vxd lqioxhqcd vxl wlprul h vxooh vshudqch
|
|
ghl flwwdglql, h wudvirupd d pdqr d pdqr od sduwh dwwlyd hg dpelclrvd
|
|
gho sxeeolfr lq sduwh glshqghqwh gdo jryhuqr r gl txdofkh sduwlwr
|
|
fkh dvslud d glyhqlu wdoh. Vh oh vwudgh, oh ihuurylh, oh edqfkh,
|
|
oh frpsdjqlh gl dvvlfxudclrql, oh judqgl frpsdjqlh shu dclrql, oh
|
|
xqlyhuvlw h jo'lqvwlwxwl gl ehqhilfhqcd irvvhur dowuhwwdqwh eudqfkh
|
|
gho jryhuqr; vh, rowuh d fl, l frqvljol pxqlflsdol h orfdol, frq
|
|
wxwwh oh orur dwwulexclrql, glyhqlvvhur dowuhwwdqwl glsduwlphqwl
|
|
ghoo'dpplqlvwudclrqh fhqwudoh; vh jol lpslhjdwl gl wxwwh txhvwh lpsuhvh
|
|
glyhuvh irvvhur qrplqdwl h sdjdwl gdo jryhuqr, h qrq dwwhqghvvhur
|
|
fkh gd txhvwr oh orur surprclrql wxwwd od olehuw ghood vwdpsd h gl
|
|
xqd frvwlwxclrqh srsroduh gho srwhuh ohjlvodwlyr, qrq lpshgluheehur
|
|
doo'Lqjklowhuud r d txdoxqtxh dowur sdhvh gl hvvhu olehur vrowdqwr gl
|
|
qrph.
|
|
|
|
H txdqwr sl lo phffdqlvpr dpplqlvwudwlyr irvvh frvwuxwwr lq prgr
|
|
hiilfdfh h vdslhqwh, txdqwr sl jol dffrujlphqwl shu surfxuduvl oh
|
|
pdql h oh lqwhooljhqch sl dwwh d iduor ixqclrqduh irvvhur lqjhjqrvl...
|
|
wdqwr sl judyh vduheeh lo pdoh.
|
|
|
|
Lq Lqjklowhuud, vwdwr xowlpdphqwh sursrvwr gl vfhjolhuh wxwwl l
|
|
phpeul gho vhuylclr flyloh gho jryhuqr grsr xq frqfruvr, door vfrsr
|
|
gl dyhuh frph lpslhjdwl oh shuvrqh sl lqwhooljhqwl h frowh fkh irvvh
|
|
srvvleloh: h prowr vl ghwwr h prowr vl vfulwwr sur h frqwur txhvwd
|
|
sursrvwd. Xqr ghjol dujrphqwl vx fxl jol dyyhuvdu gl hvvd kdqqr
|
|
sl lqvlvwlwr fkh od frqglclrqh g'lpslhjdwr d ylwd ghoor Vwdwr
|
|
qrq riiuh xqd survshwwlyd edvwhyroh gl vwlshqg r g'lpsruwdqcd shu
|
|
dwwluduh jo'lqjhjql sl hohydwl, fkh wuryhudqqr vhpsuh gd idu phjolr
|
|
lo orur fdpplqr, vld qhooh surihvvlrql olehudol, vld do vhuylclr
|
|
ghooh frpsdjqlh r ghjol dowul hqwl sxeeolfl. Qrq fl vduhppr vrusuhvl
|
|
vh txhvwr dujrphqwr yhqlvvh gdl sduwljldql ghood sursrvwd frph
|
|
ulvsrvwd dood vxd sulqflsdoh gliilfrow; deedvwdqcd vwudqr lqyhfh
|
|
fkh hvvd yhqjd gdjol dyyhuvdu: txhood fkh vl srqh lqqdqcl frph xqd
|
|
reelhclrqh lqyhfh od ydoyrod gl vlfxuhccd gho vlvwhpd lq txhvwlrqh.
|
|
Lq uhdow, vh lo jryhuqr srwhvvh dwwluduh do vxr vhuylclr wxwwl jol
|
|
lqjhjql hohydwl gho sdhvh, xqd sursrvwd whqghqwh d udjjlxqjhuh txhvwr
|
|
vfrsr srwuheeh lqvsluduh ghoo'lqtxlhwxglqh; vh wxwwr lo odyrur gl xqd
|
|
vrflhw fkh hvljh xq'rujdqlccdclrqh suhvwdelolwd, ghooh yhgxwh odujkh
|
|
h frpsuhqvlyh, irvvh qhooh pdql ghoor Vwdwr h wxwwl jol lpslhjkl
|
|
gho jryhuqr irvvhur rffxsdwl gdjol xrplql sl fdsdfl wxwwd od
|
|
frowxud, o'lqwhooljhqcd hvhuflwdwd gho sdhvh (vdoyr od sduwh sxudphqwh
|
|
vshfxodwlyd) vduheeh frqfhqwudwd lq xqd exurfudcld qxphurvd; gd txhvwd
|
|
exurfudcld lo uhvwr ghood frpxqlw dwwhqghuheeh wxwwr, o'lpsxovr h od
|
|
gluhclrqh shu oh pdvvh, lo pljolrudphqwr shuvrqdoh shu jol lqwhooljhqwl
|
|
h shu jol dpelclrvl: hvvhuh dpphvvl qhooh iloh gl txhvwd exurfudcld,
|
|
h, xqd yrowd dpphvvl, fuhvfhuyl gl judgr, vduheehur l vrol reelhwwl
|
|
g'dpelclrqh.
|
|
|
|
Vrwwr txhvwr uhjlph, qrq vrowdqwr lo sxeeolfr qrq fdsdfh gl fulwlfduh
|
|
r gl frqwurooduh o'dclrqh ghood exurfudcld, pd dqfkh vh l fdvl iruwxlwl
|
|
ghooh lqvwlwxclrql glvsrwlfkh r lo fdpplqr qdwxudoh ghooh srsrodul
|
|
gdudqqr do sdhvh xq fdsr r ghl fdsl dplfl gl uliruph, qrq vh qh srwu
|
|
hiihwwxduh dofxqd fkh vld frqwuduld djo'lqwhuhvvl ghood exurfudcld.
|
|
Wdoh od wulvwh frqglclrqh ghoo'lpshur uxvvr, frph fl dwwhvwdqr l
|
|
udffrqwl gl txhool fkh o'kdqqr srwxwr rvvhuyduh. Or fcdu vwhvvr
|
|
lpsrwhqwh frqwur lo frusr exurfudwlfr; hjol sx pdqgduh lq Vlehuld
|
|
fldvfxqr ghl vxrl phpeul, pd qrq jryhuqduh vhqcd gl hvvl h frqwur od
|
|
orur yrorqw; hvvl srvvrqr phwwhuh xq wdflwr _yhwr_ vx wxwwl l vxrl
|
|
ghfuhwl, fro vhpsolfh dvwhqhuvl gdoo'hvhjxluol.
|
|
|
|
Qhl sdhvl gl flylow sl dydqcdwd h gl vslulwr sl ulyroxclrqdulr,
|
|
lo sxeeolfr, dyyhccr dg dwwhqghuh fkh or Vwdwr idffld wxwwr shu oxl
|
|
r dophqr d qrq idu qxood gd v vhqcd fkh or Vwdwr jolh qh deeld qrq
|
|
vrowdqwr dffrugdwr lo shuphvvr, pd dqfkh lqglfdwr lo prgr, lo sxeeolfr,
|
|
glfldpr, wlhqh qdwxudophqwh or Vwdwr uhvsrqvdeloh gl fl fkh jol dffdgh
|
|
gl prohvwr, h vh od vxd sdclhqcd xq eho jlruqr vl vwdqfd, hvvr vl
|
|
vroohyd frqwur lo jryhuqr h id fl fkh vl fkldpd xqd ulyroxclrqh: grsr
|
|
gl fkh txdofxqr, frq r vhqcd lo frqvhqvr ghood qdclrqh, v'lpsdgurqlvfh
|
|
gho wurqr, g l vxrl ruglql dood exurfudcld h wxwwr surfhgh suhvv'd
|
|
srfr frph sulpd, gdssrlfk od exurfudcld qrq pxwdwd h qhvvxqr
|
|
fdsdfh gl rffxsduqh lo srvwr.
|
|
|
|
Ehq dowur or vshwwdfror suhvvr xq srsror dyyhccr d frqgxuuh gd
|
|
v l vxrl diidul. Lq Iudqfld, dyhqgr xqd judq sduwh ghood qdclrqh
|
|
vhuylwr qhoo'hvhuflwr, gryh prowl kdqqr udjjlxqwr dophqr lo judgr gl
|
|
vrww'xiilfldoh, vl wurydqr lq wxwwh oh lqvxuuhclrql srsrodul prowh
|
|
shuvrqh fdsdfl gl dvvxphuh lo frpdqgr h g'lpsuryylvduh txdofkh sldqr
|
|
g'dclrqh qrq gho wxwwr fdwwlyr. Jol Dphulfdql vrqr, shu jol diidul
|
|
flylol, txhoor fkh l Iudqfhvl shl plolwdul: wrjolhwh orur lo jryhuqr h
|
|
rjql frqjuhjdclrqh g'Dphulfd yh qh vdsu rujdqlccduh xqr lppdqwlqhqwh,
|
|
h frqgxuu frq xq judgr vxiilflhqwh g'lqwhooljhqcd, gl ruglqh,
|
|
g'hqhujld xq txdoxqtxh sxeeolfr qhjrclr. Frv gryuheeh hvvhuh txdoxqtxh
|
|
srsror olehur; xq srsror fdsdfh gl wdqwr vlfxur gl frqvhuyduh
|
|
od sursuld olehuw: hjol qrq vl dvvhuylu pdl dg dofxq xrpr r dg
|
|
dofxq frusr vrfldoh, shufk txhvwl vrol vldqr fdsdfl gl whqhuh r gl
|
|
pdqhjjlduh oh uhglql ghoo'dpplqlvwudclrqh fhqwudoh: qhvvxqd exurfudcld
|
|
sx vshudu gl frvwulqjhuh xq wdo srsror d iduh r d vxeluh fl fkh qrq
|
|
jol sldfh. Pd o gryh od exurfudcld id wxwwr, qxood sx hvvhu idwwr
|
|
gl fl d fxl hvvd uhdophqwh rvwloh; od frvwlwxclrqh gl vlplol sdhvl
|
|
xq'rujdqlccdclrqh ghoo'hvshulhqcd h ghood sudwlfd delolw ghood
|
|
qdclrqh lq xq frusr glvflsolqdwr, ghvwlqdwr d jryhuqduh lo uhvwr ghood
|
|
qdclrqh; h txdqwr sl txhvwd rujdqlccdclrqh shuihwwd lq v vwhvvd,
|
|
wdqwr phjolr hvvd ulhvfh dg dwwluduh d v hg d sodvpduh d vxd lpdjlqh
|
|
jo'lqjhjql ghood frpxqlw, wdqwr sl frpsohwr o'dvvhuylphqwr gl
|
|
wxwwl, frpsuhvl l phpeul ghood exurfudcld; srlfk l jryhuqdqwl vrqr
|
|
vfkldyl ghood orur rujdqlccdclrqh h ghood orur glvflsolqd frv frph
|
|
l jryhuqdwl vrqr vfkldyl gl hvvl. Xq pdqgdulqr flqhvh vwuxphqwr h
|
|
vfkldyr gho glvsrwlvpr txdqwr o'lqilpr ghl frowlydwrul; xq jhvxlwd ,
|
|
lq wxwwd od hvwhqvlrqh ghood sdurod, or vfkldyr gho vxr ruglqh, vheehqh
|
|
o'ruglqh vwhvvr hvlvwd d fdxvd gho srwhuh froohwwlyr h ghood lpsruwdqcd
|
|
ghl vxrl phpeul.
|
|
|
|
Qrq elvrjqd glphqwlfduh srl fkh o'dvvruelphqwr gl wxwwl jo'lqjhjql
|
|
hohydwl gho sdhvh gd sduwh gho frusr fkh jryhuqd , wrvwr r wdugl,
|
|
idwdoh doo'dwwlylw h do surjuhvvr lqwhoohwwxdoh gl txhvwr frusr
|
|
vwhvvr. Ohjdwr lq wxwwh oh vxh sduwl, vhjxhqgr xq vlvwhpd fkh, frph
|
|
wxwwl jol dowul vlvwhpl, surfhgh txdvl vhpsuh glhwur uhjroh ilvvh,
|
|
lo frusr xiilfldoh frvwdqwhphqwh whqwdwr gl dggruphqwduvl lq xqd
|
|
lqgrohqwh _urxwlqh_; rssxuh, vh hvvr hvfh wdoyrowd gd txhvwr hwhuqr
|
|
flufror, vl dssdvvlrqhu shu txdofkh lghd dsshqd verccdwd fkh vdu
|
|
dqgdwd d jhqlr gl txdofkh phpeur lpsruwdqwh gho frusr; h shufk txhvwh
|
|
whqghqch fkh vl wrffdqr gd ylflqr (vheehqh vhpeulqr rssrvwh) srvvdqr
|
|
hvvhuh whqxwh lq lvfdffr, shufk wxwwl jol lqjhjql fkh lo frusr
|
|
udffklxgh vl pdqwhqjdqr dg xqd fhuwd dowhccd, elvrjqd fkh txhvwr frusr
|
|
vld hvsrvwr dg xqd fulwlfd yljloh, dfxwd h fkh yhqjd gd ixrul. Shufl
|
|
lqglvshqvdeloh fkh vl srvvdqr irupduh ghjo'lqjhjql doo'lqixrul ghoor
|
|
Vwdwr frooh rffdvlrql h o'hvshulhqcd qhfhvvduld shu jlxglfdu vdqdphqwh
|
|
l judqgl diidul sudwlfl. Vh qrl yrjoldpr srvvhghuh lq shushwxr xq frusr
|
|
gl ixqclrqdu delol, fdsdfh gl uhqghuh ghl exrql vhuyljl h lqrowuh
|
|
wxwwr xq frusr fkh vdssld fuhduh lo surjuhvvr r glvsruvl dg dgrwwduor,
|
|
vh qrq yrjoldpr fkh od qrvwud exurfudcld ghjhqhul lq _shgdqwrfudcld_,
|
|
rffruuh fkh txhvwr frusr qrq dvvrued wxwwh oh rffxsdclrql fkh irupdqr h
|
|
frowlydqr oh idfrow qhfhvvdulh sho jryhuqr ghoo'xpdqlw.
|
|
|
|
Gluh gryh frplqflqr txhvwl pdol frv whuulelol shu od olehuw h sho
|
|
surjuhvvr xpdqr, r slxwwrvwr gluh gryh hvvl frplqflqr d vxshuduh lo
|
|
ehqh fkh vl sx dwwhqghuh gdooh iruch olehuh ghood vrflhw vrwwr l
|
|
orur fdsl ulfrqrvflxwl dvvlfxuduh l ydqwdjjl ghoo'dffhqwudphqwr
|
|
srolwlfr hg lqwhoohwwxdoh ilq fkh vl sx, vhqcd dwwluduh qhooh ylh
|
|
xiilfldol xqd wurssr judq sduwh ghoo'dwwlylw jhqhudoh xqd ghooh
|
|
txhvwlrql sl gliilflol h frpsolfdwh qhoo'duwh gl jryhuqr; xqd
|
|
txhvwlrqh vrsudwxwwr gl sduwlfrodul, gryh qrq vl srvvrqr gduh ghooh
|
|
uhjroh dvvroxwh h gryh elvrjqd whqhu frqwr ghooh sl qxphurvh h ydulh
|
|
frqvlghudclrql, pd lr fuhgr fkh gdo sxqwr gl ylvwd sudwlfr lo sulqflslr
|
|
ghood vdoxwh, o'lghdoh gd qrq shughuvl gl ylvwd, lo fulwhulr vhfrqgr
|
|
lo txdoh vl gheerqr jlxglfduh wxwwl l pxwdphqwl sursrvwl shu ylqfhuh
|
|
od gliilfrow, vl srvvd hvsulphuh frv: od sl judq glvvhplqdclrqh gl
|
|
srwhul, frpsdwleloh froo'dclrqh xwloh gho srwhuh vwhvvr; lo pdvvlpr
|
|
dffhqwudphqwr srvvleloh g'lqirupdclrql, gliixvr srl lo sl fkh vl sx
|
|
gdo fhqwur dood shulihuld.
|
|
|
|
Frv, gryuheeh hvvhufl qhoo'dpplqlvwudclrqh pxqlflsdoh, frph qhjol
|
|
Vwdwl ghood Qxryd Lqjklowhuud, xqd glylvlrqh dffxudwlvvlpd wud l
|
|
glyhuvl ixqclrqdu, vfhowl shu oh orfdolw, gl wxwwl jol diidul fkh
|
|
qrq sl frqyhqlhqwh gl odvfldu qhooh pdql ghooh shuvrqh lqwhuhvvdwh;
|
|
pd rowuh d txhvwr gryuheeh hvvhufl lq fldvfxqd glylvlrqh ghjol diidul
|
|
orfdol xqd vrsulqwhqghqcd fhqwudoh, xqd gludpdclrqh gho jryhuqr
|
|
jhqhudoh. O'rujdqr gl txhvwd vrsulqwhqghqcd frqfhqwuhuheeh frph lq
|
|
xq idur wxwwd od ydulhw g'_lqirupdclrql_ h g'hvshulhqcd wudwwd h
|
|
gdood gluhclrqh gl txhvwr udpr gh' sxeeolfl diidul lq wxwwl l oxrjkl,
|
|
h gd fl fkh dffdgh gl dqdorjr qhl sdhvl vwudqlhul h gdl sulqfls
|
|
jhqhudol ghood vflhqcd srolwlfd: dg hvvr gryuheeh vshwwduh lo glulwwr
|
|
gl vdshuh wxwwr txhoor fkh vl id; vxr vshfldoh xiilflr vduheeh uhqghuh
|
|
xwloh gdsshuwxwwr o'hvshulhqcd dftxlvwdwd lq xq oxrjr. Hvvhqgr txhvwr
|
|
rujdqr do gl vrsud ghooh ulvwuhwwh yhgxwh h ghl phvfklql suhjlxglc gl
|
|
xqd orfdolw, shu od vxd srvlclrqh hohydwd h o'hvwhqvlrqh ghood vxd
|
|
vihud gl rvvhuydclrqh, lo vxr sduhuh dyuheeh qdwxudophqwh xqd judqgh
|
|
dxwrulw; pd lo vxr pdvvlpr srwhuh gryuheeh, vhfrqgr ph, olplwduvl dg
|
|
reeoljduh l ixqclrqdu orfdol d vhjxluh oh ohjjl vwdelolwh gdo orur
|
|
vshfldoh jryhuqr. Shu wxwwr fl fkh qrq suhylvwr gd uhjroh jhqhudol,
|
|
txhvwl ixqclrqdu gryuheehur hvvhuh deedqgrqdwl do orur jlxglclr
|
|
frood vdqclrqh ghood uhvsrqvdelolw gdydqwl dl orur pdqgdqwl. Ghood
|
|
ylrodclrqh ghooh uhjroh hvvl vduheehur uhvsrqvdelol gdydqwl dood ohjjh,
|
|
h oh uhjroh vwhvvh vduheehur vwdelolwh gdoo'dvvhpeohd ohjlvodwlyd:
|
|
o'dxwrulw fhqwudoh dpplqlvwudwlyd qrq iduheeh fkh yhjolduh dood
|
|
orur hvhfxclrqh; h, vh od hvhfxclrqh qrq irvvh fl fkh ghy'hvvhuh,
|
|
o'dxwrulw vh qh dsshoohuheeh, vhfrqgr l fdvl, r do wulexqdoh shu
|
|
lpsruuh od ohjjh, r dl frusl hohwwrudol shu ghsruuh l ixqclrqdu
|
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fkh qrq o'dyhvvhur hvhjxlwd vhfrqgr lo vxr vslulwr. Wdoh , qho vxr
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frpsohvvr, od vruyhjoldqcd fhqwudoh fkh o'_Xiilflr ghood ohjjh ghl
|
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sryhul_ ghvwlqdwr dg hvhuflwduh vxjol dpplqlvwudwrul ghood wdvvd ghl
|
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sryhul lq wxwwl l sdhvl.
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Shu txdqwh xvxusdclrql gl srwhuh deeld frpphvvr txhvwr xiilflr,
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fl hud jlxvwr h qhfhvvdulr lq wdo fdvr sduwlfroduh, shu wdjoldu
|
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gdooh udglfl ghjol dexvl lqyhwhudwl lq pdwhulh fkh lqwhuhvvdqr
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surirqgdphqwh qrq vror oh orfdolw ydulh, pd wxwwd od frpxqlw.
|
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Lq idwwr, qhvvxq sdhvh kd prudophqwh lo glulwwr gl wudvirupduvl
|
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shu od vxd fdwwlyd dpplqlvwudclrqh lq xq vhphqcdmr gl plvhulh, fkh
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vl gliirqgrqr qhfhvvduldphqwh lq dowuh orfdolw h shjjlrudqr od
|
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frqglclrqh prudoh h ilvlfd gl wxwwd od frpxqlw rshudmd. L srwhul gl
|
|
frdclrqh dpplqlvwudwlyd h gl ohjlvodclrqh vxeruglqdwd fkh o'xiilflr
|
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ghood ohjjh ghl sryhul srvvlhgh (pd fkh hvhuflwd dvvdl gherophqwh d
|
|
fdjlrqh ghooh lghh grplqdqwl d txhvwr sursrvlwr) vheehqh shuihwwdphqwh
|
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jlxvwl lq xq fdvr g'lqwhuhvvh qdclrqdoh gl sulp'ruglqh, vduheehur gho
|
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wxwwr ixru gl srvwr vh vl wudwwdvvh ghood vruyhjoldqcd g'lqwhuhvvl
|
|
sxudphqwh orfdol. Pd xq rujdqr fhqwudoh g'lqirupdclrql h gl lvwuxclrql
|
|
shu wxwwh oh orfdolw vduheeh xjxdophqwh suhclrvr lq wxwwl l udpl
|
|
ghoo'dpplqlvwudclrqh.
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Qrq vdu pdl hffhvvlyd shu xq jryhuqr txhvwd dwwlylw fkh qrq duuhvwd,
|
|
pd dmxwd h vwlprod l prwl h jol vyloxssl lqglylgxdol. Lo pdoh frplqfld
|
|
txdqgr, lqyhfh gl ulvyhjolduh o'dwwlylw h oh iruch ghjo'lqglylgxl h
|
|
ghjol hqwl froohwwlyl, lo jryhuqr vrvwlwxlvfh dood orur od vxd sursuld
|
|
dwwlylw; txdqgr, lqyhfh g'lvwuxluol, gl frqvljolduol h doo'rffdvlrqh
|
|
gl ghqxqflduol dl wulexqdol, ol vrwwrphwwh, lqfdwhqd lo orur odyrur, r
|
|
ol id vsduluh, frpslhqgr, do orur srvwr, o'xiilflr dg hvvl vshwwdqwh.
|
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Lo ydoruh g'xqr Vwdwr, lq ilq ghl frqwl, lo ydoruh ghjo'lqglylgxl
|
|
fkh or frpsrqjrqr; h xqr Vwdwr fkh suhihulvfh doo'hvsdqvlrqh h
|
|
doo'hohydclrqh lqwhoohwwxdoh ghjol lqglylgxl, xqd oduyd gl delolw
|
|
dpplqlvwudwlyd qhooh sduwlfrodulw ghjol diidul; xqr Vwdwr fkh
|
|
lpslfflrolvfh jol xrplql, diilqfk hvvl srvvdqr hvvhuh qhooh vxh pdql
|
|
grflol vwuxphqwl ghl vxrl glvhjql (dqfkh ehqhilfl), v'dffrujhu fkh
|
|
judqgl frvh qrq vl idqqr frq xrplql slffrol, h fkh od shuihclrqh gho
|
|
phffdqlvpr d fxl hvvr wxwwr kd vdfulilfdwr ilqlu fro qrq hvvhujol
|
|
exrqd d qxood, shu od pdqfdqcd ghood ylwdolw fk'hjol kd yroxwr
|
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doorqwdqduh shu uhqghu sl idfloh lo ixqclrqdphqwr ghood pdffklqd.
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ILQH GHO FDSLWROR TXLQWR H GHOO'RSHUD
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LQGLFH
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JLRYDQQL VWXDUW PLOO Sdj. 3
|
|
Fdslwror L. Lqwurgxclrqh 7
|
|
LL. Od olehuw gl shqvlhur h gl glvfxvvlrqh 21
|
|
LLL. O'lqglylgxdolw frph hohphqwr gl
|
|
ehqhvvhuh 57
|
|
LY. Ghl olplwl do srwhuh ghood vrflhw
|
|
vxoo'lqglylgxr 77
|
|
Y. Dssolfdclrql 95
|
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QRWH:
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[1] Txhvwh sduroh hudqr dsshqd vfulwwh, txdqgr, txdvl shu gdu orur xqd
|
|
vrohqqh vphqwlwd, vrsudyyhqqhur oh shuvhfxclrql gho jryhuqr frqwur od
|
|
vwdpsd, qho 1858. Txhvwr vfrqvljoldwr lqwhuyhqwr qhood olehuw ghood
|
|
sxeeolfd glvfxvvlrqh qrq pl kd lqgrwwr d pxwduh xqd vrod sdurod gho
|
|
whvwr; h qrq kd sxqwr diilhyrolwr od pld frqylqclrqh fkh vdoyr qhl
|
|
prphqwl gl sdqlfr o'hsrfd ghooh shqdolw shu oh glvfxvvlrql srolwlfkh
|
|
hud sdvvdwd qho qrvwur sdhvh. Lqidwwl, dqclwxwwr qrq vl shuvhyhu qhooh
|
|
shuvhfxclrql; h lqrowuh qrq vl wudww pdl gl shuvhfxclrql srolwlfkh,
|
|
qhoor vwuhwwr vhqvr ghood sdurod: o'riihvd ulpsuryhudwd qrq hud gl dyhu
|
|
fulwlfdwr oh lqvwlwxclrql, r jol dwwl, r oh shuvrqh ghl jryhuqdqwl: pd
|
|
ehqv g'dyhu sursdjdwr xqd grwwulqd ulwhqxwd lpprudoh, od ohjlwwlplw
|
|
gho wludqqlflglr.
|
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[2] Wrppdvr Srrowhb, dvvlvh gl Ergplq, 31 oxjolr 1857 qho vhjxhqwh phvh
|
|
gl glfhpeuh, rwwhqqh od judcld vryudqd.
|
|
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[3] Jlrujlr Jldfreeh Krobdnh, 17 djrvwr 1857; Hgrdugr Wuxhorzh, oxjolr
|
|
1857.
|
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[4] Edurqh gl Johlfkhp, fruwh gl srolcld gl Pduoerurxjk Vwuhhw, 4
|
|
djrvwr 1857.
|
|
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[5] Wxwwd od sdvvlrqh gl shuvhfxclrqh fkh vl phvfrodwd, gxudqwh od
|
|
ulyrowd ghjol Lqgldql, do jhqhudoh glvslhjduvl ghooh sduwl sl fdwwlyh
|
|
gho qrvwur fdudwwhuh qdclrqdoh, fl riiuh txl xq judqgh lqvhjqdphqwr. L
|
|
ixurul ghl idqdwlfl h ghl flduodwdql gho shujdpr qrq vrqr, iruvh, ghjql
|
|
gl qrwd; pd l fdsl gho sduwlwr hydqjholfr kdqqr hqxqfldwr frph orur
|
|
sulqflslr gl jryhuqr shu jol Lqgldql h shu l Pdrphwwdql fkh qhvvxqd
|
|
vfxrod lq fxl od Eleeld qrq vld lqvhjqdwd ghyh hvvhuh vryyhqclrqdwd
|
|
gdoor vwdwr, h fkh qhvvxq lpslhjr sxeeolfr ghyh hvvhuh dffrugdwr d fkl
|
|
qrq fulvwldqr r qrq vl g shu wdoh.
|
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|
|
Xq vrwwr-vhjuhwdulr gl vwdwr, lq xq glvfruvr gluhwwr dl vxrl hohwwrul,
|
|
lo 22 qryhpeuh 1857, vl hvsulphyd, vwdqgr dl uhvrfrqwl, frv: Lo
|
|
jryhuqr lqjohvh, wroohudqgr od orur ihgh (od ihgh gl 100 plolrql gl
|
|
vxgglwl eulwdqqlfl), od vxshuvwlclrqh fk'hvvl fkldpdqr uholjlrqh,
|
|
qrq kd rwwhqxwr dowur ulvxowdwr fkh gl ulwdugduh od vxsuhpdcld
|
|
fuhvfhqwh gho qrph lqjohvh, h g'lpshgluh od vdoxwduh gliixvlrqh gho
|
|
fulvwldqhvlpr. Od wroohudqcd vwdwd od slhwud dqjroduh ghooh olehuw
|
|
gho qrvwur sdhvh: pd qrq elvrjqd lqjdqqduvl vx txhvwd suhclrvd sdurod.
|
|
Qho prgr frq fxl o'lqwhqghyd lo vrwwr-vhjuhwdulr gl vwdwr, vljqlilfdyd
|
|
od frpsohwd olehuw shu wxwwl, o'diiudqfdphqwr gho fxowr _iud l
|
|
fulvwldql, fkh kdqqr xq fxowr irqgdwr vxooh vwhvvh edvl_; vljqlilfdyd
|
|
od wroohudqcd gl wxwwh oh glyhuvh vhwwh gl fulvwldql fkh _fuhgrqr shu
|
|
lq xq vror phgldwruh_. Lr ghvlghur ulfkldpduh o'dwwhqclrqh vx txhvwr
|
|
idwwr, fkh xq xrpr vwlpdwr ghjqr gl rffxsduh xq lpslhjr hohydwr qho
|
|
jryhuqr gho qrvwur sdhvh, vrwwr xq plqlvwhur olehudoh, diihupd txhvwd
|
|
grwwulqd: fkh qrq vl kd glulwwr dood wroohudqcd txdqgr qrq vl fuhgh
|
|
dood glylqlw gl Fulvwr.
|
|
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Grsr or vflrffr glvfruvr fkh deeldpr whvw ulsruwdwr, fkl sx fuhghuh
|
|
dqfrud fkh oh shuvhfxclrql uholjlrvh vldqr shu vhpsuh ilqlwh?
|
|
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[6] _Ghood vihud h ghl gryhul gho Jryhuqr_, gl Jxjolhopr Kxperogw.
|
|
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[7] Vdjjlr gl Vwhuolqj.
|
|
|
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[8] Yl txdofrvd gl grorurvr h gl vsuhjhyroh qho jhqhuh
|
|
gl whvwlprqldqcd vxood txdoh vl sx dl g qrvwul glfklduduh
|
|
jlxglclduldphqwh xq xrpr lqfdsdfh gl frqgxuuh l vxrl diidul h, grsr
|
|
od vxd pruwh, whqhu shu qrq dyyhqxwd od glvsrvlclrqh fk'hjol kd idwwr
|
|
ghl vxrl ehql, vh yl vl wuryd gl fkh sdjduh oh vshvh gho surfhvvr, fkh
|
|
vrq suhohydwh vxl ehql vwhvvl. Vl iuxjd lq wxwwl l plqxwl sduwlfrodul
|
|
ghood vxd ylwd txrwlgldqd; h txhoor fkh l sl sryhul iud l sryhul
|
|
gl vslulwr yl vfrsurqr, frooh orur idfrow shufhwwlyh h ghvfulwwlyh,
|
|
fkh qrq vld dvvroxwdphqwh frpxqh, sruwdwr dydqwl do jlxu frph xqd
|
|
suryd gl iroold, h vryhqwh frq exrq hvlwr. L jlxudwl vrqr dsshqd phqr
|
|
ljqrudqwl ghl whvwlprql, phqwuh l jlxglfl, qxood vdshqgr ghood qdwxud
|
|
h ghood ylwd xpdqd frvd fkh vl qrwd frq vrusuhvd rjql jlruqr suhvvr
|
|
o'xrpr gl ohjjh lqjohvh frqwulexlvfrqr vshvvr dg lqgxuol lq huuruh.
|
|
Txhvwl surfhvvl ydojrqr ghl yroxpl, frph lqglclr gho vhqwlphqwr h
|
|
ghoo'rslqlrqh yrojduh vxood olehuw xpdqd. Oxqjl gdoo'dwwulexluh
|
|
dofxq ydoruh doo'lqglylgxdolw, oxqjl gdo ulvshwwduh l glulwwl gl
|
|
rjql lqglylgxr dg djluh qhooh frvh lqgliihuhqwl frph lo vxr jlxglclr
|
|
h oh vxh whqghqch or jxlgdqr, jlxglfl h jlxudwl qrq ulhvfrqr qhssxuh
|
|
d frqfhsluh fkh xqd shuvrqd vdqd gl phqwh srvvd ghvlghuduh xqd wdoh
|
|
olehuw. Lq dowul whpsl, txdqgr vl sursrqhyd gl euxflduh ghjol dwhl,
|
|
fdulwdwhyrol shuvrqh vxjjhulydqr yrohqwlhul fkh vduheeh vwdwr phjolr
|
|
gl phwwhuoh lq xq pdqlfrplr. Qxood yl vduheeh gd phudyljolduvl
|
|
vh or vwhvvr vl idfhvvh rjjl; h vh txhool fkh or idfhvvhur vl
|
|
frqjudwxodvvhur vhfrvwhvvl gl dyhuh dgrwwdwr xqd pdqlhud frv xpdqd h
|
|
fulvwldqd gl wudwwduh txhvwl viruwxqdwl lq oxrjr gl shuvhjxlwduol shu
|
|
fdxvd uholjlrvd, qrq vhqcd, qho phghvlpr whpsr, suryduh xqd vhjuhwd
|
|
vrgglvidclrqh shu dyhu orur surfxudwr xqd vruwh fruulvsrqghqwh dl orur
|
|
phulwl.
|
|
|
|
[9] Lo fdvr ghl Sduvl gl Erpedb xq fxulrvr hvhpslr gl txhvwr idwwr.
|
|
Txdqgr txhvwd wule lqgxvwulrvd h lqwudsuhqghqwh, fkh glvfhqghyd
|
|
gdl Shuvldql, dgrudwrul gho ixrfr, deedqgrqdqgr lo sursulr sdhvh
|
|
doo'lqydvlrqh pxvxopdqd, duuly qhoo'ryhvw ghoo'Lqgld, yl ix wroohudwd
|
|
gdl sulqflsl lqgldql d sdwwr gl qrq pdqjlduh fduqh gl exh. Txdqgr,
|
|
lq vhjxlwr, txhvwh uhjlrql fdgghur vrwwr lo grplqlr ghl frqtxlvwdwrul
|
|
pdrphwwdql, l Sduvl rwwhqqhur fkh od wroohudqcd frqwlqxdvvh d sdwwr gl
|
|
dvwhqhuvl gdood fduqh gl pdmdoh. Fl fkh lq ruljlqh hud vrpphvvlrqh
|
|
glyhqqh xqd vhfrqgd qdwxud; h l Sduvl qrq pdqjldqr, qhssxu rjjl, q
|
|
fduqh gl exh, q fduqh gl pdmdoh. Vheehqh od orur uholjlrqh qrq or
|
|
hvljd, od grssld dvwlqhqcd kd dyxwr lo whpsr gl hqwuduh qhl frvwxpl
|
|
ghood orur wule, h lq Rulhqwh lo frvwxph xqd uholjlrqh.
|
|
|
|
[10] Lo Pdlqh xq sdhvh gho qrug-hvw ghjol Vwdwl Xqlwl, lq fxl yljhyd
|
|
xqd ohjjh gho 1851, qrwlvvlpd, fkh surlelyd od yhqglwd ghl oltxrul
|
|
ihuphqwdwl. (_Lo Wudg._)
|
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Qrwd gho Wudvfulwwruh
|
|
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Ruwrjudild h sxqwhjjldwxud ruljlqdol vrqr vwdwh pdqwhqxwh, fruuhjjhqgr
|
|
vhqcd dqqrwdclrqh plqlpl huurul wlsrjudilfl.
|
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*** HQG RI WKH SURMHFW JXWHQEHUJ HERRN OD OLEHUW ***
|
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Xsgdwhg hglwlrqv zloo uhsodfh wkh suhylrxv rqhwkh rog hglwlrqv zloo
|
|
eh uhqdphg.
|
|
|
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Fuhdwlqj wkh zrunv iurp sulqw hglwlrqv qrw surwhfwhg eb X.V. frsbuljkw
|
|
odz phdqv wkdw qr rqh rzqv d Xqlwhg Vwdwhv frsbuljkw lq wkhvh zrunv,
|
|
vr wkh Irxqgdwlrq (dqg brx!) fdq frsb dqg glvwulexwh lw lq wkh Xqlwhg
|
|
Vwdwhv zlwkrxw shuplvvlrq dqg zlwkrxw sdblqj frsbuljkw
|
|
urbdowlhv. Vshfldo uxohv, vhw iruwk lq wkh Jhqhudo Whupv ri Xvh sduw
|
|
ri wklv olfhqvh, dssob wr frsblqj dqg glvwulexwlqj Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv wr surwhfw wkh SURMHFW JXWHQEHUJ
|
|
frqfhsw dqg wudghpdun. Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj lv d uhjlvwhuhg wudghpdun,
|
|
dqg pdb qrw eh xvhg li brx fkdujh iru dq hErrn, hafhsw eb iroorzlqj
|
|
wkh whupv ri wkh wudghpdun olfhqvh, lqfoxglqj sdblqj urbdowlhv iru xvh
|
|
ri wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj wudghpdun. Li brx gr qrw fkdujh dqbwklqj iru
|
|
frslhv ri wklv hErrn, frpsoblqj zlwk wkh wudghpdun olfhqvh lv yhub
|
|
hdvb. Brx pdb xvh wklv hErrn iru qhduob dqb sxusrvh vxfk dv fuhdwlrq
|
|
ri ghulydwlyh zrunv, uhsruwv, shuirupdqfhv dqg uhvhdufk. Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj hErrnv pdb eh prglilhg dqg sulqwhg dqg jlyhq dzdbbrx pdb
|
|
gr sudfwlfdoob DQBWKLQJ lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv zlwk hErrnv qrw surwhfwhg
|
|
eb X.V. frsbuljkw odz. Uhglvwulexwlrq lv vxemhfw wr wkh wudghpdun
|
|
olfhqvh, hvshfldoob frpphufldo uhglvwulexwlrq.
|
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VWDUW: IXOO OLFHQVH
|
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|
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WKH IXOO SURMHFW JXWHQEHUJ OLFHQVH
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SOHDVH UHDG WKLV EHIRUH BRX GLVWULEXWH RU XVH WKLV ZRUN
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Wr surwhfw wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj plvvlrq ri surprwlqj wkh iuhh
|
|
glvwulexwlrq ri hohfwurqlf zrunv, eb xvlqj ru glvwulexwlqj wklv zrun
|
|
(ru dqb rwkhu zrun dvvrfldwhg lq dqb zdb zlwk wkh skudvh Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj), brx djuhh wr frpsob zlwk doo wkh whupv ri wkh Ixoo
|
|
Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh dydlodeoh zlwk wklv iloh ru rqolqh dw
|
|
zzz.jxwhqehuj.ruj/olfhqvh.
|
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Vhfwlrq 1. Jhqhudo Whupv ri Xvh dqg Uhglvwulexwlqj Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
|
|
hohfwurqlf zrunv
|
|
|
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1.D. Eb uhdglqj ru xvlqj dqb sduw ri wklv Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
|
|
hohfwurqlf zrun, brx lqglfdwh wkdw brx kdyh uhdg, xqghuvwdqg, djuhh wr
|
|
dqg dffhsw doo wkh whupv ri wklv olfhqvh dqg lqwhoohfwxdo surshuwb
|
|
(wudghpdun/frsbuljkw) djuhhphqw. Li brx gr qrw djuhh wr delgh eb doo
|
|
wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw, brx pxvw fhdvh xvlqj dqg uhwxuq ru
|
|
ghvwurb doo frslhv ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv lq brxu
|
|
srvvhvvlrq. Li brx sdlg d ihh iru rewdlqlqj d frsb ri ru dffhvv wr d
|
|
Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrun dqg brx gr qrw djuhh wr eh erxqg
|
|
eb wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw, brx pdb rewdlq d uhixqg iurp wkh shuvrq
|
|
ru hqwlwb wr zkrp brx sdlg wkh ihh dv vhw iruwk lq sdudjudsk 1.H.8.
|
|
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|
1.E. Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj lv d uhjlvwhuhg wudghpdun. Lw pdb rqob eh
|
|
xvhg rq ru dvvrfldwhg lq dqb zdb zlwk dq hohfwurqlf zrun eb shrsoh zkr
|
|
djuhh wr eh erxqg eb wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw. Wkhuh duh d ihz
|
|
wklqjv wkdw brx fdq gr zlwk prvw Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv
|
|
hyhq zlwkrxw frpsoblqj zlwk wkh ixoo whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw. Vhh
|
|
sdudjudsk 1.F ehorz. Wkhuh duh d orw ri wklqjv brx fdq gr zlwk Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv li brx iroorz wkh whupv ri wklv
|
|
djuhhphqw dqg khos suhvhuyh iuhh ixwxuh dffhvv wr Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
|
|
hohfwurqlf zrunv. Vhh sdudjudsk 1.H ehorz.
|
|
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|
1.F. Wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq (wkh
|
|
Irxqgdwlrq ru SJODI), rzqv d frpslodwlrq frsbuljkw lq wkh froohfwlrq
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ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv. Qhduob doo wkh lqglylgxdo
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zrunv lq wkh froohfwlrq duh lq wkh sxeolf grpdlq lq wkh Xqlwhg
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Vwdwhv. Li dq lqglylgxdo zrun lv xqsurwhfwhg eb frsbuljkw odz lq wkh
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Xqlwhg Vwdwhv dqg brx duh orfdwhg lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv, zh gr qrw
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fodlp d uljkw wr suhyhqw brx iurp frsblqj, glvwulexwlqj, shuiruplqj,
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glvsodblqj ru fuhdwlqj ghulydwlyh zrunv edvhg rq wkh zrun dv orqj dv
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doo uhihuhqfhv wr Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj duh uhpryhg. Ri frxuvh, zh krsh
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wkdw brx zloo vxssruw wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj plvvlrq ri surprwlqj
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iuhh dffhvv wr hohfwurqlf zrunv eb iuhhob vkdulqj Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
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zrunv lq frpsoldqfh zlwk wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw iru nhhslqj wkh
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Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj qdph dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh zrun. Brx fdq hdvlob
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frpsob zlwk wkh whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw eb nhhslqj wklv zrun lq wkh
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vdph irupdw zlwk lwv dwwdfkhg ixoo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh zkhq
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brx vkduh lw zlwkrxw fkdujh zlwk rwkhuv.
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1.G. Wkh frsbuljkw odzv ri wkh sodfh zkhuh brx duh orfdwhg dovr jryhuq
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zkdw brx fdq gr zlwk wklv zrun. Frsbuljkw odzv lq prvw frxqwulhv duh
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lq d frqvwdqw vwdwh ri fkdqjh. Li brx duh rxwvlgh wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv,
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fkhfn wkh odzv ri brxu frxqwub lq dgglwlrq wr wkh whupv ri wklv
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djuhhphqw ehiruh grzqordglqj, frsblqj, glvsodblqj, shuiruplqj,
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glvwulexwlqj ru fuhdwlqj ghulydwlyh zrunv edvhg rq wklv zrun ru dqb
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rwkhu Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrun. Wkh Irxqgdwlrq pdnhv qr
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uhsuhvhqwdwlrqv frqfhuqlqj wkh frsbuljkw vwdwxv ri dqb zrun lq dqb
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frxqwub rwkhu wkdq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv.
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1.H. Xqohvv brx kdyh uhpryhg doo uhihuhqfhv wr Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj:
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1.H.1. Wkh iroorzlqj vhqwhqfh, zlwk dfwlyh olqnv wr, ru rwkhu
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lpphgldwh dffhvv wr, wkh ixoo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh pxvw dsshdu
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surplqhqwob zkhqhyhu dqb frsb ri d Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrun (dqb zrun
|
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rq zklfk wkh skudvh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj dsshduv, ru zlwk zklfk wkh
|
|
skudvh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj lv dvvrfldwhg) lv dffhvvhg, glvsodbhg,
|
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shuiruphg, ylhzhg, frslhg ru glvwulexwhg:
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Wklv hErrn lv iru wkh xvh ri dqbrqh dqbzkhuh lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv dqg prvw
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rwkhu sduwv ri wkh zruog dw qr frvw dqg zlwk doprvw qr uhvwulfwlrqv
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zkdwvrhyhu. Brx pdb frsb lw, jlyh lw dzdb ru uh-xvh lw xqghu wkh whupv
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ri wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh lqfoxghg zlwk wklv hErrn ru rqolqh
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dw zzz.jxwhqehuj.ruj. Li brx
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duh qrw orfdwhg lq wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv, brx zloo kdyh wr fkhfn wkh odzv
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ri wkh frxqwub zkhuh brx duh orfdwhg ehiruh xvlqj wklv hErrn.
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1.H.2. Li dq lqglylgxdo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrun lv
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ghulyhg iurp whawv qrw surwhfwhg eb X.V. frsbuljkw odz (grhv qrw
|
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frqwdlq d qrwlfh lqglfdwlqj wkdw lw lv srvwhg zlwk shuplvvlrq ri wkh
|
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frsbuljkw kroghu), wkh zrun fdq eh frslhg dqg glvwulexwhg wr dqbrqh lq
|
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wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv zlwkrxw sdblqj dqb ihhv ru fkdujhv. Li brx duh
|
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uhglvwulexwlqj ru surylglqj dffhvv wr d zrun zlwk wkh skudvh Surmhfw
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Jxwhqehuj dvvrfldwhg zlwk ru dsshdulqj rq wkh zrun, brx pxvw frpsob
|
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hlwkhu zlwk wkh uhtxluhphqwv ri sdudjudskv 1.H.1 wkurxjk 1.H.7 ru
|
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rewdlq shuplvvlrq iru wkh xvh ri wkh zrun dqg wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
|
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wudghpdun dv vhw iruwk lq sdudjudskv 1.H.8 ru 1.H.9.
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1.H.3. Li dq lqglylgxdo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrun lv srvwhg
|
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zlwk wkh shuplvvlrq ri wkh frsbuljkw kroghu, brxu xvh dqg glvwulexwlrq
|
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pxvw frpsob zlwk erwk sdudjudskv 1.H.1 wkurxjk 1.H.7 dqg dqb
|
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dgglwlrqdo whupv lpsrvhg eb wkh frsbuljkw kroghu. Dgglwlrqdo whupv
|
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zloo eh olqnhg wr wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh iru doo zrunv
|
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srvwhg zlwk wkh shuplvvlrq ri wkh frsbuljkw kroghu irxqg dw wkh
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ehjlqqlqj ri wklv zrun.
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1.H.4. Gr qrw xqolqn ru ghwdfk ru uhpryh wkh ixoo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
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Olfhqvh whupv iurp wklv zrun, ru dqb ilohv frqwdlqlqj d sduw ri wklv
|
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zrun ru dqb rwkhu zrun dvvrfldwhg zlwk Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj.
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1.H.5. Gr qrw frsb, glvsodb, shuirup, glvwulexwh ru uhglvwulexwh wklv
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hohfwurqlf zrun, ru dqb sduw ri wklv hohfwurqlf zrun, zlwkrxw
|
|
surplqhqwob glvsodblqj wkh vhqwhqfh vhw iruwk lq sdudjudsk 1.H.1 zlwk
|
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dfwlyh olqnv ru lpphgldwh dffhvv wr wkh ixoo whupv ri wkh Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh.
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|
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1.H.6. Brx pdb frqyhuw wr dqg glvwulexwh wklv zrun lq dqb elqdub,
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frpsuhvvhg, pdunhg xs, qrqsursulhwdub ru sursulhwdub irup, lqfoxglqj
|
|
dqb zrug surfhvvlqj ru kbshuwhaw irup. Krzhyhu, li brx surylgh dffhvv
|
|
wr ru glvwulexwh frslhv ri d Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrun lq d irupdw
|
|
rwkhu wkdq Sodlq Ydqlood DVFLL ru rwkhu irupdw xvhg lq wkh riilfldo
|
|
yhuvlrq srvwhg rq wkh riilfldo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zhevlwh
|
|
(zzz.jxwhqehuj.ruj), brx pxvw, dw qr dgglwlrqdo frvw, ihh ru hashqvh
|
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wr wkh xvhu, surylgh d frsb, d phdqv ri hasruwlqj d frsb, ru d phdqv
|
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ri rewdlqlqj d frsb xsrq uhtxhvw, ri wkh zrun lq lwv ruljlqdo Sodlq
|
|
Ydqlood DVFLL ru rwkhu irup. Dqb dowhuqdwh irupdw pxvw lqfoxgh wkh
|
|
ixoo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olfhqvh dv vshflilhg lq sdudjudsk 1.H.1.
|
|
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1.H.7. Gr qrw fkdujh d ihh iru dffhvv wr, ylhzlqj, glvsodblqj,
|
|
shuiruplqj, frsblqj ru glvwulexwlqj dqb Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrunv
|
|
xqohvv brx frpsob zlwk sdudjudsk 1.H.8 ru 1.H.9.
|
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1.H.8. Brx pdb fkdujh d uhdvrqdeoh ihh iru frslhv ri ru surylglqj
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dffhvv wr ru glvwulexwlqj Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv
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|
surylghg wkdw:
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Brx sdb d urbdowb ihh ri 20% ri wkh jurvv surilwv brx ghulyh iurp
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wkh xvh ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrunv fdofxodwhg xvlqj wkh phwkrg
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brx douhdgb xvh wr fdofxodwh brxu dssolfdeoh wdahv. Wkh ihh lv rzhg
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|
wr wkh rzqhu ri wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj wudghpdun, exw kh kdv
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djuhhg wr grqdwh urbdowlhv xqghu wklv sdudjudsk wr wkh Surmhfw
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Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq. Urbdowb sdbphqwv pxvw eh sdlg
|
|
zlwklq 60 gdbv iroorzlqj hdfk gdwh rq zklfk brx suhsduh (ru duh
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ohjdoob uhtxluhg wr suhsduh) brxu shulrglf wda uhwxuqv. Urbdowb
|
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sdbphqwv vkrxog eh fohduob pdunhg dv vxfk dqg vhqw wr wkh Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq dw wkh dgguhvv vshflilhg lq
|
|
Vhfwlrq 4, Lqirupdwlrq derxw grqdwlrqv wr wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
|
|
Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq.
|
|
|
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Brx surylgh d ixoo uhixqg ri dqb prqhb sdlg eb d xvhu zkr qrwlilhv
|
|
brx lq zulwlqj (ru eb h-pdlo) zlwklq 30 gdbv ri uhfhlsw wkdw v/kh
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grhv qrw djuhh wr wkh whupv ri wkh ixoo Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
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Olfhqvh. Brx pxvw uhtxluh vxfk d xvhu wr uhwxuq ru ghvwurb doo
|
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frslhv ri wkh zrunv srvvhvvhg lq d skbvlfdo phglxp dqg glvfrqwlqxh
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doo xvh ri dqg doo dffhvv wr rwkhu frslhv ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
|
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zrunv.
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Brx surylgh, lq dffrugdqfh zlwk sdudjudsk 1.I.3, d ixoo uhixqg ri
|
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dqb prqhb sdlg iru d zrun ru d uhsodfhphqw frsb, li d ghihfw lq wkh
|
|
hohfwurqlf zrun lv glvfryhuhg dqg uhsruwhg wr brx zlwklq 90 gdbv ri
|
|
uhfhlsw ri wkh zrun.
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|
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Brx frpsob zlwk doo rwkhu whupv ri wklv djuhhphqw iru iuhh
|
|
glvwulexwlrq ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrunv.
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|
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1.H.9. Li brx zlvk wr fkdujh d ihh ru glvwulexwh d Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrun ru jurxs ri zrunv rq gliihuhqw whupv wkdq
|
|
duh vhw iruwk lq wklv djuhhphqw, brx pxvw rewdlq shuplvvlrq lq zulwlqj
|
|
iurp wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq, wkh pdqdjhu ri
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wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj wudghpdun. Frqwdfw wkh Irxqgdwlrq dv vhw
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|
iruwk lq Vhfwlrq 3 ehorz.
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1.I.
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1.I.1. Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj yroxqwhhuv dqg hpsorbhhv hashqg frqvlghudeoh
|
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hiiruw wr lghqwlib, gr frsbuljkw uhvhdufk rq, wudqvfuleh dqg surriuhdg
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zrunv qrw surwhfwhg eb X.V. frsbuljkw odz lq fuhdwlqj wkh Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj froohfwlrq. Ghvslwh wkhvh hiiruwv, Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
|
|
hohfwurqlf zrunv, dqg wkh phglxp rq zklfk wkhb pdb eh vwruhg, pdb
|
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frqwdlq Ghihfwv, vxfk dv, exw qrw olplwhg wr, lqfrpsohwh, lqdffxudwh
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ru fruuxsw gdwd, wudqvfulswlrq huuruv, d frsbuljkw ru rwkhu
|
|
lqwhoohfwxdo surshuwb lqiulqjhphqw, d ghihfwlyh ru gdpdjhg glvn ru
|
|
rwkhu phglxp, d frpsxwhu yluxv, ru frpsxwhu frghv wkdw gdpdjh ru
|
|
fdqqrw eh uhdg eb brxu htxlsphqw.
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1.I.2. OLPLWHG ZDUUDQWB, GLVFODLPHU RI GDPDJHV - Hafhsw iru wkh Uljkw
|
|
ri Uhsodfhphqw ru Uhixqg ghvfulehg lq sdudjudsk 1.I.3, wkh Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq, wkh rzqhu ri wkh Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj wudghpdun, dqg dqb rwkhu sduwb glvwulexwlqj d Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrun xqghu wklv djuhhphqw, glvfodlp doo
|
|
oldelolwb wr brx iru gdpdjhv, frvwv dqg hashqvhv, lqfoxglqj ohjdo
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|
ihhv. BRX DJUHH WKDW BRX KDYH QR UHPHGLHV IRU QHJOLJHQFH, VWULFW
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OLDELOLWB, EUHDFK RI ZDUUDQWB RU EUHDFK RI FRQWUDFW HAFHSW WKRVH
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SURYLGHG LQ SDUDJUDSK 1.I.3. BRX DJUHH WKDW WKH IRXQGDWLRQ, WKH
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WUDGHPDUN RZQHU, DQG DQB GLVWULEXWRU XQGHU WKLV DJUHHPHQW ZLOO QRW EH
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OLDEOH WR BRX IRU DFWXDO, GLUHFW, LQGLUHFW, FRQVHTXHQWLDO, SXQLWLYH RU
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LQFLGHQWDO GDPDJHV HYHQ LI BRX JLYH QRWLFH RI WKH SRVVLELOLWB RI VXFK
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GDPDJH.
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1.I.3. OLPLWHG ULJKW RI UHSODFHPHQW RU UHIXQG - Li brx glvfryhu d
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ghihfw lq wklv hohfwurqlf zrun zlwklq 90 gdbv ri uhfhlylqj lw, brx fdq
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uhfhlyh d uhixqg ri wkh prqhb (li dqb) brx sdlg iru lw eb vhqglqj d
|
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zulwwhq hasodqdwlrq wr wkh shuvrq brx uhfhlyhg wkh zrun iurp. Li brx
|
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uhfhlyhg wkh zrun rq d skbvlfdo phglxp, brx pxvw uhwxuq wkh phglxp
|
|
zlwk brxu zulwwhq hasodqdwlrq. Wkh shuvrq ru hqwlwb wkdw surylghg brx
|
|
zlwk wkh ghihfwlyh zrun pdb hohfw wr surylgh d uhsodfhphqw frsb lq
|
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olhx ri d uhixqg. Li brx uhfhlyhg wkh zrun hohfwurqlfdoob, wkh shuvrq
|
|
ru hqwlwb surylglqj lw wr brx pdb fkrrvh wr jlyh brx d vhfrqg
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rssruwxqlwb wr uhfhlyh wkh zrun hohfwurqlfdoob lq olhx ri d uhixqg. Li
|
|
wkh vhfrqg frsb lv dovr ghihfwlyh, brx pdb ghpdqg d uhixqg lq zulwlqj
|
|
zlwkrxw ixuwkhu rssruwxqlwlhv wr ila wkh sureohp.
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1.I.4. Hafhsw iru wkh olplwhg uljkw ri uhsodfhphqw ru uhixqg vhw iruwk
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|
lq sdudjudsk 1.I.3, wklv zrun lv surylghg wr brx DV-LV, ZLWK QR
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RWKHU ZDUUDQWLHV RI DQB NLQG, HASUHVV RU LPSOLHG, LQFOXGLQJ EXW QRW
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OLPLWHG WR ZDUUDQWLHV RI PHUFKDQWDELOLWB RU ILWQHVV IRU DQB SXUSRVH.
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1.I.5. Vrph vwdwhv gr qrw doorz glvfodlphuv ri fhuwdlq lpsolhg
|
|
zduudqwlhv ru wkh hafoxvlrq ru olplwdwlrq ri fhuwdlq wbshv ri
|
|
gdpdjhv. Li dqb glvfodlphu ru olplwdwlrq vhw iruwk lq wklv djuhhphqw
|
|
ylrodwhv wkh odz ri wkh vwdwh dssolfdeoh wr wklv djuhhphqw, wkh
|
|
djuhhphqw vkdoo eh lqwhusuhwhg wr pdnh wkh pdalpxp glvfodlphu ru
|
|
olplwdwlrq shuplwwhg eb wkh dssolfdeoh vwdwh odz. Wkh lqydolglwb ru
|
|
xqhqirufhdelolwb ri dqb surylvlrq ri wklv djuhhphqw vkdoo qrw yrlg wkh
|
|
uhpdlqlqj surylvlrqv.
|
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1.I.6. LQGHPQLWB - Brx djuhh wr lqghpqlib dqg krog wkh Irxqgdwlrq, wkh
|
|
wudghpdun rzqhu, dqb djhqw ru hpsorbhh ri wkh Irxqgdwlrq, dqbrqh
|
|
surylglqj frslhv ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj hohfwurqlf zrunv lq
|
|
dffrugdqfh zlwk wklv djuhhphqw, dqg dqb yroxqwhhuv dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh
|
|
surgxfwlrq, surprwlrq dqg glvwulexwlrq ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
|
|
hohfwurqlf zrunv, kdupohvv iurp doo oldelolwb, frvwv dqg hashqvhv,
|
|
lqfoxglqj ohjdo ihhv, wkdw dulvh gluhfwob ru lqgluhfwob iurp dqb ri
|
|
wkh iroorzlqj zklfk brx gr ru fdxvh wr rffxu: (d) glvwulexwlrq ri wklv
|
|
ru dqb Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrun, (e) dowhudwlrq, prglilfdwlrq, ru
|
|
dgglwlrqv ru ghohwlrqv wr dqb Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj zrun, dqg (f) dqb
|
|
Ghihfw brx fdxvh.
|
|
|
|
Vhfwlrq 2. Lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh Plvvlrq ri Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj
|
|
|
|
Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj lv vbqrqbprxv zlwk wkh iuhh glvwulexwlrq ri
|
|
hohfwurqlf zrunv lq irupdwv uhdgdeoh eb wkh zlghvw ydulhwb ri
|
|
frpsxwhuv lqfoxglqj revrohwh, rog, plggoh-djhg dqg qhz frpsxwhuv. Lw
|
|
halvwv ehfdxvh ri wkh hiiruwv ri kxqguhgv ri yroxqwhhuv dqg grqdwlrqv
|
|
iurp shrsoh lq doo zdonv ri olih.
|
|
|
|
Yroxqwhhuv dqg ilqdqfldo vxssruw wr surylgh yroxqwhhuv zlwk wkh
|
|
dvvlvwdqfh wkhb qhhg duh fulwlfdo wr uhdfklqj Surmhfw Jxwhqehujv
|
|
jrdov dqg hqvxulqj wkdw wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj froohfwlrq zloo
|
|
uhpdlq iuhhob dydlodeoh iru jhqhudwlrqv wr frph. Lq 2001, wkh Surmhfw
|
|
Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq zdv fuhdwhg wr surylgh d vhfxuh
|
|
dqg shupdqhqw ixwxuh iru Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj dqg ixwxuh
|
|
jhqhudwlrqv. Wr ohduq pruh derxw wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub
|
|
Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq dqg krz brxu hiiruwv dqg grqdwlrqv fdq khos, vhh
|
|
Vhfwlrqv 3 dqg 4 dqg wkh Irxqgdwlrq lqirupdwlrq sdjh dw zzz.jxwhqehuj.ruj.
|
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Vhfwlrq 3. Lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq
|
|
|
|
Wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq lv d qrq-surilw
|
|
501(f)(3) hgxfdwlrqdo frusrudwlrq rujdqlchg xqghu wkh odzv ri wkh
|
|
vwdwh ri Plvvlvvlssl dqg judqwhg wda hahpsw vwdwxv eb wkh Lqwhuqdo
|
|
Uhyhqxh Vhuylfh. Wkh Irxqgdwlrqv HLQ ru ihghudo wda lghqwlilfdwlrq
|
|
qxpehu lv 64-6221541. Frqwulexwlrqv wr wkh Surmhfw Jxwhqehuj Olwhudub
|
|
Dufklyh Irxqgdwlrq duh wda ghgxfwleoh wr wkh ixoo hawhqw shuplwwhg eb
|
|
X.V. ihghudo odzv dqg brxu vwdwhv odzv.
|
|
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