2702 lines
166 KiB
HTML
2702 lines
166 KiB
HTML
<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"
|
||
xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
|
||
xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word"
|
||
xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml"
|
||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
|
||
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
|
||
<meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document>
|
||
<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 15">
|
||
<meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 15">
|
||
<link rel=File-List href="q22.fld/filelist.xml">
|
||
<link rel=Edit-Time-Data href="q22.fld/editdata.mso">
|
||
<!--[if !mso]>
|
||
<style>
|
||
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
|
||
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
|
||
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
|
||
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
|
||
<o:DocumentProperties>
|
||
<o:Author>Paul Falstad</o:Author>
|
||
<o:LastAuthor>Paul Falstad</o:LastAuthor>
|
||
<o:Revision>2</o:Revision>
|
||
<o:TotalTime>1</o:TotalTime>
|
||
<o:Created>2018-06-14T03:39:00Z</o:Created>
|
||
<o:LastSaved>2018-06-14T03:39:00Z</o:LastSaved>
|
||
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
|
||
<o:Words>4888</o:Words>
|
||
<o:Characters>27862</o:Characters>
|
||
<o:Lines>232</o:Lines>
|
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<o:Paragraphs>65</o:Paragraphs>
|
||
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>32685</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
|
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<o:Version>16.00</o:Version>
|
||
</o:DocumentProperties>
|
||
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
|
||
<o:AllowPNG/>
|
||
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
|
||
</xml><![endif]-->
|
||
<link rel=themeData href="q22.fld/themedata.thmx">
|
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<link rel=colorSchemeMapping href="q22.fld/colorschememapping.xml">
|
||
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
|
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<w:WordDocument>
|
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<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
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<w:TrackFormatting/>
|
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<w:PunctuationKerning/>
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<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
|
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<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
|
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<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
|
||
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
|
||
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
|
||
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
|
||
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
|
||
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
|
||
<w:Compatibility>
|
||
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
|
||
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
|
||
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
|
||
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
|
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<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
|
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<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
|
||
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
|
||
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
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<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
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||
</w:Compatibility>
|
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<m:mathPr>
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<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
|
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<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
|
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<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
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<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
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<m:dispDef/>
|
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<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
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<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
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<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
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<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
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<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
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<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
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</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
|
||
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
|
||
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
|
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DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
|
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LatentStyleCount="375">
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
|
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
|
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
|
||
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
|
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
|
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
|
||
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
|
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="index 1"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="index 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="index 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="index 4"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="index 5"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="index 6"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="index 7"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="index 8"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="index 9"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
|
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Normal Indent"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="footnote text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="annotation text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="header"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="footer"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="index heading"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="table of figures"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="envelope address"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="envelope return"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="footnote reference"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="annotation reference"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="line number"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="page number"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="endnote reference"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="endnote text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="table of authorities"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="macro"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="toa heading"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List Bullet"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List Number"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List 2"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List 4"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List 5"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List Bullet 2"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List Bullet 4"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="List Bullet 5"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List Number 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List Number 3"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="List Number 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="List Number 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Closing"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Signature"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Body Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Body Text Indent"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="List Continue"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="List Continue 2"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="List Continue 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="List Continue 4"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="List Continue 5"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Message Header"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Salutation"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Date"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Note Heading"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Body Text 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Body Text 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
|
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Block Text"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Hyperlink"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Document Map"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Plain Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="E-mail Signature"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Normal (Web)"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="HTML Acronym"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="HTML Address"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="HTML Cite"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="HTML Code"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="HTML Definition"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
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||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="HTML Sample"/>
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||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="HTML Variable"/>
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||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Normal Table"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="annotation subject"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="No List"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Outline List 1"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Outline List 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Outline List 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Table Simple 1"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Table Simple 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Table Classic 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
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Name="Table Classic 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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||
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
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||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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||
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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||
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
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||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
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||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table List 1"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table List 2"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table List 3"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table List 4"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table List 5"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table List 6"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table List 7"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table List 8"/>
|
||
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
|
||
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
|
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|
||
mso-style-parent:"";
|
||
margin:0in;
|
||
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
|
||
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
|
||
font-size:12.0pt;
|
||
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
|
||
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
|
||
p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
|
||
{mso-style-priority:99;
|
||
mso-style-link:"Header Char";
|
||
margin:0in;
|
||
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
|
||
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
|
||
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
|
||
font-size:12.0pt;
|
||
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
|
||
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
|
||
p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
|
||
{mso-style-priority:99;
|
||
mso-style-link:"Footer Char";
|
||
margin:0in;
|
||
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
|
||
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
|
||
tab-stops:center 3.25in right 6.5in;
|
||
font-size:12.0pt;
|
||
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
|
||
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
|
||
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
|
||
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
|
||
mso-style-priority:99;
|
||
color:blue;
|
||
text-decoration:underline;
|
||
text-underline:single;}
|
||
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
|
||
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
|
||
mso-style-priority:99;
|
||
color:#954F72;
|
||
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
|
||
text-decoration:underline;
|
||
text-underline:single;}
|
||
p
|
||
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
|
||
mso-style-priority:99;
|
||
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-right:0in;
|
||
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:0in;
|
||
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
|
||
font-size:12.0pt;
|
||
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
|
||
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;}
|
||
span.HeaderChar
|
||
{mso-style-name:"Header Char";
|
||
mso-style-priority:99;
|
||
mso-style-unhide:no;
|
||
mso-style-locked:yes;
|
||
mso-style-link:Header;
|
||
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
|
||
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
|
||
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
|
||
span.FooterChar
|
||
{mso-style-name:"Footer Char";
|
||
mso-style-priority:99;
|
||
mso-style-unhide:no;
|
||
mso-style-locked:yes;
|
||
mso-style-link:Footer;
|
||
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
|
||
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
|
||
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
|
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.MsoChpDefault
|
||
{mso-style-type:export-only;
|
||
mso-default-props:yes;
|
||
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
|
||
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
|
||
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
|
||
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
|
||
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
|
||
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
|
||
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
|
||
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
||
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
|
||
@page WordSection1
|
||
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
|
||
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
|
||
mso-header-margin:.5in;
|
||
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
|
||
mso-even-header:url("q22.fld/header.html") eh1;
|
||
mso-header:url("q22.fld/header.html") h1;
|
||
mso-even-footer:url("q22.fld/header.html") ef1;
|
||
mso-footer:url("q22.fld/header.html") f1;
|
||
mso-first-header:url("q22.fld/header.html") fh1;
|
||
mso-first-footer:url("q22.fld/header.html") ff1;
|
||
mso-paper-source:0;}
|
||
div.WordSection1
|
||
{page:WordSection1;}
|
||
/* List Definitions */
|
||
@list l0
|
||
{mso-list-id:17120396;
|
||
mso-list-type:hybrid;
|
||
mso-list-template-ids:534023864 -1920840992 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
|
||
@list l0:level1
|
||
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
|
||
mso-level-text:;
|
||
mso-level-tab-stop:.25in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;
|
||
font-family:Symbol;}
|
||
@list l0:level2
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l0:level3
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l0:level4
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l0:level5
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l0:level6
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l0:level7
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
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@list l0:level8
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l0:level9
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l1
|
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{mso-list-id:738409875;
|
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mso-list-type:hybrid;
|
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mso-list-template-ids:-109414658 -1920840992 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
|
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@list l1:level1
|
||
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
|
||
mso-level-text:;
|
||
mso-level-tab-stop:.25in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;
|
||
font-family:Symbol;}
|
||
@list l1:level2
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in;
|
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mso-level-number-position:left;
|
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text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l1:level3
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
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text-indent:-.25in;}
|
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@list l1:level4
|
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{mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in;
|
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mso-level-number-position:left;
|
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text-indent:-.25in;}
|
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@list l1:level5
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in;
|
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mso-level-number-position:left;
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text-indent:-.25in;}
|
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@list l1:level6
|
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|
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mso-level-number-position:left;
|
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text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l1:level7
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
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text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l1:level8
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
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@list l1:level9
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l2
|
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{mso-list-id:1925214213;
|
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mso-list-type:hybrid;
|
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mso-list-template-ids:2004792120 -213878796 801825756 308844318 -611175370 1463713512 -199998730 646108526 2071392162 -1247787666;}
|
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@list l2:level1
|
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{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
|
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mso-level-text:;
|
||
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;
|
||
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
|
||
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
|
||
font-family:Symbol;}
|
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@list l2:level2
|
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{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
|
||
mso-level-text:o;
|
||
mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;
|
||
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
|
||
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
|
||
font-family:"Courier New";}
|
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@list l2:level3
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in;
|
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mso-level-number-position:left;
|
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text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l2:level4
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
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text-indent:-.25in;}
|
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@list l2:level5
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l2:level6
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l2:level7
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l2:level8
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
@list l2:level9
|
||
{mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in;
|
||
mso-level-number-position:left;
|
||
text-indent:-.25in;}
|
||
ol
|
||
{margin-bottom:0in;}
|
||
ul
|
||
{margin-bottom:0in;}
|
||
-->
|
||
</style>
|
||
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
|
||
<style>
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/* Style Definitions */
|
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table.MsoNormalTable
|
||
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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mso-style-noshow:yes;
|
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mso-style-priority:99;
|
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mso-style-parent:"";
|
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mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
|
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mso-para-margin:0in;
|
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mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
|
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
|
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font-size:12.0pt;
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font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
|
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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
|
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
|
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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
|
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</style>
|
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<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1029"/>
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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
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<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
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</head>
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|
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<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink="#954F72" style='tab-interval:.5in'>
|
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|
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<div class=WordSection1>
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|
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><!--[if mso & !supportInlineShapes & supportFields]><span
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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
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style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SHAPE <span
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mso-top-percent:-10001;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
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mso-position-horizontal-relative:char;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
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mso-position-vertical-relative:line;mso-left-percent:-10001;mso-top-percent:-10001;
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<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
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<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
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<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
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<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
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<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
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<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
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|
||
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
|
||
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
|
||
</v:shapetype><![endif]--><!--[if mso & !supportInlineShapes & supportFields]><v:shape
|
||
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:633.4pt;height:.05pt'>
|
||
<v:imagedata croptop="-65520f" cropbottom="65520f"/>
|
||
</v:shape><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><a href="index.html">Click here to
|
||
go to the applet.</a> <o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><a href="http://www.memphis.edu/et/publications/index.php">Click here for a more complete manual.</a></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>This java applet is an electronic circuit simulator.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>When the applet starts up you will see a
|
||
simple LRC circuit.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The green color
|
||
indicates positive voltage.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The gray
|
||
color indicates ground.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A red color
|
||
indicates negative voltage.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The moving
|
||
yellow dots indicate current.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>To turn a switch on or off, just click on it.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If you move the mouse over any component of
|
||
the circuit, you will see a short description of that component and its current
|
||
state in the lower right corner of the window.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>To modify a component (say, to change the resistance of one of the
|
||
resistors), move the mouse over it, click the right mouse button (or
|
||
control-click, if you have a Mac) and select “Edit”.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>There are three graphs at the bottom of the window; these act like
|
||
oscilloscopes, each one showing the voltage and current across a particular
|
||
component.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Voltage is shown in green,
|
||
and current is shown in yellow.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The
|
||
current may not be visible if the voltage graph is on top of it.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The peak value of the voltage in the scope
|
||
window is also shown.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Move the mouse
|
||
over one of the scope views, and the component it is graphing will be
|
||
highlighted.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>To modify or remove a
|
||
scope, click the right mouse button over it.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>To view a component in the scope, click the right mouse button over the
|
||
component and select “View in Scope”.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>If the simulation is moving too slowly or too quickly, you can adjust the
|
||
speed with the “Simulation Speed” slider.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><!--[if mso & !supportInlineShapes & supportFields]><span
|
||
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SHAPE <span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
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||
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||
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|
||
PULdiSDYGvVfUJ2WCB7qcCahy6CutVRJA6kZ5X+oeW6FU0kLJce7Y5r8/4OVnzdPyHRFtZtwZkVH
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||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
d/QKXvvvbf1go6w/k/s6hKdx47ZWqdub6WXFUq9AJJzS3wXMDNwfKi62D0cyUXQKmCb96uwt85xh
|
||
9vOWrEr5H6C6AAAA//8DAFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
|
||
AAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBlc10ueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADj9If/WAAAAlAEAAAsAAAAA
|
||
AAAAAAAAAAAALwEAAF9yZWxzLy5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAD86ULh4AgAA6gQAAA4AAAAA
|
||
AAAAAAAAAAAALgIAAGRycy9lMm9Eb2MueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAPsZbZHbAAAACAEAAA8A
|
||
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA0gQAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPMAAADaBQAAAAA=
|
||
" filled="f">
|
||
<o:lock v:ext="edit" rotation="t" aspectratio="t" verticies="t" text="t"
|
||
shapetype="t"/>
|
||
<w:wrap type="none"/>
|
||
<w:anchorlock/>
|
||
</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if mso & !supportInlineShapes & supportFields]><v:shape
|
||
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:633.4pt;height:.05pt'>
|
||
<v:imagedata croptop="-65520f" cropbottom="65520f"/>
|
||
</v:shape><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The <b>File </b>menu allows you to load or save circuit description
|
||
files.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>You can also export a circuit description
|
||
as a link so you can share a circuit with others; this link can be optionally
|
||
shortened, which is usually better.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>The
|
||
<b>Reset </b>button resets the circuit to a reasonable state.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The <b>Run/Stop </b>button allows you to stop
|
||
the simulation.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The <b>Simulation Speed</b>
|
||
slider allows you to adjust the speed of the simulation.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If the simulation isn’t time-dependent (that
|
||
is, if there are no capacitors, inductors, or time-dependent voltage sources),
|
||
then this won’t have any effect.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The <b>Current
|
||
Speed</b> slider lets you adjust the speed of the dots, in case the currents
|
||
are so weak (or strong) that the dots are moving too slowly (or too quickly).<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The <b>Circuits menu</b> can be used to view some interesting pre-defined
|
||
circuits. Once a circuit is selected, you may modify it all you want. The
|
||
choices are: <o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<ul type=disc>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Basics</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Resistors</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: this shows some
|
||
resistors of various sizes in series and parallel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Capacitor</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: this shows a
|
||
capacitor that you can charge and discharge by clicking on the switch.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Inductor</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: this shows an
|
||
inductor that you can charge and discharge by clicking on the switch.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/serres.html#c1">LRC
|
||
Circuit</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
this shows an oscillating circuit with an inductor, resistor, and
|
||
capacitor.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>You can close the
|
||
switch to get current moving in the inductor, and then open the switch to
|
||
see the oscillation.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/voldiv.html">Voltage
|
||
Divider</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
this shows a voltage divider, which generates a reference voltage of
|
||
7.5V, 5V, and 2.5V from the 10V power supply.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/thevenin.html">Thevenin’s
|
||
Theorem</a> </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>states
|
||
that the circuit on top is equivalent to the circuit on the bottom.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/norton.html">Norton’s
|
||
Theorem</a> </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>states
|
||
that the circuit on top is equivalent to the circuit on the bottom.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>A/C Circuits<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/accap.html#c1">Capacitor</a></span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: this shows a
|
||
capacitor connected to an alternating voltage source.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/acind.html#c1">Inductor</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Caps of Various
|
||
Capacitances</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
shows the response of three different capacitors to the same frequency.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Caps w/ Various
|
||
Frequencies</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
shows the response of three equal capacitors to three different
|
||
frequencies; the higher the frequency, the larger the current.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Inductors of Various
|
||
Inductances</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
shows the response of three different inductors to the same frequency.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Inductors w/ Various
|
||
Frequencies</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
shows the response of three equal inductors to three different
|
||
frequencies: the lower the frequency, the larger the current.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Impedances of Same
|
||
Magnitude</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
shows a capacitor, an inductor, and a resistor that have impedances of
|
||
equal magnitude (but different phase).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>The peak current is the same in all three cases.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/serres.html#c2">Series
|
||
Resonance</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
shows three identical LRC circuits being driven by three different
|
||
frequencies.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The middle one is
|
||
being driven at the resonance frequency (shown in the lower right corner
|
||
of the screen as “res.f”).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The top
|
||
one is being driven at a slightly lower frequency, and the bottom one has
|
||
a slightly higher frequency.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The
|
||
peak voltage in the middle circuit is very high because it is resonating
|
||
with the source.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/parres.html#c1">Parallel
|
||
Resonance</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
these three circuits have the inductor, resistor, and capacitor in
|
||
parallel instead of series.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In this
|
||
case, the middle circuit is being driven at resonance, which causes the
|
||
current there to be lower than in the other two cases (because the
|
||
impedance of the circuit is highest at resonance).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Passive Filters<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/filcap.html">High-Pass
|
||
Filter (RC)<span style='font-weight:normal'>.</span></a><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>The original signal is shown at the lower left, and
|
||
the filtered signal (with the low-frequency part removed) is shown to the
|
||
right.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The breakpoint (-3 dB
|
||
point) is shown at the lower right, as “f.3db”.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/filcap2.html#c1">Low-Pass
|
||
Filter (RC).</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>High-Pass Filter (RL).</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This high-pass filter uses an inductor
|
||
rather than a capacitor.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Low-Pass Filter (RL). </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Band-Pass Filter</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: this filter passes a
|
||
range of frequencies close to the resonance frequency (shown at the lower
|
||
right, as “res.f”).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Notch Filter</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: Also known as a
|
||
band-stop filter, this circuit filters out a range of frequencies close
|
||
to the resonance frequency.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Twin-T Filter</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: This filter does a
|
||
very good job of filtering out 60 Hz signals.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Crossover: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A set of three filters; the top one
|
||
passes low frequencies, the middle one passes midrange, and the bottom
|
||
one passes high frequencies.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Other Passive Circuits<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Series/Parallel<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Inductors in Series</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The circuit at left is equivalent to
|
||
the circuit at right.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Inductors in Parallel.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Caps in Series.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Caps in Parallel.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Transformers<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/transf.html#c1">Transformer</a>:
|
||
</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>A
|
||
basic transformer circuit with an equal number of windings in each coil.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Transformer w/ DC: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Here we try to pass a
|
||
DC current through a transformer.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Step-Up Transformer: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Here we step 10 V up
|
||
to 100 V.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Step-Down Transformer:
|
||
</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Here
|
||
we step 120 V down to 12 V.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>3-Way Light Switches</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: shows how a light
|
||
bulb can be turned on and off from two locations.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>3- and 4-Way Light
|
||
Switches</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
shows how a light bulb can be turned on and off from three locations.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Differentiator</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: shows how a capacitor
|
||
can act as a differentiator, reflecting changes in voltage.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge">Wheatstone Bridge</a></span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: shows a balanced
|
||
Wheatstone bridge.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If the bridge
|
||
were not balanced, current would be flowing across from one leg to the other.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RLC_circuit">Critically Damped LRC</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Current Source</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: shows a source that
|
||
keeps the current through the circuit constant regardless of the switch
|
||
positions.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Inductive Kickback</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: In this circuit, we
|
||
have a switch that controls the supply of current to an inductor.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>An inductor resists any changes in
|
||
current.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If you open the switch,
|
||
the inductor tries to maintain the same current; it does this by charging
|
||
the capacitance between the contacts of the switch.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(Any two wires in close proximity have
|
||
some parasitic capacitance between them.)<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>There is a small capacitor (much larger than the actual value)
|
||
across the switch terminals to simulate this.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>When you open the switch, the voltage
|
||
goes very high; in real life, this would cause arcing.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Blocking Inductive
|
||
Kickback</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
shows how inductive kickback can be blocked with a “snubber” circuit.<br
|
||
style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
|
||
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
|
||
<![endif]><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/powfac.html">Power
|
||
Factor</a>: </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This
|
||
circuit shows an inductor being driven by an AC voltage.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The colors indicate power consumption;
|
||
red means that a component is consuming power, and green means that the
|
||
component is contributing power.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>The left side of the circuit represents the power company’s side,
|
||
and the right side represents a factory (with a large induction motor).<br>
|
||
<br>
|
||
The highly inductive load is causing the power company to work a lot
|
||
harder than normal for a given amount of power delivered.<b><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></b>The graph on the left indicates the
|
||
power lost in the power company’s equipment (the resistor at top
|
||
left).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The graph in the middle is
|
||
the power delivered to the factory.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>The graph on the right is the power delivered to the inductor (and
|
||
then returned, causing the time average of power delivered to be zero).<br>
|
||
<br>
|
||
Even though a peak power of 40 mW is being delivered to the factory, 200
|
||
mW is being dissipated in the power company’s wires.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This is why power companies charge
|
||
extra for inductive loads.<b><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
|
||
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
|
||
<![endif]><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070602205419/http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits/AC/AC_11.html">Power
|
||
Factor Correction:</a> </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Here a capacitor has been added to the circuit,
|
||
causing far less energy to be wasted in the power company’s wires (aside
|
||
from an initial spike to charge the capacitor).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Resistor Grid</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: shows current flowing
|
||
in a two-dimensional grid of resistors.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Resistor Grid 2.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Coupled LC's<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span
|
||
style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]><b>LC Modes(2)</b>: Shows both modes of two
|
||
coupled LC circuits.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span
|
||
style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]><b>Weak Coupling.</b> <o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span
|
||
style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]><b>LC Modes(3)</b>: Shows all 3 modes of 3
|
||
coupled LC circuits.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New";
|
||
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
|
||
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b>LC
|
||
Ladder</b>: This circuit is a simple model of a transmission line.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A pulse propagates down the length of the
|
||
ladder like a wave.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The resistor at the
|
||
end has a value equal to the characteristic impedance of the ladder (determined
|
||
by the ratio of L to C), which causes the wave to be absorbed.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A larger resistance or an open circuit will
|
||
cause the wave to be reflected; a smaller resistance or a short will cause the
|
||
wave to be reflected negatively.<b><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></b>See
|
||
the Feynman Lectures 22-6, 7.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
|
||
|
||
<ul type=disc>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Phase-Sequence Network:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> This circuit generates
|
||
a series of sine waves with a phase difference of 90°.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissajous_curve">Lissajous Figures</a>:
|
||
</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Just
|
||
for fun.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Diodes</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Half-Wave Rectifier</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: This circuit removes
|
||
the negative part of an input waveform.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Full-Wave Rectifier</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: This circuit replaces
|
||
a waveform with its absolute value.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Full-Wave Rectifier w/
|
||
Filter</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
This circuit smoothes out the rectified waveform, doing a pretty good job
|
||
of converting AC to DC.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Diode I/V Curve</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: This demonstrates the
|
||
response of a diode to an applied voltage.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The voltage source generates a sawtooth
|
||
wave, which starts out at –800 mV and slowly rises to 800 mV, and then
|
||
immediately drops back down again.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Diode Limiter</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>DC Restoration.</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This takes an AC signal and adds a DC
|
||
offset, making it a positive signal.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Blocking Inductive
|
||
Kickback</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
shows how inductive kickback can be blocked with a diode.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Spike Generator.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Voltage Multipliers<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Voltage Doubler</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: Doubles the voltage
|
||
in the AC input signal (minus two diode drops), and turns it into DC.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Voltage Doubler 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Voltage Tripler<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Voltage Quadrupler<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/amfmdet.html#c1">AM
|
||
Detector</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
This is a “crystal radio”, an AM radio receiver with no amplifier.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The raw antenna feed is shown in the
|
||
first scope slot in the lower left.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>The inductor and the capacitor C1 are tuned to 3 kHz, the
|
||
frequency shown in the lower right as “res.f”.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This picks up the carrier wave shown in
|
||
the middle scope slot.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A diode is
|
||
used to rectify this, and the C2 capacitor smoothes it out to generate
|
||
the audio signal in the last scope slot (which is simply a 12 Hz sine
|
||
wave in this example).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>By
|
||
experimenting with the value of C1’s capacitance, you can pick up two
|
||
other “stations” at 2.71 kHz and 2.43 kHz.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Triangle-to-Sine
|
||
Converter</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Transistors<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Switch</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/npncc.html#c2">Emitter
|
||
Follower</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/rtl_astable.html">Astable
|
||
Multivibrator</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
A simple oscillator.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The applet
|
||
has trouble simulating this circuit, so there might be a slight delay
|
||
every time one of the transistors switches on.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/rtl_bistable.html">Bistable
|
||
Multivibrator</a> (Flip Flop)</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>: This circuit has two states; use the set/reset
|
||
switches to toggle between them.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/rtl_monostable.html">Monostable
|
||
Multivibrator</a> (One-Shot)</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>: When you hit the switch, the output will go to 1.7 V
|
||
for a short time, and then drop back down.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Common-Emitter
|
||
Amplifier</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
This circuit amplifies the voltage of the input signal by about 10 times.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Unity-Gain Phase
|
||
Splitter: </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Outputs
|
||
two signals 180° out of phase from each other.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/rtl_schmitt.html">Schmitt
|
||
Trigger</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Current Source</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: The current is the
|
||
same regardless of the switch position.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Current Source Ramp:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> Uses a current source
|
||
to generate a ramp waveform every time you hit the switch.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Current Mirror</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: The current on the
|
||
right is the same as the current on the left, regardless of the position
|
||
of the right switch.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Differential Amplifiers<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Differential Input: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This circuit subtracts
|
||
the first signal from the second and amplifies it.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Common-Mode Input:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> This shows a
|
||
differential amplifier with two equal inputs.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The output should be a constant value,
|
||
but instead the input waveforms make it through to the output
|
||
(attenuated rather than amplified).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>(When both inputs change together, that is called “common-mode
|
||
input”; the “common-mode rejection ratio” is the ability of a
|
||
differential amplifier to ignore common-mode signals and amplify only
|
||
the difference between the inputs.)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Common-Mode w/Current
|
||
Source: </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This
|
||
is an improved differential amplifier that uses a current source as a
|
||
load.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The common-mode rejection
|
||
ratio is very good; the circuit amplifies the small differences between
|
||
the two inputs, and ignores the common-mode signal.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Push-Pull Follower: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This is another type of
|
||
emitter follower.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Oscillators<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Colpitts Oscillator<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Hartley Oscillator<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Emitter-Coupled LC
|
||
Oscillator<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/fet.html">JFETs</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>JFET Current Source<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>JFET Follower: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This is like an emitter
|
||
follower, except that the output is 3V more positive than the input.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>JFET Follower w/zero
|
||
offset<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/fet.html#c4">Common-Source
|
||
Amplifier</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Volume Control:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> Here the JFET is used
|
||
like a variable resistor.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/mosfet.html">MOSFETs</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/buffer.html#c3">CMOS
|
||
Inverter</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
The white “H” is a logic input.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>Click on it to toggle its state.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>“H” means “high” (5 V) and “L” means “low” (0 V).<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The output of the inverter is shown at
|
||
right, and is the opposite of the input.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>In this (idealized) simulation, the CMOS inverter draws no current
|
||
at all.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CMOS Inverter
|
||
(w/capacitance)</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
In reality, there are two reasons that CMOS gates draw current.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This circuit demonstrates the first
|
||
reason: capacitance between the MOSFET gate and its source and
|
||
drain.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>It requires current to charge
|
||
this capacitance, which consumes power.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>It also causes a short delay when changing state.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CMOS Inverter (slow
|
||
transition)</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
The other reason that CMOS gates draw current is that both transistors
|
||
will conduct at the same time when the input is halfway between high and
|
||
low.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This causes a current spike
|
||
when the input is in transition.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>In this circuit, there is a low-pass filter on the input which
|
||
causes it to transition slowly, so you can see the spike.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CMOS Transmission Gate</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: This circuit will
|
||
pass any signal, even an analog signal (as long as it stays between 0 and
|
||
5 V) when the gate input is “H”.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>When it’s “L”, then the gate acts as an open circuit.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CMOS Multiplexer: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This circuit uses two
|
||
transmission gates to select one of two inputs.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If the logic input is “H”, then the
|
||
output is a 40Hz triangle wave.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If
|
||
it’s “L”, then the output is a 80Hz sine wave.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sample-and-Hold: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Click and hold the
|
||
“sample” button to sample the input.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>When you release the button, the output level will be held
|
||
constant.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Delayed Buffer:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> This circuit delays
|
||
any changes in its input for 15 microseconds.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Leading-Edge Detector<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Switchable Filter:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> Click the “L” to
|
||
select from two different low-pass filters.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Voltage Inverter<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Inverter Amplifier: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This shows how a CMOS
|
||
inverter can be used as an amplifier.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Inverter Oscillator<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opamp">Op-Amps</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Amplifiers<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampvar.html#c2">Inverting
|
||
Amplifier</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
This one has a gain of –3.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampvar.html#c3">Non-Inverting
|
||
Amplifier</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampvar2.html#c1">Follower</a></span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampvar6.html#c1">Differential
|
||
Amplifier</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampvar5.html#c1">Summing
|
||
Amplifier</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_amplifier">Log Amplifier</a>: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>output is the
|
||
(inverted) log of the input<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_amplifier">Class D
|
||
Amplifier</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Oscillators</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/square.html#c1">Relaxation
|
||
Oscillator</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/oscphas.html">Phase-Shift
|
||
Oscillator</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/analog/triangle_waveform_generator.html">Triangle
|
||
Wave Generator</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/analog/sine_wave_generator.html">Sine
|
||
Wave Generator</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305103911/http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_ckt17.htm">Sawtooth Wave
|
||
Generator</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Voltage-Controlled
|
||
Oscillator: </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Here
|
||
the frequency of oscillation depends on the input (shown in the scope on
|
||
the left).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The oscillator outputs
|
||
a square wave and a triangle wave.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossler_attractor">Rossler</a> <a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705151403/http://math.arizona.edu/~ura/004/bergevin.chris/sync.html">Circuit</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Half-Wave Rectifier</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: An active rectifier
|
||
that works on voltages smaller than a diode drop.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Full-Wave Rectifier<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Peak Detector</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: This circuit outputs
|
||
the peak voltage of the input.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>Whenever the input voltage is higher than the output, the output
|
||
will be adjusted upward to match.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>Press the switch marked “reset” to reset the peak voltage back to 0.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampvar4.html#c1">Integrator</a></span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampvar4.html#c2">Differentiator</a></span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/schmitt.html">Schmitt
|
||
Trigger</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Negative Impedance
|
||
Converter: </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Converts
|
||
the resistor to a “negative” resistor.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>In the first graph, note that the current is 180° out of phase
|
||
with the voltage.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrator">Gyrator</a></span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: The top circuit
|
||
simulates the bottom circuit without using an inductor.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Capacitance Multiplier</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: This circuit allows
|
||
you to simulate a large capacitor with a smaller one.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The effective capacitance of the top
|
||
circuit is C1 x (R1/R2), and the effective resistance is R2.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Howland Current Source</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>I-to-V Converter: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The output voltage
|
||
depends on the input current, which you can adjust with the switches.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opamp#Internal_circuitry">741
|
||
Internals</a>:</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
|
||
The implementation of a 741 op-amp.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC">555
|
||
Timer Chip</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Square Wave Generator<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Internals:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> The implementation of
|
||
a 555 chip, acting as a square wave oscillator<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sawtooth Oscillator<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Low-duty-cycle Oscillator</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: produces short
|
||
pulses.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Monostable
|
||
Multivibrator</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
This is a one-shot circuit that will produce a timed pulse when you click
|
||
the “H”.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Pulse Position
|
||
Modulator: </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Produces
|
||
pulses whose width is proportional to the input voltage.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Schmitt Trigger<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Missing Pulse Detector:
|
||
</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Setting
|
||
the logic input low will turn off the square wave input.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The missing pulse detector will detect
|
||
the missing input and bring the output high.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Active Filters<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>VCVS Low-Pass Filter:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> An active Butterworth
|
||
low-pass filter.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>VCVS High-Pass Filter<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Switched-Capacitor
|
||
Filter:</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
|
||
A digital filter, implemented using capacitors and analog switches.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Logic Families<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>RTL Logic Family<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/rtl_inverter.html">RTL
|
||
Inverter</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
The white “H” is a logic input.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>Click on it to toggle its state.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>“H” means “high” (3.6 V) and “L” means “low” (0 V).<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The output of the inverter is shown at
|
||
right, and is the opposite of the input.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/rtl_nor4.html">RTL
|
||
NOR</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
The three inputs are at the bottom, and the output is to the right.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The output is “L” if any of the inputs
|
||
are “H”.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Otherwise it’s “H”.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>RTL NAND</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: The output is “H”
|
||
unless all three inputs are “H”, and then it’s “L”.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>DTL Logic Family<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/dtl_inverter.html">DTL
|
||
Inverter</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/dtl_nand3.html">DTL
|
||
NAND</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/dtl_nor2.html">DTL
|
||
NOR</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>TTL Logic Family<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/ttl_inverter.html">TTL
|
||
Inverter</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>TTL NAND<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/ttl_inverter.html">TTL
|
||
NOR</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMOS">NMOS Logic Family</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>NMOS Inverter<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>NMOS Inverter 2</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: This uses a second
|
||
MOSFET instead of a resistor, to save space on a chip.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>NMOS NAND<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/electronics/cmos_gates.html">CMOS
|
||
Logic Family</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CMOS Inverter<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CMOS NAND<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CMOS NOR<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CMOS XOR<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/nandlatch.html#c1">CMOS
|
||
Flip-Flop</a> (or latch)</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>: This circuit consists of two CMOS NAND gates.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/cmos_d_flip-flop.html">CMOS
|
||
Master-Slave Flip-Flop</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/electronics/ecl_gates.html">ECL
|
||
Logic Family</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>ECL NOR/OR<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT6133754">Ternary</a>: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This demonstrates
|
||
three-valued logic, where the inputs can be 0, 1, or 2 instead of H and
|
||
L.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This logic is implemented using
|
||
MOSFETs; the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_voltage">threshold
|
||
voltage</a> of each one is shown.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CGAND: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>the output is 2-X
|
||
where X is the minimum of the two inputs.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>CGOR: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>the output is 2-X
|
||
where X is the maximum of the two inputs.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Complement.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>F211: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>0 becomes 2, 1 becomes
|
||
1, 2 becomes 1.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>F220<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>F221<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Combinational Logic<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/xor_function.html">Exclusive OR
|
||
(XOR)</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
|
||
<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/adder.html">Half Adder</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/adder.html">Full Adder</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1-of-4 Decoder<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/multiplexer_two_input.html">2-to-1
|
||
Mux</a>: </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This
|
||
multiplexer uses two tri-state buffers connected to the output.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Majority Logic: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The output is high if a
|
||
majority of the inputs are high.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2-Bit Comparator</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: Tells you if the
|
||
two-bit input A is greater than, less than, or equal to the two-bit input
|
||
B.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>7-Segment LED Decoder<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Sequential Logic<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Flip-Flops<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/rs_nand_latch.html">SR
|
||
Flip-Flop</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/clocked_rs_latch.html">Clocked
|
||
SR Flip-Flop</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/d_nand_flip-flop.html">Master-Slave
|
||
Flip-Flop</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Edge-Triggered D
|
||
Flip-Flop</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:
|
||
This circuit changes state when the clock makes a positive transistion.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Counters<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ol start=1 type=1>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/ripple_counter.html">4-Bit
|
||
Ripple Counter</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>8-Bit Ripple Counter<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/synchronous_counter.html">Synchronous
|
||
Counter</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/decimal_counter.html">Decimal
|
||
Counter</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_code">Gray Code Counter</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level3 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.5in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/johnson_counter.html">Johnson
|
||
Counter</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/frequency_dividers.html">Divide-by-2</a>:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> Divides the input
|
||
frequency by 2.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101214822/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/frequency_dividers.html">Divide-by-3</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>LED Flasher: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>This circuit uses a
|
||
decade counter to flash some LED’s in a back and forth pattern.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051001005653/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Bill_Bowden/page10.htm">Traffic
|
||
Light</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Dynamic RAM:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> This is a simple model
|
||
of a dynamic RAM chip.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>To read
|
||
from the chip, select the bit you want using the row select lines.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>To write, select the data bit you want
|
||
to write, and click the “write” switch.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>To refresh a bit, click the “refresh” switch.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Analog/Digital<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter#ADC_structures">Flash
|
||
ADC</a>:</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
|
||
This is a direct-conversion, or “flash” analog-to-digital converter.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation">Delta-Sigma
|
||
ADC</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/tutorials/1/1023.html">Half-Flash
|
||
(Subranging) ADC</a>: </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'>Also known as a pipeline ADC.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The first stage converts the input
|
||
voltage to a four-bit digital value.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>Then, a DAC converts these four bits to analog, and then a
|
||
comparator calculates the difference between this and the input voltage.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Another ADC converts this to digital,
|
||
giving a total of eight bits. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_to_analog_converter#DAC_types">Binary-Weighted
|
||
DAC</a></span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>:<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Converts a four-bit binary number to a
|
||
negative voltage.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_to_analog_converter#DAC_types">R-2R
|
||
Ladder DAC</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Switch Tree DAC<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Digital Sine Wave<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLL">Phase-Locked
|
||
Loops</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>XOR Phase Detector:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> Shows an XOR gate
|
||
being used as a type I phase detector.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>The output is high whenever the two input signals are not in
|
||
phase.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701001734/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/gadgets/pll/pll.html">Type I PLL</a>:</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> This phase-locked loop
|
||
circuit consists of an XOR gate (the phase detector), a low-pass filter
|
||
(the resistor and capacitor), a follower (the op-amp), and a voltage-controlled
|
||
oscillator chip.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The
|
||
voltage-controlled oscillator outputs a frequency proportional to the
|
||
input voltage.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>After the PLL
|
||
circuit locks onto the input frequency, the output frequency will be the
|
||
same as the input frequency (with a small phase delay).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Phase Comparator (Type
|
||
II): </span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Shows
|
||
a more sophisticated phase detector, which has no output when the inputs
|
||
are in phase, but outputs high (5V) when input 1 is leading input 2, and
|
||
low (0V) when input 2 is leading input 1.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>The phase comparator and VCO in this applet are based on the <a
|
||
href="http://www.fairchildsemi.com/pf/MM/MM74HC4046.html">4046 chip</a>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Phase Comparator
|
||
Internals.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Type II PLL: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Shows a phase-locked
|
||
loop with a type II phase detector.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>If you adjust the input frequency, the output should lock onto it
|
||
in a short time.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Type II PLL (fast):</span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> Just a faster
|
||
simulation of the type II PLL.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Frequency Doubler<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
|
||
"Times New Roman"'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line">Transmission
|
||
Lines</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
|
||
<ul type=circle>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Simple TL: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>A properly terminated
|
||
transmission line, showing the delay as the signal travels down the line.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Standing Wave: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>A standing wave on a
|
||
shorted transmission line.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Termination: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The top line is
|
||
terminated properly, but the others are not, and so the incoming wave is
|
||
reflected.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Mismatched lines: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Shows reflections
|
||
caused by the middle line having a different impedance than the other two
|
||
lines.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
|
||
auto;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Mismatched lines 2: </span></b><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Shows a standing wave
|
||
on the first line, caused by the second line having a different
|
||
impedance.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>To
|
||
add a new component to the circuit, click the right mouse button on an unused
|
||
area of the window.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This will bring up a
|
||
menu that allows you to select what component you want.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Then click where you want the first terminal
|
||
of the component, and drag to where you want the other terminal.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The menu items allow you to create:<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]>wires<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]>resistors; you can adjust the resistance after
|
||
creating the resistor by clicking the right mouse button and selecting “Edit”<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]>capacitors; you can adjust the capacitance using
|
||
“Edit”<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]>inductors, switches, transistors, etc.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]>voltage sources, in either 1-terminal or
|
||
2-terminal varieties.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The 1-terminal
|
||
versions use ground as the other terminal.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>By clicking the right mouse button and selecting “Edit”, you can modify
|
||
the voltage and the waveform of the voltage source, changing it to DC, AC (sine
|
||
wave), square wave, triangle, sawtooth, or pulse.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If it’s not a DC source, you can also change
|
||
the frequency and the DC offset.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]>op-amps, with power supply limits of –15V and
|
||
15V assumed (not shown).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The limits can
|
||
be adjusted using “Edit”.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]>text labels, which you can modify with the
|
||
“Edit” dialog<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
|
||
</span></span></span><![endif]>test points; these have no effect on the
|
||
circuit, but if you select them and use the right mouse menu item “View in
|
||
Scope”, you can view the voltage difference between the terminals.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Also in the “Other” submenu, there are some items that allow you to click
|
||
and drag sections of the circuit around.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>You can drag the circuit around by clicking and dragging with the Alt key
|
||
held down.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zoom in and out with the
|
||
mouse wheel or by using the zoom commands in the Edit menu.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>To edit one of the scope views, click the right mouse button on it to view a
|
||
menu.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The menu items allow you to remove
|
||
a scope view, speed up or slow down the display, adjust the scale, select what
|
||
value(s) you want to view, etc.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The time step size is the time between iterations of the simulator.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Smaller time steps make the simulation more
|
||
accurate, but slower.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A smaller time
|
||
step size is required to simulate high frequencies.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A larger time step size may be appropriate
|
||
for circuits that run in real time.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Use <b
|
||
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Edit->Other Options…</b> to change the
|
||
time step size.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>File->Recover Auto-Save</b> lets
|
||
you recover a circuit lost when the simulator window was closed.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If this doesn’t work, try <b
|
||
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Edit->Undo</b> instead.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>File->Find DC Operating Point</b>
|
||
is useful with circuits that take a long time to reach a useful state.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This option instantly charges all the
|
||
capacitors.<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Here are some errors you might encounter when using the simulator:<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
|
||
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Voltage
|
||
source loop with no resistance!</b> – this means one of the voltage sources in
|
||
your circuit is shorted.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Make sure there
|
||
is some resistance across every voltage source.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
|
||
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Capacitor
|
||
loop with no resistance! </b>– it’s not allowed to have any current loops
|
||
containing capacitors but no resistance.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>For example, capacitors connected in parallel are not allowed; you must
|
||
put a resistor in series with them.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
|
||
</span>Shorted capacitors are allowed.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
|
||
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Singular
|
||
matrix!</b> – this means that your circuit is inconsistent (two different
|
||
voltage sources connected to each other), or that the voltage at some point is
|
||
undefined.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>It might mean that some
|
||
component’s terminals are unconnected; for example, if you create an op-amp but
|
||
haven’t connected anything to it yet, you will get this error.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
|
||
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Convergence
|
||
failed!</b> – this means the simulator can’t figure out what the state of the
|
||
circuit should be.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Just click <b>Reset</b>
|
||
and hopefully that should fix it.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Your
|
||
circuit might be too complicated, but this happens sometimes even with the
|
||
examples.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
|
||
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Transmission
|
||
line delay too large! </b>– the transmission line delay is too large compared
|
||
to the timestep of the simulator, so too much memory would be required.<span
|
||
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Make the delay smaller.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
|
||
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
|
||
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
|
||
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
|
||
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Need
|
||
to ground transmission line! </b>– the bottom two wires of a transmission line
|
||
must always be grounded in this simulator.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
|
||
|
||
<p><a href="index.html">Click here to go to the applet.</a>
|
||
<o:p></o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><!--[if mso & !supportInlineShapes & supportFields]><span
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||
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<o:lock v:ext="edit" rotation="t" aspectratio="t" verticies="t" text="t"
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</v:rect><![endif]--><!--[if mso & !supportInlineShapes & supportFields]><v:shape
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||
</v:shape><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span
|
||
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><a
|
||
href="/mathphysics.html"><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:
|
||
none'><img border=0 id="_x0000_i1025" src="/mathphysics_small.gif"></span></a><a
|
||
href="/index.html"><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:
|
||
none'><img border=0 id="_x0000_i1026" src="/me_small.gif"></span></a><br>
|
||
<i>java@falstad.com</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
|
||
|
||
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
|
||
</html>
|